FTP MOI

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The Francs-tireurs et partisans - main d'œuvre immigrée ( FTP-MOI ) were a subgroup of the Francs-tireurs et partisans (FTP) organization. The group belonged to the Resistance during the Second World War . The FTP-MOI consisted mostly of immigrants and was an armed group, the resistance against the German occupation forces in France exercised. The Main-d'œuvre immigrée was, so to speak , the “immigrant movement” of the FTP.

history

The FTP-MOI groups were founded at the same time as the Francs-tireurs et partisans in 1941 in the Paris area. Although integrated into the FTP , these groups were directly subordinate to Jacques Duclos , who passed on orders from the Communist International (Comintern). The FTP-MOI groups consisted for the most part of foreign communists living in France , most of whom were not members of the French Communist Party (PCF). Its members included immigrants from different countries, writers, artists and other intellectuals. The Paris of the 1930s was a culturally extremely fertile center that attracted cultural workers from all over the world. Since France was considered the “land of human rights”, there were numerous refugees who felt safe here before the Wehrmacht invaded . Many members of the FTP-MOI were refugees, for example Armenians who had fled because of the Armenian genocide in Turkey ; Jews who emigrated to France before the persecution in Germany and Eastern Europe, as well as communists from various countries.

The FTP-MOI was one of the most active groups of the Resistance, as its members were foreigners and often Jews who felt particularly threatened by the Vichy regime and the German occupiers. The members of the group kept strict secrecy as they feared internment , deportation and death. Since they were dependent on the Comintern with Duclos as their mediator , they received instructions from Moscow to join the armed struggle after Germany's attack on the Soviet Union . In contrast to the FTP-MOI, the various French-dominated groups paid more attention to the political climate in France.

Initially, the Paris groups were led by Boris Holban , and between August and November 1943 by Missak Manouchian . After Manouchian's arrest, Holban led the FTP-MOI until France was liberated in August 1944.

Groupe Manouchian / L'affiche rouge

The FTP-MOI became particularly well-known because the French secret service struck a heavy blow against the FTP-MOI by arresting 23 members of the 40-member Manouchian group within a few weeks. A show trial was held in front of a German military tribunal in the Hôtel Continental , which began on February 17, 1944. All arrested members of the group were sentenced to death without the right to appeal and were executed by a German firing squad.

The process has been exploited for propaganda, as the person before their execution were shown to the press. A propaganda poster was created showing ten of the executed with their names and portrait photos on a red background, as well as photos of alleged acts of sabotage . The poster was printed thousands of times and distributed in Paris. The aim was to show the assassins or saboteurs as "strangers" and "not French" and to act as a deterrent and demotivating force. The poster became known under the name L'Affiche rouge , and - contrary to its purpose - the Affiches rouges inspired citizens to take further action against the occupiers. Many of the posters were scrawled with sayings like Morts pour la France! (Died for France!). The then executed members of the Manouchian group subsequently became known as the Affiche rouge group. The group Affiche rouge is sometimes incorrectly equated with the (entire) Manouchian group, although it was only part of the Manouchian group, albeit with the most important protagonists.

Structure of the FTP MOI

Paris region: Groupe Manouchian

Led by Joseph Epstein and Missak Manouchian , the group had the following members, among others:

Lyon region, Compagnie Carmagnole-Liberté

Villeurbanne - Square Battalion Carmagnole Liberté (plaque) .jpg

Herbert Herz was a member of both subgroups. Léon Landini , Jeanine Sontag and Norbert Kugler belonged to the Carmagnole .

Toulouse region, 35 brigade

The 35 Brigade takes its name from the 35 riflemen of the International Brigades who fought on the side of the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War and who, according to Marcel (Mendel) Langer, formed this grouping of the FTP-MOI.

Langer was arrested in February 1943 while transporting explosives. He was tried in the section spéciale of the Toulouse Court of Appeal. The avocat général Lespinasse demanded his execution and Langer was sentenced to death on March 21, 1943 . He was executed on July 23, 1943.

The 35 Brigade was named Brigade Marcel Langer in his honor . Eighteen members of the group were arrested by the Vichy police and turned over to the Germans. Two of them died of unknown reasons on the train that transported them during the deportation , four others were shot.

documentary

  • Resistance fighters in retirement (original title Des terroristes à la retraite ), France 1985, director: Mosco Boucault, 71 min.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Mouvement Ouvrier International (MOI) also as military. Arm of the Resistance, using the example of Georges Bouquie (French) ( Memento of the original from March 6, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , on archived copy ( memento of the original from September 11, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / resistance-ouvriere.com @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / resistance-ouvriere.com
  2. ↑ Art in Exile series: Belated Homecoming , April 17 to Aug 15, 2010 ( Memento of the original from May 25, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Holocaust Museum (HDKE), Budapest, last accessed October 3, 2010 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / old.hdke.hu
  3. ↑ Source: FFI - FTPF, p. 104, et P. Robrieux, pp. 325 et 347