Outdoor school

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

An open-air school ( French : école de plein air , English : open-air school ) is a school camp , which is far away from residential areas mostly near green and nature reserves, settled. Today , the open-air schools are often run by urban communities who want to give the students in their educational institutions the opportunity to be close to nature. Open-air schools , often referred to as forest schools in German-speaking countries , were important forerunners and pioneers of today's all-day schools .

history

Photo 1: Forest school for ailing children in Charlottenburg near Berlin (1904)
Photo 2: Students of the forest school for sickly children in Charlottenburg near Berlin eating in the Grunewald (1904)
Photo 3: The open-air crusaders of the Elizabeth McCormick Open-air School , Chicago , USA, 1911
Photo 4: Openluchtschool in the Netherlands, 1918

Historically, from the first decade of the twentieth century to before the Second World War , open-air schools were founded by curative education , particularly by clinics , specifically to prevent the widespread tuberculosis . The cause was considered to be a weakened immune system, which was attributed, for example, to the metropolitan living conditions for workers with insufficient fresh air and little sunlight in the nested backyards.

The founding of the schools goes back to an initiative of the Berlin pediatrician Adolf Baginsky , who had already explicitly considered and called for a forest school to promote health in 1881 . Previously, the Zurich pastor Hermann Walter Bion (1830–1909) had already called in 1876 to set up foster homes for children in need of relaxation, in which they would be admitted at any time without suffering any loss in their schooling.

In some cases, open-air schools have emerged from facilities that were previously set up for socially vulnerable children and young people. Other open-air schools are municipal foundations, but some were also privately owned or run by foundations . Not all were explicitly designated as open-air schools, in Germany many as forest schools. Others clarified in their name the direct reference to nature ( school by the sea ). However, what they all had in common was the goal of strengthening their physique and stabilizing and promoting their health in children and young people .

The stay in the seasonal or temporary open-air schools was prescribed by municipal welfare doctors if there was a medically confirmed need: Children at risk of health who could also be of preschool age received z. B. six-week courses in an open-air school . During one season, one of these open-air schools held three six-week courses, in which around 750 children took part. The daily routine, which was mainly spent outdoors, included calisthenics (gymnastics), sunbathing, reclining cures and water cures, which consisted of showering the bare body of the children with cold water using a hose. The cures were chargeable, for example the children's parents paid 15 to 20 pfennigs a day. The meals given out by the municipal open-air school were free of charge, as was the entire cure if the parents were penniless.

The forest school for sick children in Charlottenburg near Berlin , founded in 1904 by the Berlin pediatrician Bernhard Bendix and the Berlin school councilor Hermann Neufert (1858–1935) , was initially only operated as a special school in the summer months and was the first open-air school in the world In the late 1920s, it was not an independent school.

The school by the sea in Loog on the North Sea island of Juist , founded in 1925, is known as the first fully functional and independent German open-air school , which led from the sixth to the upper prima including school leaving certificate . One of their objectives was to strengthen their pupils physically, which was to be achieved through the sea, the North Sea air, sporting, handicraft and musical activities (“body education”) as well as a life-reforming diet .

In England , the first open-air school opened in 1907 in Bostall Heath and Woods in the Plumstead workers' quarter , in what is now the Royal Borough of Greenwich of London County Council . In the United States , the first open-air school was founded in Providence , Rhode Island , in 1908 . With the Eerste Nederlandse Buitenschool in The Hague , the first Dutch open-air school was established in 1913 . In Switzerland, the Zurichberg Forest School in Hirslanden was founded in 1914, the first open-air school.

architecture

Photo 7: Openluchtschool voor het gezonde kind (open-air school for the healthy child) by Johannes Duiker , Amsterdam , Netherlands, 1930
Photo 5: École de plein air de Suresnes , France, undated
Photo 6: École de plein air de Suresnes , France, undated

Open-air schools were partly architecturally designed in such a way that they let a lot of light into the rooms, had large windows that could be opened and were equipped with a lot of green space or even their own paddling or swimming pool outdoors. Some unusual concepts were implemented for this purpose. In order not to freeze in the classroom even when the outside temperature is cold and the windows open, the children were specially clothed (see photo 3).

An outstanding example of such a special architecture of an open-air school is the educational reform school École de plein air in Suresnes in the nearby Paris region Île-de-France . The open-air school built between 1932 and 1935 on Mont Valérien by Eugène Beaudouin and Marcel Lods is valid today as an icon of classical modernism . It consisted of a two-story main building with special ventilation technology and a total of eight free-standing pavilions. The main building and pavilions, which were connected by enclosed corridors, had a network of roof terraces that could be used by the students. The pavilions had an unusual facade technology, in which three sides of the classroom contained therein could be completely opened by floor-to-ceiling glass folding doors (see photo 5). This made it possible to react flexibly to different weather conditions or strong winds by opening the sides variably depending on the wind direction. Even geography lessons did not have to be held in the classroom with sensitive maps - the globe could be explored on foot in the open air. A four-meter-high sphere with a topographical 3D view of the continents was able to be circled by the students and teachers in the outside area of ​​the school using a spiral staircase. Additional photos can be accessed via the individual records.

present

The focus of open-air schools today is on pupils from primary and special schools , but in principle they are also open to pupils from secondary schools. Outside of school days, e.g. B. on weekends or during the school holidays, they are often available to extracurricular groups, such as church groups, music groups, sports clubs. An open-air school is used in day-to-day operations, groups of pupils or school classes spend the day there, but not always spend the night there. The options depend on the conception and equipment of the respective facility.

The aim of the open-air schools is mostly to enable city children and young people to come into contact with nature. In self-organized teaching or biology projects, they can, for example, receive lessons on nature-related topics in the mornings, and explore forests, lakes or the sea in the vicinity of the open-air schools in the afternoon . Joint meals can either be delivered to the school kitchens by catering services or prepared there by the students themselves . Other conceivable projects include the teaching of old cultural techniques such as the refinement of the grain into bread or the printing technique with movable letters , but also designing with color, paper and clay .

literature

  • Anne-Marie Châtelet, Dominique Lerch, Jean-Noël Luc: L'École de plein air, Une expérience pédagogique et architecturale dans l'Europe du XXe siècle , Collection "Focales", Édition Recherches, Paris 2003. ISBN 2-86222-044 -2 .
  • Paola Veronica Dell'Aira: Eugène Beaudouin, Marcel Lods: École de plein air , Momenti Di Archittetura Moderna. Alinea Editione, Firenze 1992.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Hamburger Schulverein: Freiluftschulen ( Memento of the original from May 10, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , at: hamburgerschulverein.de, accessed on May 10, 2016  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hamburgerschulverein.de
  2. ↑ Karl Triebold (Ed.): The open-air school movement - attempt to present its current international status . R. Schoetz, Berlin 1931.
  3. ↑ Ernst Gerhard Dresel / Adolf Gottstein / Arthur Schloßmann / Ludwig Teleky: Welfare Care Tuberculosis · Alcohol Venereal Diseases . Springer, Berlin 1926/2013. ISBN 978-3-662-39918-7 . Pp. 343-346.
  4. ^ Henri Schoen: Les nouvelles écoles sous bois (forest schools) en Allemagne, Angleterre et en Suisse . In: L'Éducation Revue trimestrielle illustrée d'éducation familiale et scolaire (1909) I.3. Pp. 389-420.
  5. ^ Robert Dinet: Les conceptions modern concernant l'architecture scolaire . In: L'hygiène à et par l'école (1913) 4th p. 40.
  6. ↑ Festschrift for the general German children's health week in the Ruhr area from June 28 to July 5 , 1925, Gelsenkirchen 1925
  7. ↑ Spicy forest air . In: Der Tagesspiegel, July 29, 2014, at: tagesspiegel.de, accessed on May 10, 2016
  8. ↑ Ken Worpole: Here Comes the Sun: Architecture and Public Space in Twentieth-Century European Culture . Reaction Books, London 2000. ISBN 978-1-86189-073-3 . Pp. 49-68.
  9. ↑ Margarita Schweitzer: Andrés Manjón - a Spanish and Christian educational reformer . Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1987. ISBN 978-3884793107 . P. 76.
  10. ↑ Roger Cooter (Ed.): Linda Bryter: In the Name of the Child . Taylor & Francis, Milton Park, Abingdon 2002. ISBN 978-0-203-41223-7 . Pp. 72-95.
  11. ↑ Bernard Barraqué: L'École de plein air de Suresnes, symbols d'un projet de réforme sociale par l'espace? In: Katherine Burlen: La banlieue oasis. Henri Sellier et les cités-jardins 1900-1940 . Center national des lettres / Mission de la recherche urbaine, Saint-Denis, Presses universitaires de Vincennes 1987, pp. 220–229.
  12. ↑ Marta Gutman (eds.): Anne-Marie Châtelet, Dominique Lerch, Jean-Noël Luc: Designing Modern Childhoods: History, Space, and the Material Culture of Children . Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey 2008. ISBN 978-0-8135-4195-2 . Pp. 107-127.
  13. ↑ Photo: École de plein air de Marcel Lods ( Memento of the original from May 12, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , at: fricout-architectes.com, accessed on May 10, 2016  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.fricout-architectes.com
  14. ↑ Photo: École de plein-air de Suresnes ( Memento of the original from May 12, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , at: citechaillot.fr, accessed May 10, 2016 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.citechaillot.fr
  15. ↑ Photo: Globe of the École de plein air de Suresnes , from: hmenfr.free.fr, accessed on May 10, 2016
  16. ↑ School Biology Center Leipzig: Open Air School ( Memento of the original from March 8, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , at: schulbiologiezentrum-leipzig.de, accessed on May 10, 2016 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.schulbiologiezentrum-leipzig.de
  17. ↑ Senate Department for Urban Development and the Environment: Forest Education - Forest Schools and Teaching Cabinet , from: berlin.de, accessed on May 10, 2016
  18. ↑ http://www.sdw.de/waldpaedagogik/waldschulen/ Schutzgemeinschaft Deutscher Wald: Waldschulen / Haus des Waldes , on: sdw.de, accessed on May 10, 2016
  19. ↑ School Biology Center Hanover: The Burg Open Air School , at: hannover.de, accessed on May 10, 2016