Johannes Duiker
Johannes Duiker , also Jan Duiker , (born March 1, 1890 in The Hague ; † February 23, 1935 in Amsterdam ) was a Dutch architect and author and an important representative of constructivism in the Netherlands . Studied in Delft and worked as an architect with Bernard Bijvoet until 1925. One of the leading representatives of the New Objectivity in Holland in the context of the group »De 8«. From 1925 until his untimely death in 1935 he created masterpieces of modern architecture that provided important impulses for the architecture of the 20th century.
Life
The son of a teacher, who was born in The Hague, studied after a one-year internship in a carpenter's workshop, from 1908 to 1913 at the Technical University in Delft and graduated as a civil engineer . After studying architecture in Delft, Jan Duiker and his fellow student Bernard Bijvoet first worked in the office of their former professor, Henri Evers , in Rotterdam on the planning of the Rotterdam City Hall.
The independent professional career of the two architects began in 1916 with the realization of the competition they won for a retirement home in Alkmaar . In 1917 they received the first prize for a new building for the Reich Academy for Fine Arts in Amsterdam , which, however, was not carried out. Between 1919 and 1923 the architects built a garden city consisting of seven house types with 126 villas in Kijkduin near The Hague . Characteristic of the construction is the emphasis on the horizontal, protruding, gently sloping hip roofs and covered verandas framed by garden walls . With the construction of a single-family house in Aalsmeer in 1924, the architects developed a simple, light and economical construction method that is determined by the construction . At the Exposition des Arts Décoratifs in Paris in spring 1924, you exhibited your competition designs for the Reich Academy and the Chicago Tribune . There Bijvoet met the interior designer Pierre Chareau , dissolved the partnership with Duiker and went to Paris.
Duiker moved to Amsterdam and worked with the structural engineer Jan Gero Wiebenga , who with Leendert van der Vlugt built one of the first functionally oriented buildings in the Netherlands in 1922 , a school in Groningen. Duiker also got to know this through Wiebenga, who developed the construction of the Van Nelle factory by Leendert van der Vlugt (Brinkman & Van der Vlugt). In the following projects by Duiker, the influence of constructivism becomes clear. From then on, Duiker developed the structure of the building through the construction and the building type from the function, e.g. B. the constructivist Cineac cinema, a weekly cinema in Amsterdam, the transparent construction of the Nirvana House with four to eight apartments per floor, the open-air school for healthy children in Amsterdam with an integrated gym and open spaces in front of the classrooms. The Sonnenstrahl sanatorium in Hilversum, designed in 1926, was a clinic for aftercare for tuberculosis for diamond cutters, consisting of a main building with administration, kitchen, dining and treatment rooms and four axially symmetrical pairs of pavilions with patient rooms. The architect's masterpiece shows structural features of the “domino system” developed by Le Corbusier .
From 1932 until his death, Duiker was also the editor of de 8 en Opbouw . This magazine published the thoughts of the radical Rotterdam group Opbouw with JJP Oud , Mart Stam , Leendert van der Vlugt and others and the more moderate Amsterdam group de 8 , represented by Duiker, Bijvoet, Wiebenga, Cornelis van Eesteren and others. A conflict that Erich Mendelsohn described in 1919 with the words "Rotterdam is functional, Amsterdam is dynamic".
style
Duiker's early buildings are initially symmetrical , modular structures that consist of additively joined simple geometric shapes. In his late work, the forms become freer and orthogonal grids are superimposed by circles, which is expressed in the “Cineac” in Amsterdam (1930–34) and in the “Gooiland” hotel in Hilversum, which Bijvoet completed after his death.
The works of Johannes Duiker and his partner Bernard Bijvoet are characterized by a formalist constructivism, as can be seen both in the symmetrically laid out Zonnestraal sanatorium and in the equally symmetrical open-air school. A synthesis between Stam's asymmetrical functionalism and Duiker's symmetrical formalism was achieved with Pierre Chareau and Bernard Bijvoet's Maison de verre in Paris , which was created in 1928–32.
Buildings and projects
- CINEAC Amsterdam, 1934;
- Hotel and Theater Gooiland Hilversum, 1934–36;
- De Winter Amsterdam department store; 1934-35 (destroyed);
- CINEAC The Hague Center; 1934-35;
- Parking garage Rotterdam; 1930 (project);
- Third Technical School The Hague-Scheveningen, 1929–31;
- Open-air school in Amsterdam 1926–31;
- Sanatorium "Nazorgkolonie Zonnestraal" Hilversum, 1926–1931;
- Elbstrandhotel in Salesel ( Czechoslovakia ), 1929 (competition, 2nd prize)
- Nirvana The Hague, 1926-28;
- House in the polder near Aalsmeer, 1924–25;
- Diemen laundry, 1924-25 (destroyed);
- Jan Duiker Ensemble Thomsonplein The Hague; 1921-22
- 2 residential buildings on Eikstraat, The Hague; 1920-21;
- 4 residential buildings in Domstraat, The Hague; 1920-21;
- Residential building on Ieplaan, The Hague, 1920–21;
- Residential houses on Imhoffplein, The Hague, 1920;
- 4 houses at 3e Louise de Colignystraat, The Hague, 1920;
- 3 apartment buildings in Jacob Mosselstraat, The Hague, 1920;
- Villa The Hague, 1920–21;
- House at 2e Louise de Colignystraat, The Hague, 1920;
- Dubbele Villa The Hague; 1919-20 (destroyed);
- 9 residential buildings in JvOldenbarneveldtlaan, The Hague; 1919-22;
- Amsterdam School of Art, 1917 (project);
- Karenhuizen Alkmaar, 1917-19.
Quote
“ And so we see a new spiritual impulse: the liberation of man; in order to realize this greater freedom, however, "objectivity" is the only means in architecture ... "
literature
- Jan Molema, "Jan Duiker", buildings and projects, GG Editorial Gustavo Gili, 1991. (English, Spanish)
- Hans Ibelings, "Dutch Architecture of the 20th Century", Prestel-Verlag, 1995
- Pevsner, Honor Fleming: Lexikon der Weltarchitektur, Munich: Prestel, 1992 ISBN 3-7913-2095-5 .
- Alfred Werner Maurer : Radical Technicism, Visions a. Works by the radical Rotterdam group “Opbouw” with Oud, Stam, van der Vlugt and others and the more moderate Amsterdam group “de 8” with von Duiker, Bijvoet, Wiebenga, van Eesteren and others, Philologus-Verlag, Saarbrücken 2007.
- Paul Meurs and Marie-Therese van Thoor (eds.), "Zonnestraal Sanatorium - The History and Restoration of a Modern Monument", 18 articles by Hubert-Jan Henket, Ton Idsinga, Wessel de Jonge, Jan Molema, Bruno Reichlin u. a., Rotterdam 2010. (English and Dutch edition)
Web links
Individual evidence
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Duiker, Johannes |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Duiker, Jan |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Dutch architect and author |
| DATE OF BIRTH | March 1, 1890 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | The hague |
| DATE OF DEATH | February 23, 1935 |
| Place of death | Amsterdam |