Paeonia peregrina
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Paeonia peregrina , sometimes called Byzantine peony or foreign peony , is a species of plant within the peony family (Paeoniaceae). The Southeast European homeland is in the Balkans , Romania and on the Aegean coast of Asia Minor near Izmir . It is used as an ornamental plant with numerous varietiesand isone of the parent species of modern garden hybrids with the milk flowering peony . Through the deep red flowers it applies in folk customs of the Serbs as a symbol of the fallen soldiers of the Kosovo Polje battle and here's national flower .
description
Paeonia peregrina differs from other European Paonia species by 17 to 30 narrow-elliptical leaf sections, the deep red concave petals and the red filaments of the numerous stamens.
Vegetative characteristics
Paeonia peregrina grows as a perennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 50 to 70 cm. The stem is glabrous and light green in color.
The lower leaves are cut into numerous, usually 15 to 17 pieces, some of which are in turn divided into two to three segments. Pieces and segments are lobed and roughly serrated at the top. The leaf blade is bright green on the upper side, bluish green and glabrous on the underside. The divided leaf blade is elliptical to lanceolate with a wedge-shaped base and a pointed upper end.
Generative characteristics
Each stem has only one cup-shaped, deep red flower. The hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry with a diameter of 7 to 11 centimeters. The red petals are strongly bent inwards. The many stamens are 1.5 centimeters long. The stamens are yellow and the anthers are red. There are four to five free, bald carpels .
One to four, usually two, woolly, dense and long (technical term is tomentose) hairy follicles are formed.
At the Gazimestan Memorial of the Battle of the Blackbird Field
Concave petals and a cup-shaped flower are characteristic
Bees, bumblebees and beetles are responsible for pollination
The 'Fire King' variety has scarlet flowers
Woolly hairy follicles
Relationship and Genetics
Paeonia peregrina is an allotetraploid species of peony that carries a double set of haploid chromosomes . From this it was deduced that it comes from a hybridogenic Mediterranean group. Together with the allotetraploid Paeonia arietina group, the common peony ( Paeonia officinalis ), which is also native to Central Europe, emerged from these . Genetically, the common peony is thus a homoploid hybrid of Paeonia peregrina and Paeonia arietina . The number of chromosomes is 2n = 20. Paeonia peregrina is closely related to Paeonia saueri and Paeonia parnassica .
distribution
Paeonia peregrina is a heat-loving species of subtropical oak forests ( Quercus frainetto , Quercus cerris ) from the continental eastern Balkan peninsula . An impressive population of 2000 specimens on 100 hectares in the upper reaches of the Crni Timok was recently discovered in the Kučaj Planina in eastern Serbia . There Paeonia peregrina dominates the southern slopes and oak forests above the village of Krivi Vir, visible from afar.
Horticultural introduction
It is historically certain that the Byzantine Peony was first introduced as Paeonia byzantina from Constantinople to Austria in 1583 , as Clusius reported. From then this plant species migrated from garden to garden across Europe and was described in England by Parkinson in 1629 as a single-flowered peony from Constantinople . The specific epithet peregrina means “foreign”, “exotic” or “coming from abroad”.
Folk customs in Serbia
The Byzantine peony has a prominent position in popular belief in the Balkan Peninsula. It is present in folk poetry and storytelling as well as in songwriting, and peony blossoms can be found as embroidery in traditional costumes in eastern Serbia. Already in the popular name "Božur" from bog = god and žar = embers (= sun) there is a connection to solar symbols. The myth of the Peony Mountain tells of a divine origin of the peony. In which Satan pursued the sun, it fled to the Peony Mountain. This opened to hide the sun. When the mountain closed again, it got smaller and smaller and shrunk to the size of a peony. This is how the peony blossom, in which the sun was hidden, emerged from the mountain.
Popularly customs of the Serbs is Paeonia peregrina a revered symbol plant in the memory of Kosovo Polje battle of 28 June 1389. In the Serbian folk poetry grew the Amselfelder peonies from spilled blood of Amselfelder hero; the red from Serbian and the blue from Turkish . There is also a custom that on the eve of Vidovdan (St. Vitus's Day) the host of the blackbird field gave a bush of peony flowers to every person who set out for the Vidovdanka. In general, in Serbian folk customs, there were parallel developments in the cult around St. Vitus's Day (original vegetation rituals in the pagan cult of Svantovite were mixed here with Christian rites), the sacred celebration of St. Vitus and the commemoration in the blackbird field myth. The emblematic motif of the blackbird field peony is often featured in Serbian folk songs . Here, too, there is a symbol of rebirth and fertility. The best-known example of such a Serbian folk song is Kosovski božuri (German blackbird field peonies, also Usnila je dubok sanak .)
Kosovski božuri (Usnila je dubok sanak)
Usnila je dubok sanak
sa Kosova Rada,
pa se svome milom, dragom
u naručju jada.
[Refrain:]
Hej, dragi, dragi
božurove sadi
ja ću vodu, a ti koren
nek izniknu mladi
Vidiš, dragi, sirom polja
božurova nema
samo arrived, ljuto trnje
pod oblakom drema
[ Refrain ]
Da procveta ravno polje
oko manastira
i da pastir brda.
u frulu zasvira
Amselfeld peonies (There is dreaming a deep dream)
There is dreaming a deep dream
Rada of Kosovo Field
in which they have their loved ones, most expensive
in sorrow embraced
[Chorus:]
Hey Dearest, Dearest
plant peonies
I bring water, you root
should come as young
Do Dearest, in the whole field
not a peony
only rock and evil thorns
dozing under clouds
[ Refrain ]
So that the flat field
around the monastery blooms
and the shepherd on the mountain
plays the slack
The blood emblem of the peony has been treated extensively by Serbian poets, including Milan Rakič ( Božur ), Vasko Popa ( Kosovo polje ), Vuk Drašković ( Kosovo ), Dragoljub Filipović ( Kosovski božuri , Pesme 1917). In the fine arts, the expressionist Nadežda Petrović addressed the subject in her famous painting Red Peonies .
To this day, the Byzantine peony has remained a metaphor for the sacrifice on the blackbird field and, as part of national symbolism, also forms a strongly emotionalizing motif. The Byzantine peony ( Paeonia peregrina Mill.) Also bears the common name Kosovski božur (kyrill: Косовски божур) for the reasons mentioned and for its distribution in Serbia, which is mainly limited to Kosovo .
In folk song creation has Svetlana Stević Vukosavljević (* 1948), the Peony symbolism in traditional songs relayed most intense.
swell
- ↑ Michel Rivière: Magnificent Peonies . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1996, ISBN 3-8001-6560-0 , pp. 153-154.
- ↑ The Oxford Times, April 10, 2014 I've had a lifelong passion for peonies.
- ↑ a b Foreign Customs - Blood-Red Peonies. In: NZZ Folio . 09/94.
- ^ Oleg Polunin: Flowers of Greece and the Balkans - a field guide. Oxford University Press, 1987, ISBN 0-19-281998-4 , p. 244.
- ^ Diane Ferguson, Tao Sang: Speciation through Homoploid Hybridization between Allotetraploids in Peonies (Paeonia) . In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . Volume 98, No. 7, 2001, pp. 3915-3919, JSTOR 3055344 .
- ↑ Paeonia peregrina at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ De-Yuan Hong, Xiao-Quan Wang, Da-Ming Zhang: Paeonia saueri (Paeoniaceae), a new species from the Balkans. In: Taxon. Volume 53, No. 1, 2004, pp. 83-90 ( PDF file ).
- ↑ RTS, May 15, 2013 Krivi Vir, raj za kosovske božure.
- ^ Novosti, May 17, 2013 Kosovski božuri procvetali podno Kučajskih planina.
- ^ William T. Stearn & Peter H. Davis: Peonies of Greece - A taxonomic and historical Survey of the Genus Paeonia in Greece . The Goulandris Natural History Museum, Kifissia- Greece 1984. Local copy
- ↑ СРПСКИ ИСТОЧНИЦИ - ОБОЖАВАЊЕ БОЖУРА - Documentation on the peony in the traditional culture of Serbia. ["The worship of the peonies".]
- ↑ Klett: The Balkans as a source of conflict. (PDF file) .
- ↑ Srdan Petkovic: The national discourse under the influence of war propaganda, church and folklorism. On the development of Serbian self-awareness. Kosovski bozuri and vidovdan. (PDF file; 2.2 MB).
- ↑ Jelena Tomasevic: Usnila je dubok sanak.
- ↑ Božur .
- ^ Kosovo polje .
- ^ Vuk Drašković: Kosovo .
- ↑ Project Rastko, Gracanica the myth in art .
- ↑ Holm Sundhaussen: History of Serbia: 19. – 21. Century p. 409, limited preview in the Google book search (“Will warm blood then flow / Where peonies sprout every year?”).
- ↑ Carl Polonyi: salvation and destruction: National myths and war on the example of Yugoslavia. P. 188, limited preview in the Google book search ("The peony is wilting in Kosovo, it laments the Serbs who have emigrated.")
- ↑ Maximilian Händler: Defeat as a national myth. The Kosovo motif in Serbian popular music today. In: Notes, projects and short articles on popular music research. 3, 2004 (PDF file; 1.4 MB) .
literature
- O. Stapf, 1918: Paeonia peregrina . In: Curtis's Botanical Magazine , 8742. * vol.144 (on Paeon.de)
- Valentina Pitulić 2007: Semantika božura. Altera, Beograd Filozofski Faculty. (Serbian Валентина Питулић, Семантика божура)
- Predrag Lazarević, Verica Sotanović, 2012: Wild Peonies (Paeonia L.) in Serbia - distribution, populations, vulnerability and protecion. Zaštita Prirode 62/2: 19-44 (serb ЛАЗАРЕВИЋ ПРЕДРАГ1, СТОЈАНОВИЋ ВЕРИЦА¹:... ДИВЉИ БОЖУРИ (PAEONIA L.) У СРБИЈИ РАСПРОСТРАЊЕЊЕ, СТАЊЕ ПОПУЛАЦИЈА, УГРОЖЕНОСТ И ЗАШТИТА) (Research Gate: PDF)
