Friedrich Stumpfl

Wagner-Jauregg's
medical team in Vienna in 1927.
Friedrich Stumpfl in the third row, the second from the left

Friedrich Stumpfl (born September 13, 1902 in Vienna , † August 30, 1997 in Innsbruck ) was an Austrian psychiatrist , criminal biologist , racial hygienist / eugenicist and after 1951 a court expert .

Life

Stumpfl was the son of a councilor. After graduating, he studied medicine and anthropology at the universities of Freiburg and Vienna and received his doctorate in 1926 . In 1930 he became an employee of the German Research Institute for Psychiatry at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Munich and assistant to the racial hygienist Ernst Rüdin with a research focus on “genetic makeup and crime”.

As an employee of the Bavarian State Association for Hiking Services, Stumpfl was involved in the selection of non-residents for the concentration camp . In 1939 he received the license to teach psychiatry, criminal biology and hereditary character studies and returned to Austria to fill the chair for hereditary and racial biology at the University of Innsbruck .

Although Stumpfl had not yet been granted the license to teach, in April 1939 he was given the newly established professorship for genetic and racial biology in Innsbruck by decree of the Reich Minister. In order to carry out his work, he was assigned the previous Institute for General and Experimental Pathology, whose director Professor Gustav Bayer was dismissed as a Jew from the University of Innsbruck immediately after the annexation of Austria as part of the first "purges". Bayer had after the DC circuit of the Austrian Universities and the first cleansing of the faculty of " full Jews " and " two fully Jewish grandparents derived hybrids taken" together with his daughter's life. In September 1939, Stumpfl received the Bayer post. He became director of the Institute for Heredity and Racial Hygiene.

In 1941 he became a member of the NSDAP . Armand Mergen was a student of Friedrich Stumpfl during the Nazi regime and from 1959 president of the Criminological Society . Together they carried out racial biology studies on Tyrolean Karner and Yeniche and labeled them as anti-social . Mergen received his doctorate from Stumpfl in 1942 with a dissertation on the criminality of the mentally ill , examined in 200 cases at the Innsbruck University Hospital.

At the end of the Second World War in 1945, the Institute for Hereditary and Racial Biology was renamed the Institute for Anthropology and Hereditary Biology, but Stumpfl remained director. A political review of Stumpfl by the University of Innsbruck in 1946 resulted in the proceedings being discontinued. In 1947 he was removed from office when the institute was dissolved. He then worked as the head of the child psychiatric observation station in Salzburg, from 1949 as a neurologist for forensic psychiatry in Vienna, until he was offered a position in Innsbruck again, where he gave lectures on forensic psychiatry at the university. In April 1953 a group of professors from the Medical Faculty of the University of Innsbruck under FJ Holzer Stumpfl proposed to re-award the Venia legendi for the subject of psychiatry.

From the winter semester of 1953/54, Stumpfl again gave lectures on forensic psychiatry at the University of Innsbruck. From 1956 to 1958 he was an associate professor at the University of Innsbruck.

In a letter of application, Stumpfl described his family as “ Greater German and German-Völkisch ”, anti-Semitic and hostile to the Church.

He was primarily concerned with researching the connections between predisposition and social behavior or crime. In his studies he tried to establish a connection between character defects and their occurrence in social groups and to explain it in a pseudo-scientific way. He specifically examined "anti-social" behavior and genetically determined crime among travelers , the "Karrner", Yeniche , who increasingly got caught up in the Nazi machinery of persecution. Stumpfl promoted the segregation of people whom the Nazi regime, as “anti-social”, imposed harsh sentences up to physical extermination. Stumpfl and his institute were responsible for diagnoses and prognoses, which subsequently decided on the fate of many people by classifying them as "anti-social", pathological criminals, and refusing to give a marriage certificate. Stumpfl saw the “breeding” of a generation of hereditary physicians as one of the main tasks of the Institute for Hereditary and Racial Biology.

Both his attitude and the research areas hardly changed in the course of his life. His work mainly related to the connection between criminal or "asocial" behavior and disposition / inheritance or their occurrence in family relationships or in population groups such as the "Karrners". In studies that he had written or created during the Nazi era, and with which he continued to work in the academic world after 1945, he spoke of the inferiority of certain people; in a television discussion from 1989 he made it clear that the word inferior was never used to have.

plant

Four theoretical references characterize Stumpfl's scientific work:

• They are related to the concept of the " psychopathic personality ": "Everything points to the fact that the concept of the abnormal personality is a concept of being, that what we call abnormal personality is based on a qualitatively special, constitutionally particularly well-founded nature"
• based on the psychiatric type theory of Kurt Schneider "... So that Schneider's theory of psychopaths offers the only stable basis for hereditary pathology",
• The causal relationship between “crime” and abnormal personality by the Kraepelin pupil Johannes Lange and Heinrich Kranz was largely committed and with a few objections
• of the endogenous etiology of psychopathy as the “result of a defective system” by Sigmund Biran : “According to the results of twin research, there is no doubt about the fact that such abnormalities are inherited ”, although there is always a scientification of genetics to be carried out in cooperation with psychopathology and Psychiatry is discussed and warned against assuming too quickly.

The collaboration between Mergen and Stumpfl was not interrupted by the end of the war. 1949 appeared:

• Mergen, Armand: “Die Tiroler Karrner”, criminological and criminal biological studies on land drivers (Jenischen), boarding school. Universum-Verlag Mainz 1949, in which concepts such as inferiority, genetic loss, negative selection, predisposition and inability to guilt are used. The question arises whether such terms as in the argumentation for a criminal prosecution beyond guilt and atonement can be recognized, whether generalizations about the criminality of the Gypsies appear in his work Die Kriminalogie , published in 1978, and what significance Mergen's discovery of a devil's chromosome or have killer syndrome.

Awards

• 1971 Beccaria Gold Medal from the Criminological Society

Publications

• Studies of Crime and the Development of Mental Disorders. Edited by Ernst Rüdin. Julius Springer publishing house, Munich 1935; therein Stumpfl, hereditary disposition and crime.
• Mental disorders as a cause of the uprooting of hikers . In: The sedentary man. A contribution to the redesign of the spatial and human order in the Greater German Reich. In cooperation with the Bavarian State Ministry of the Interior, published by Bayerischer Landesverband für Wanderdienst, Munich 1938. pp. 275–308
• Psychopathies and criminality , in Zs. Advances in genetic pathology, racial hygiene and their border areas. 1941, vol. 5, H. 2/3, p. 63
• Friedrich Stumpfl, associate professor of psychiatry and neurology at the University of Innsbruck: Motive and guilt. A psychiatric study on the structure of action in criminal behavior, at the same time: Walter von Baeyer u. a. (Ed.), Zs. Psychiatry and Law. Issue 1, Franz Deuticke, Vienna 1961, 75 pages ZDB -ID 1097884-7

literature

• BIDOK - full text library: Republication on the Internet: Marion Amort, Regina Bogner-Unterhofer, Monika Pilgram, Gabi Plasil, Michaela Ralser, Stefanie Stütler, Lisl Strobl: Human sciences as pillars of the "destruction of unworthy life" -
• Hubenstorf, M .: Continuity and Breaks in Medical History. Medicine in Austria 1938-1955 , in: Continuity and Break 1938 - 1945 - 1955. Contributions to the Austrian history of culture and science , Ed .: Stadler, F., Jugend und Volk, Vienna / Munich 1988, pp. 330f.
• Ernst Klee : The dictionary of persons on the Third Reich . Who was what before and after 1945 . 2nd Edition. Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2007, ISBN 978-3-596-16048-8 .

Web links

• Wolfgang Neugebauer: Nazi Medicine in Austria: Break or Continuities?
• Gustav Spann investigations into anatomical science in Vienna 1938-1945
• Viennese psychiatry and Nazi crimes by Wolfgang Neugebauer
• Achim Rogoss Glossary on Fascism: Page 31: F. Stumpfl (PDF file; 5.26 MB)
• Persecution of "anti-social": The Austrian Friedrich Stumpfl, later professor for "racial hygiene" at the University of Innsbruck, excelled in the scientific definition of anti-sociality, which was presented as hereditary

Individual evidence

1. ^ Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Third Reich , Frankfurt am Main 2007, p. 613
2. ↑ Stumpfl: If it is precisely the vagrants who cannot be influenced and who have been lost to the people as a whole, predominantly composed of psychopaths , then these innate, ... inherited abnormalities are obviously the cause of the uprooting of these people. ( PDF  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. )  
3. ↑ The scientists around Prof. Dr. Rüdin, who carried out examinations on individual inmates in the facilities of the LVW, were mainly Dr. Katharina Hell (focus on twin research), Dr. Julius Deussen and Dr. Friedrich Stumpfl. (Focus on criminal biology), supported by the SS-Ahnenerbe. Bayerischer Landesverband für Wander- und Heimatdienst, p. 7: muenchen.de/archiv/ed_0728.pdf  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
4. ↑ ^{a b c} ORF Club 2 ("Abused Medicine", April 20, 1989), Memorial Sites of National Socialism [1]
5. ↑ From: Heider, Ralser, Rath, Soraperra, Verdorfer: SKOLAST special issue "Politically reliable - purely Aryan - German science committed", magazine of the South Tyrolean Students' Union, vol. 34, no. 1/2, p. 27.
6. ↑ cf. Lecture catalogs of the University of Innsbruck since 1953/54 (available in a collected series at the university library)
7. ↑ ^{a b} Friedrich Stumpfl: Psychopathien und Kriminalität, magazine "Advances in genetic pathology, racial hygiene and their border areas, 1941, Jg. V, 2/3, p. 63.
8. ↑ Kurt Schneider, Die Psychopathischen Personalitäten, 1926, 9th edition, Deuticke, Vienna, 1943; the same, Clinical Psychopathology, 9th edition, Thieme, Stuttgart, 1971
9. ↑ Lange Johannes, Crimes as Fate. Studies on criminal twins, Leipzig, 1929: Circular (manic-depressive) insanity. Handbook of Hereditary Diseases, Leipzig, 1942.
10. ↑ Kranz, H .; The life stories of criminal twins, Springer, Berlin, 1936
11. ^ Friedrich Stumpfl: Psychopathies and criminality. 1941, p. 78 [26] In: Journal for human inheritance and constitutional theory. Volume 29, 1950, pp. 665-694 [27] ibid., P. 690.
12. ^ Criminological Society
13. ↑ no longer published. Available in 9 university libraries in Germany, partly only as a copy
14. ↑ Biopolitics and fascism using the example of the Rassehygieneinstitut in Innsbruck: All information on F. Stumpfl and the genetic and racial biology institute Innsbruck was taken from the extensive personal file of F. Stumpfl at the Innsbruck University Archives, unless otherwise stated. [2]