Fusariosis

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Under Fusariosis various diseases are summarized by the filamentous fungus TYPES of the genus Fusarium are triggered. This term is used both for infestation of plants and for fungal diseases in humans. Fusarium infestation can cause a variety of diseases in plants, for example emergence and foot diseases , leaf spots, whiteheartedness, partial deafness and shriveled grains. With various types of crops, fusariosis can lead to very severe reductions in harvest; Long-term consumption of cereals infected with Fusarium harbors considerable health risks.

A healthy ear (left) compared with one infected by Fusarium graminearum (right).

Ear fusariosis

Symptoms

The symptoms of Fusarium head blight show up as partial head blight in cereals (English: head blight ) and by several Fusarium causes species, including in particular Fusarium graminearum , Fusarium culmorum , Fusarium avenaceum , Fusarium poae , tricinctum Fusarium , Fusarium cerealis and Fusarium sporotrichioides count . Mainly ear fusariosis occurs on winter wheat , durum wheat , oats and triticale , while rye or barley are less affected. The ear infestation with Fusarium spp. is now considered to be one of the most important cereal diseases that occur worldwide, especially since this disease can only be combated with fungicides if the exact date of infection is met when the flower is infected. An exact prognosis of this point in time is hardly practicable so far, since different microclimatic factors are effective in each grain field. There are also initial indications that the infestation of common wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) can not only come about through infection of the flower, but also through permanent spores and infected plant remains from the soil. A preventive prevention of fusariosis through cultivation of resistant varieties , crop rotation and tillage is therefore necessary. The failure of the grain formation, the formation of cumbersome grains and the reduced thousand grain mass can result in yield losses of up to 70 percent.

The first visible symptom is the bleaching of individual spikelets or whole ear levels, which is described as partial deafness. Grain grains develop or grain formation does not occur at all, although faded spikelets do not have to be infected. Later on, the formation of orange to pink-colored spore coverings on the lemmas follows and, finally, there is often an increased occurrence of secondary black fungi.

Stem and cob rot

Several Fusarium species cause stem and cob rot in maize . The species Fusarium graminearum , Fusarium culmorum , Fusarium verticillioides , Fusarium subglutinans , Fusarium proliferatum , Fusarium crookwellense , Fusarium sporotrichioides and Fusarium equiseti are involved . They attack roots, stems and cobs and lead to reduced yields, and also form mycotoxins which are harmful to health. Insufficient crop rotation in particular increases the risk of infection, while working the stubble into the soil reduces the risk.

consequences

At the same time as the fungus spreads in the ear and the grains, mycotoxins are also formed, but these toxins can also occur in higher concentrations in husks, spindles and stalks. Of these Fusarium mycotoxins , the B- trichothecenes deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV) and zearalenone (ZEA) occur most frequently in winter wheat.

All over the world, some diseases that have occurred and are occurring in humans and animals are associated with mycotoxins. Deoxynivalenol leads to a reduced feed consumption in pigs from 0.3 milligrams DON per kilogram of feed, while poultry and ruminants tolerate significantly higher concentrations. For people who consume contaminated food for a long time, there is a risk of kidney damage or even kidney failure, and like other trichothecenes, deoxynivalenol, its acetylated derivatives and nivalenol are ascribed an immunosuppressive effect.

Fusarioses in vegetables

Fusariosis does not only play a role in cereal cultivation, numerous horticultural crops are attacked by different species of the genus Fusarium and cause yield losses. Host plants from the field of vegetable growing are z. B.

  • French bean - F. oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli
  • Pea - F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi (different pathotypes to which the individual cultivars are differently resistant)
  • Cucumber - F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum
  • Cabbage , radish , radish - Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans ; F. oxysporum f. sp. raphani
  • Spinach - Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae (seed transmissible)
  • Tomato - F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (wilt) and F. oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici (foot disease)
  • Onion - F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae

Fusaria in humans

Fusarium live mainly in the soil or on and in plants. In particular in patients with a weakened immune system , however, various Fusarium diseases can also cause serious fusariosis, especially through the species Fusarium solani (50 percent of all cases), Fusarium oxysporum , Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium moniliforme . The species cause superficial infections such as keratitis or onychomycosis , sometimes also peritonitis and cellulitis . Allergic reactions such as sinusitis and pneumonia can also be problematic .

The uptake of mycotoxins (see above) from infested plants or parts of plants is not only dangerous for immunocompromised people, it is also dangerous in general.

literature

  • Gerd Crüger: Plant protection in vegetable growing. Ulmer, Stuttgart 1991, ISBN 3-8001-5135-9 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Franz Schubiger: Ährenfusariose. ( Memento of the original from August 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at: Pflanzenenkrankheiten.ch @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.pflanzenkrankheiten.ch
  2. a b c F. Häni: On the biology and control of fusariosis in wheat and rye. In: Journal of Phytopathology. (1981); 100, pp. 44-87. doi: 10.1111 / j.1439-0434.1981.tb03289.x .
  3. a b c MC Dignani, E. Anaissie: Human fusariosis. In: Clinical Microbiology and Infection . (2004); 10, pp. 67-75. doi: 10.1111 / j.1470-9465.2004.00845.x .
  4. ^ Thuringian State Research Center for Agriculture: Leaflet: Fusarioses in cereal cultivation. pdf
  5. ^ A b Franz Schubiger: stem and cob rot on maize. ( Memento of the original from August 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at: Pflanzenenkrankheiten.ch @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / Pflanzenenkrankheiten.ch
  6. A. Bottalico: Fusarium diseases of cereals: Species complex and related mycotoxin profiles in Europe. In: Journal of Plant Pathology. (1998); 80 (2), pp. 85-103. Full text PDF.
  7. ^ A b Marcio Nucci, Elias Anaissie: Fusarium Infections in Immunocompromised Patients. In: Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2007; 20, pp. 695-704. doi: 10.1128 / CMR.00014-07 .

further reading

  • DW Parry, P. Jenkinson, L. McLeod: Fusarium ear blight (scab) in small grain cereals - A review. In: Plant Pathology. 1995; 44, pp. 207-238, doi: 10.1111 / j.1365-3059.1995.tb02773.x .
  • S. Popovski, FA Celar: The impact of environmental factors on the infection of cereals with Fusarium species and mycotoxin production - a review. In: Acta agriculturae Slovenica. 2013; 101, pp. 105-116. doi: 10.2478 / acas-2013-0012 .