Fusarium graminearum
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Fusarium graminearum with conidia |
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Fusarium graminearum ( synonym : Gibberella zeae ( pig. ) Petch ) is a fungus from the group of Ascomycetes . The fungus lives in the soil, but can also attack plants. The genome of the fungus has been completely sequenced.
features
Characteristics on culture media
Fusarium graminearum rarely forms pale orange sporodochia on clove leaf agar (CLA) , which are often hidden under the mycelium . The main fruit shape is usually formed on the agar or on the pieces of clove leaf. As a homothallic fungus, peritecia can be formed without crossing different isolates. On potato dextrose agar (PDA), Fusarium graminearum grows rapidly and forms an abundant, fairly dense mycelium that varies in color from white to pale orange and yellow. Sporodochia are reddish brown to orange and are formed only slowly, i. H. after more than 30 days. Red pigments are formed in the agar, but they can turn yellow depending on the pH value .
Microscopic features
Macro conidia are formed relatively rare, most often in sporodochia. They are quite slim, sickle-shaped to almost straight and thick-walled. They have five to six septa and a pointed apical cell and a foot-shaped basal cell. The formation of chlamydospores is variable, it often takes place in the macroconidia. They are formed in piles and chains. They are spherical with a slightly rough, but not warty, surface. No microconidia are formed. Sporodochia are rarely formed and are orange. The macroconidia in their interior are uniform and of the same size.
Similar species
Fusarium pseudograminearum is very similar and can hardlybe distinguishedfrom Fusarium graminearum . The former, however, is heterothallic and therefore does not form perithecia from single spore colonies . Thespecies differsfrom Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium crookwellense in the shape of the macroconidia.
Infestation pattern
Wheat and barley develop a typical deafness . The grains are wrinkled and small. Cob rot is triggered in maize . There are differences in susceptibility between the individual types of grain. An increased concentration of ferulic acid in the grains is associated with an increased resistance to Fusarium graminearum .
relevance
An infestation of agricultural crops such as wheat or maize leads to yield losses and the contamination of the grain with fungal toxins ( mycotoxins ). Deoxynivalenol is the most common mycotoxin found in wheat flour in the highest concentrations . Food and feed contaminated with mycotoxins can affect human and animal health. The formation of funnel thecenes are also important factors of aggression . For several Fusarium toxins , statutory maximum levels apply in raw grain and food.
Reproduction and asexual reproduction
Gibberella zeae forms sexual spores ( ascospores ) and asexual spores ( macroconidia ) for its distribution. The spores are spread by wind and rain.
Systematics
Until 2013 the main fruit form was called Gibberella zeae , the minor fruit form Fusarium graminearum . Since January 1, 2013, only the name of the main fruit form has been valid for all mushrooms, as decided at the 2011 Nomenclature Congress of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) in Melbourne. However, since the name Fusarium is used much more often than Gibberella for the entire genus , it was decided that Fusarium would become the only valid name. For Fusarium graminearum is Gibberella zeae therefore only a synonym . For a long time, other very similar species of Fusarium graminearum were also separated, such as Fusarium acaciae-mearnsii , Fusarium asiaticum and Fusarium cortaderiae . Leslie and Summerell (2006) suggested that all of these species should be grouped under one species, Fusarium graminearum .
literature
- John F. Leslie, Brett A. Summerell: The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Blackwell Publishing, 2006, ISBN 0-8138-1919-9 , pp. 268-269.
Individual evidence
- ↑ JC Sutton: Epidemiology of wheat head blight and maize ear rot caused by Fusarium graminearum. In: Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology. 4, 1982, pp. 195-209.
- ↑ Fusarium Genome Database of the Broad Institute ( Memento of the original dated February 12, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b c d e f g John F. Leslie, Brett A. Summerell: The Fusarium Laboratory Manual . Blackwell Publishing, 2006, ISBN 0-8138-1919-9 , pp. 173-179 ( online ).
- ↑ A. Bottalico, G. Perrone: Toxigenic Fusarium species and mycotoxins associated with head blight in small-grain cereals in Europe. In: European Journal of Plant Pathology. 108, 2002, pp. 611-624. doi: 10.1023 / A: 1020635214971
- ↑ M. Schollenberger, HT Jara, S. Sucy, W. Drochner, HM Müller: Fusarium toxins in wheat flour collected in an area in southwest Germany. In: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 72, 2002, pp. 85-89. doi: 10.1016 / S0168-1605 (01) 00627-4
- ↑ KK Sinha, D. Bhatnagar: Mycotoxins in Agriculture and Food Safety. Marcel Dekker, New York 1998, ISBN 0-8247-0192-5 .
- ↑ EC 1881, (2006). Determination of maximum levels for certain contaminants in food . Official Journal of the European Commission L364, pp. 5–24.
- ↑ SG Markell, LJ Francl: Fusarium head blight inoculum: species prevalence and Gibberella zeae spore type. In: Plant Disease. 87, 2003, pp. 814-820. doi: 10.1094 / PDIS.2003.87.7.814
- ↑ M. Beyer, S. Röding, A. Ludewig, JA. Verreet: Germination and survival of Fusarium graminearum macroconidia as affected by environmental factors. In: Journal of Phytopathology. 152, 2004, pp. 92-97, doi: 10.1111 / j.1439-0434.2003.00807.x
- ↑ M. Beyer, JA. Verreet: Germination of Gibberella zeae ascospores as affected by age of spores after discharge and environmental factors. In: European Journal of Plant Pathology. 111, 2005, pp. 381-389, doi: 10.1007 / s10658-004-6470-9
- ↑ DM Geiser, T. Aoki, CW Bacon, SE Baker, MK Bhattacharyya, ME Brandt, DW Brown, LW Burgess, S. Chulze, JJ Coleman, JC Correll, SF Covert, PW Crous, CA Cuomo, GS De Hoog, A Di Pietro, WH Elmer, L. Epstein, RJN Frandsen, S. Freeman, T. Gagkaeva, AE Glenn, TR Gordon, NF Gregory, KE Hammond-Kosack, LE Hanson, M. del Mar Jímenez-Gasco, S. Kang , HC Kistler, GA Kuldau, JF Leslie, A. Logrieco, G. Lu, E. Lysøe and others: One fungus, one name: defining the genus Fusarium in a scientifically robust way that preserves longstanding use . In: Phytopathology . tape 103 , 2013, p. 400-408 , doi : 10.1094 / PHYTO-07-12-0150-LE ( One Fungus, One Name: Defining the Genus Fusarium in a Scientifically Robust Way That Preserves Longstanding Use [PDF]).
