Common pea sprinkler
| Common pea sprinkler | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Common pea sprinkle ( Pisolithus arhizus ), |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Pisolithus arhizus | ||||||||||||
| ( Scop .: Pers. ) Intoxicated |
The Common pea litter Ling or the Bohemian truffle , historical and peas porcini ( Pisolithus arhizus , for the species names are found in the literature the notation arhizos ) is a fungal art from the family of Hartbovistverwandten . Despite the belly fungal fruiting bodies of the fungus belongs to the order Dickröhrlingsartigen (Boletales). The species is one of five European representatives of the genus pea scatterers ( Pisolithus ). Obsolete synonyms are P. arenarius Alb. et Schw., P. tinctorius (Micheli: Pers.) Coker et Couch and Polysaccum pisocarpium .
The species specializes in acidic, nutrient-poor soil and is considered a typical dump fungus in the landscape that followed lignite mining . It fructifies from late summer to autumn mainly on areas with little vegetation. The mushroom is sometimes used in the kitchen as a spice mushroom, is used in forestry as a mycorrhizal partner of trees and is used to dye wool.
features
Macroscopic features
The pea sprinkle forms irregularly club-like, above-ground fruiting bodies with a rounded, bulbous head and a short or longer pseudo-stem that can be about 5–15 cm high and 5–9 cm wide. The peridia is about 1 mm thick, it is initially whitish in color and later discolored yellowish to dirty brown. As the fruit body ripens, it disintegrates irregularly. The gleba only fills the upper part of the fruiting body. It is separated by sterile veins, which later form pea-like (name!) 5 × 2 mm large bodies, so-called pseudoperidioles. This results in the characteristic marbled drawing of the gleba when the fruit bodies are cut through. The pseudoperidioles are initially whitish in color, turn reddish-brown with increasing maturity, and finally black and disintegrate powdery. The 1–8 cm long pseudo-stem is mostly sunk into the ground. It is firm and massive and has yellow, tufted mycelium strands at the base.
Microscopic features
The rounded spores resemble the potato bovists ( Scleroderma ), are covered with relatively thick, curved spines and measure an average of 7–9 micrometers (dimensions without spines).
Ecology and phenology
The common pea litter is a heat-loving mycorrhizal fungus with a wide range of symbiotic partners. In Central Europe the most common silver birch and Scots pine on acidic, nutrient-poor pioneer locations, other birch and pine species as well as poplars , oaks and buckthorns come into consideration. The fungus grows on heaps with emerging pines and birches, on clear-cuts, in pine forests and on pioneer lawns with emerging trees and similar locations. In contrast, the fungus is extremely rare in near-natural and undisturbed forests. It is considered a typical pile mushroom of the landscape following the lignite mining. The fruiting bodies are found mainly in locations with little or almost no vegetation.
In Central Europe, the common pea litter can be found from July to September.
distribution
The boundaries of the distribution area are difficult to indicate, since several species have recently been separated or newly described in the genus, which was previously regarded as monotypical.
In Europe the common pea litter occurs from the Mediterranean area to the northern border of the temperate zone; within this belt it has a clear continental tendency to spread. In Germany, the common pea litter is mainly found in Bavaria north of the Danube, in Saxony, in southern Saxony-Anhalt and especially in southern Brandenburg. In the other areas the sites are far apart and the species is very rare.
Existence and endangerment
While the common pea litter in near-natural locations is in decline and threatened with extinction, it is not endangered in the post-mining landscapes and is even spreading. The input of nitrogen has negative effects on its populations.
meaning
forestry
Due to its ability to colonize very nutrient-poor and acidic locations, the common pea litter is of great ecological importance in the afforestation and foresting of heaps and similar locations. It is also used in tree nurseries to produce a mycorrhiza , and its spores are traded for this purpose.
Colorants
The pea sprinkle is also used to dye wool, which is alluded to by the synonymous scientific species name " tinctorius " (dyer) and the English name "Dyemaker's Puffball" (dye manufacturer Stäubling).
Food value
Although the common pea sprinkler is not considered an edible mushroom, some mushroom pickers appreciate it in the kitchen as a condiment for sauces due to its strong aroma.
Species delimitation
Potato Boviste
The differentiation from other representatives of the genus Pisolithus is very difficult or even impossible with classical methods, but simple by comparing the DNA sequences of the barcoding region ITS.
Externally, the fruiting bodies of the common pea litter can be confused with the poisonous potato bovists ( Scleroderma ). A longitudinal section, however, reveals the typical Gleba, which is divided into pea-sized, rounded chambers. Potato bovists, on the other hand, have a uniformly colored, soon gray-blackish gleba with only a fine, light veining.
swell
literature
- German Josef Krieglsteiner (Eds.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 .
- Achim Bollmann, Andreas Gminder , Peter Reil: List of illustrations of large European mushrooms, 4th edition with CD . Black Forest mushroom teaching show, Hornberg. 2007. ISSN 0932-920X .
- Heinrich Dörfelt , Andreas Bresinsky : Distribution and ecology of selected Macromycetes in Germany (2) . In: Zeitschrift für Mykologie 74 (1). 2008.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Ewald Gerhardt: BLV Handbuch Pilze, 3rd edition . BLV Verlag, Munich. ISBN 3-405-14737-9 .
- ↑ Manfred Binder, David S. Hibbett. Molecular systematics and biological diversification of Boletales . Mycologia 98 (6). 2006. Pages 971-981. doi: 10.3852 / mycologia.98.6.971 . (PDF; 2.49 MB)
- ↑ a b Katerina Rusevska, Mitko Karadelev, Cherdchai Phosri, Margarita Dueñas, M. Teresa Telleria, Roy Watling, María P. Martín: DNA barcoding is an effective tool for differentiating Pisolithus species from Macedonia . In: Mycotaxon . tape 130 , 2015, p. 1007-1016 , doi : 10.5248 / 130.1007 .
- ↑ María P. Martín, Fátima Durán, Cherdchai Phosri, Roy Watling: A new species of Pisolithus from Spain . In: Mycotaxon . No. 124 , 2013, p. 149-154 , doi : 10.5248 / 124.149 .
- ↑ Ernst Gäumann : The mushrooms: basics of their development history and morphology . Springer 2013 (p. 412)
- ↑ D. Schmitz, A. Willenborg: For forest areas and problem locations: Importance of mycorrhiza in afforestation . In: AFZ - The forest. General forest journal for forest management and environmental protection 47th Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag, Munich. 1992. ISSN 1430-2713 .
- ↑ Seak-Jin Kim: Studies on the improvement of reforestation measures in South Korea with special consideration of the contribution of various mycorrhiza-forming mycobionts and different soil substrates . Dissertation. University of Bremen. Faculty 2: Biology / Chemistry. 2002. (PDF; 7.23 MB)
- ↑ Articles on Scots Pine ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . In: LWF Wissen 57th Bavarian State Institute for Forestry and Forestry (LWF), Freising. July 2007. Page 63. ISSN 0945-8131 . (PDF; 9.17 MB)
Web links
- Rudolf Markones: picture collection of the common pea sprinkle . Finds from the Kitzingen monastery forest on the edge of an old sand pit and from France . In: Rudi's mushroom gallery . September 25, 2004 / August 2001. Retrieved September 16, 2011.
- Image collection of the pea sprinkle . On: Naturfoto-CZ.DE . Retrieved September 16, 2011.
- Artur Rysch: Picture collection of the common pea sprinkle with spore photo . On: Homepage of the Rysch family . Retrieved September 16, 2011.
- Tom Volk: Fungus of the Month for June 2003 (in English) . On: Tom Volk's Fungi . Retrieved September 16, 2011.