Heiligenstadt Court

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The City Court of Heiligenstadt was in the middle of the Rusteberg office (on a map in 1759)

The Heiligenstadt court was a historical administrative area in and around Heiligenstadt in Eichsfeld in Electoral Mainz .

history

The area in the upper Leine valley around Heiligenstadt came under the rule of the Archbishops of Mainz as part of the northern Eichsfeldgau from the 9th century. This northern part was then divided into the Vogtei Heiligenstadt and the smaller Burgamt Rusteberg . In Heiligenstadt, a collegiate monastery was established around the royal court . Around 1022 the Bailiwick of Heiligenstadt came from the Counts of Northeim to Kurmainz. For the developing in the 11th century market town of Heiligenstadt and probably the surrounding area were bailiffs used, they were responsible for office management and jurisprudence. Secularly, several surrounding villages originally belonged to the Vogtei, such as Mengelrode , Heuthen , Thalwend , Kreuzebra . In the 12th century, with the enlargement of the Mainz possessions in what would later become Eichsfeld, as well as in Thuringia and Hesse, administration was shifted to Rusteberg Castle and the office of Vice Cathedral was created. Ministerials continued to work in Heiligenstadt, including some members of the von Heiligenstadt family . The jurisdiction over these villages came later to the office of Rusteberg and the judicial district only included the city of Heiligenstadt.

After the city was founded in 1227 by Archbishop Siegried II, a city school was also established. There is a first written evidence in 1294, mentioned in the district of Heiligenstadt for the year 1299 a Schultheißenwiese, the proceeds of which were used as remuneration for the Schultheiss. Several scoops were assigned to the school name. The jurisdiction in Heiligenstadt was then contractually divided between the bailiff and the mayor. In order to strengthen the position of the city councilor, Kurmainz wanted to move in the bailiwick. This succeeded only with difficulty because the bailiwick was assigned to various noble families (Counts of Lutterberg, Lords of Geisleden , Kindehausen, Bodenhausen ). Until 1335 bailiffs are still proven. In addition, the St. Martinstift in Heiligenstadt, with its privileges, had a significant influence on the city.

In 1341 the brothers Hug and Johann von Geisleden sold their share in the Bailiwick of Heiligenstadt (the old town?) And the villages: Geisleden, Heuthen, Kreuzebra, Flinsberg, Uder, Neuseesen, Wenigen Lutra, Steinheuterode, Lenterode, Thalwend to Archbishop Heinrich von Mainz , Birkenfelde, Schachtebich, Rengelrode, Mengelrode, Siemerode and Glasehausen, as well as about the desert areas of Griesbach and Grimelbach, and about individual people to Kirchberg.

After 1525 the mayor was also a member of the city council, and negotiations were not allowed without his knowledge. The court was held in the town hall or on the street; the place of execution was on the Galgenberg northwest of the city. At the end of the 18th century, the city court consisted of the following people: the President in the person of the mayor, assessors, the Actuarius and the Pedell.

After the Eichsfeld was taken over by the Kingdom of Prussia , the Eichsfeld was divided into two districts, and Heiligenstadt became the seat of the Prussian district administrator of the upper district . During the Franco-Westphalian occupation, Heiligenstadt was the seat of the district and canton of Heiligenstadt within the department of the Harz . After the Obereichsfeld finally came to Prussia, the district of Heiligenstadt was created .

Judiciary

It is not known to which county in the early Middle Ages the area of ​​the later office of Rusteberg with Heiligenstadt belonged and which counts exercised jurisdiction. After Heiligenstadt came under the rule of Kurmainz, there were two dishes here:

  • the bailiwick as the oldest dish
  • when the city was founded, the mayor's court (with 7 or 12 lay judges).

The court of appeal was the Vicedomgericht on the Rusteberg and the highest court of appeal was the Archbishop of Mainz when he was in Eichsfeld. The St. Martinstift was not subject to general jurisdiction, but had its own jurisdiction with the Stiftsvogt. In addition to traditional popular law and the ordinances of the archbishops, arbitrariness has been known as the urban legal system since 1335 . More than 160 articles regulated the jurisprudence, the council election, the craft regulations, customs and other matters of the city. At the end of the 14th century, the city's second legal ordinance , the one word that councilors had to swear by, was introduced. The one word was used over several centuries and expanded again at the beginning of the 17th century. Other ordinances in the city were the Battle Ordinance (1555), the Brewing Ordinance (1556), the Wedding and Child Baptism Ordinance and the Daily Labor Code (1619).

Was holy city since the 16th century and place of the District Court for the office Rusteberg and from 1540 electoral Oberland court . The spiritual court of the monastery with the archdeacon at its head was given to the Episcopal Commissariat of Eichsfeld in Heiligenstadt or Duderstadt.

The pillory with a small gallows, stakes, neck irons and other torture tools was located at the new town hall around 1800. The place of execution of the city of Heiligenstadt was on the Galgenhügel , a 325 m high elevation on today's north-western outskirts. The last execution took place here in 1836, then in Heiligenstadt prison until 1856. The hill up towards Galgenberg and the road towards Göttingen are still called Richteberg today. A watch tower is said to have stood on the gallows hill, the so-called Hungrabenwarte , which is also shown on old maps.

Town councilors

The following Mainz bailiffs are proven in Heiligenstadt:

  • 1070 Eschenbold
  • 1083 Hegilhard, makes a donation to the church in Heiligenstadt
  • 1139 Helmvicus (probably from the von Hanstein family )
  • 1305 Count Heinrich von Waldeck as an officiate
  • 1315 Count Otto von Lutterberg and Hildebrand von Hardenberg
  • 1341 Hugo and Johann von Geisleden sell their share of the bailiwick to Archbishop Heinrich von Mainz

as well as other ministerials:

  • 1123, 1135 Arnold von Heiligenstadt
  • 1135, 1139 Hugo von Heiligenstadt
  • 1144 (minor) Hugo von Heiligenstadt.

Kurmainzer Stadtschultheiße in Heiligenstadt

Among other things, the court hearings also took place in the old town hall in Heiligenstadt

The following mayors are proven:

  • 1323 Goswin (probably meant mayor in Heiligenstadt)
  • before 1460 Conrad Kirchen
  • 1466 Albrecht Olenbutt
  • 1528 Caspar von der Aue
  • 1533 Liborius Herst
  • 1551 Hans Herst
  • 1555–1572 Hans Karl
  • 1583–1590 Johann Wiskemann
  • 1591–1611 Remmert von Horn
  • 1613–1654 Johann Zwehl
  • 1654–1669 Johann Gerard Dresanus
  • 1669–1707 Johann Christoph von Zwehl
  • 1707–1739 Bertram Rudolf von Kaisenberg
  • 1739–1747 Anselm Franz v. Kaisenberg
  • 1747–1777 Franz Wenzel v. Kaisenberg
  • 1777–1786 Lorenz Henning von Geismar
  • 1786–1796 Josef Kellner
  • 1796–1803 Josef Goßwin Schraut

mayor

  • 1316 Goswin
  • 1505 Caspar von der Aue (same as above?)
  • 1530 Johann von der Aue

Heiligenstadt Landwehr

The Ibergwarte southeast of Heiligenstadt

The city itself was surrounded by a double city wall and a moat after it was granted city rights, which the Vogt von Rusteberg had to build on the order of the Elector.

The historical urban area essentially still corresponds to the current district boundaries of Heiligenstadt. The borders have been marked with boundary stones, some of which are still preserved. A Landwehr was built as early as the 13th century to protect the fields . It ran from the steep slope of the Dün to the north to Günterode, then in a westerly direction past Mengelrode and Rengelrode and in a southerly direction to the steep slope of the Elisabethhöhe . To the south the city was protected by the Iberg . From the 14th century, at least 5 waiting towers ( Ibergwarte , Dünwarte, Rengelröder Warte , Fegebankswarte, Hungrabenwarte and Köterwarte (?)) Were built at strategic positions , two of which are still partially preserved. The guard towers on the tower of St. Mary's Church could easily be seen and enemies could be reported in good time. The Heiligenstädter Landwehr was also in connection with the Flinsberger Warte on the Warteberg and the Lenteröder Warte near Wüstheuterode.

The Fegebankswarte (or Beberwarte) on the Beberberg near Mengelrode was at times the meeting place of the estates of the Eichsfeld . It got its name from the benches framed with bars on which the judge and lay judges at the regional court and the estates probably sat at the regional parliament. The Hungrabenwarte stood at the place of execution on the gallows hill.

To protect the city, all male citizens were obliged to have their own equipment, which was passed on to the eldest son of the house. The defenders were divided into squads with the respective squad master. The city had horses and later also rifles and artillery to provide. At the top was the city governor, mostly from a noble family, of whom the following are known:

  • Adrian von Zwehl (1774)
  • Anselm Hirstel (1800)

literature

  • Johann Wolf: History and description of the city of Heiligenstadt with documents. Goettingen 1800.
  • Ewald Günther: The city wall of Heiligenstadt - an inventory from 1990. In: Eichsfeld-Jahrbuch 11 (2003), pp. 293-311.
  • Elmar Golland: The Historical Significance of the Fegebankswarte. In: Eichsfeld 42 (1998), pp. 371-373.
  • Gerhard Günther: The law applicable in medieval Heiligenstadt and the sources of arbitrariness from 1335. In: Eichsfeld-Jahrbuch 7 (1999), pp. 123-137.
  • Gerhard Günther (edit.): Arbitrariness of the city of Heiligenstadt from the year 1335. City law in the Middle Ages. Edited by the city of Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Duderstadt 1997, 134 pages, numerous color and black-and-white illustrations, ISBN 3-923453-94-9 .
  • Ulrich Hussong: On the edition of the Heiligenstadt arbitrariness of 1335. In: Eichsfeld-Jahrbuch 8 (2000), pp. 15–28.
  • Peter Anhalt: The Fegebankswarte. In: Eichsfelder Heimatzeitschrift. 57th year (2014), issue 6, page 208
  • Heino Richard: On the coin history of Heiligenstadt. In: Eichsfelder Heimatzeitschrift. 55 vol. (2011), issue 7/8, pages 259-261

Web links

Commons : Court of Heiligenstadt  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Bernhard Siebert: Uder and his story. Part 1: A contribution to the political and economic history of the Eichsfeld, in particular of the Rusteberg office. According to archival and other sources. Cordier, Heiligenstadt 1938, p. 9
  2. ^ Helmut Flachenecker: Monastery and nobility. PDF 2000.
  3. ↑ Tobias Rohner: The microtoponyms of the district of Heiligenstadt. FSU Jena 2006, p. 126.
  4. ↑ RIplus Regg. EB Mainz 1,2 n. 4643, in: Regesta Imperii Online, [1] (Accessed April 8, 2020)
  5. ↑ Thomas T. Müller: "... do we like to get twisted": Comments on Heiligenstadt's arbitrariness. In: Journal of the Association for Thuringian History vol. 54 (2000), pp. 109-133
  6. ^ Johann Wolf: History and description of the city of Heiligenstadt with documents. Göttingen 1800, pp. 228-231
  7. ↑ G. Hepke: Courts in Alt-Heiligenstadt. in: Unser Eichsfeld 1st year 1906, pages 81–85, 103–107
  8. ^ Johann Vinzenz Wolf : History and description of the city of Heiligenstadt with documents. Göttingen 1800, page 170
  9. ↑ Jürgen Backhaus: The gallows hill in Heiligenstadt is being examined. in: Eichsfelder Tageblatt of April 17, 2013
  10. ^ Johann Wolf: History and description of the city of Heiligenstadt with documents. Göttingen 1800, §6, pp. 12-14.
  11. ↑ RIplus Regg. EB Mainz 1 [after 1238], in: Regesta Imperii Online [2] (Accessed April 9, 2020)
  12. ↑ RIplus Regg. EB Mainz 1,1 n.890, in: Regesta Imperii Online, online (accessed on August 22, 2017)
  13. ^ Johann Wolf: The family of the noble lords of Rosdorf: explained by documents. Göttingen 1812, p. 20.
  14. ↑ RIplus Regg. EB Mainz 1,2 n. 4642, in: Regesta Imperii Online, online (accessed on August 22, 2017)
  15. ^ Johann Wolf: History and description of the city of Heiligenstadt with documents. Göttingen 1800, §97, pp. 214-217.
  16. ↑ Bernhard Sacrifice man : shaping the calibration field. St. Benno-Verlag Leipzig and Verlag FW Cordier, Heiligenstadt 1968.
  17. ↑ RIplus Regg. EB Mainz 1,1 n.2459, in: Regesta Imperii Online, online (accessed on August 22, 2017)
  18. ↑ Gozwinus zu Heylgenstad on deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de
  19. ^ Johann Wolf: Eichsfeldisches Urkundenbuch together with the treatise of the Eichsfeldischen nobility. Göttingen 1819 ( Treatise on the Eichsfeld nobility, as a contribution to their history. ) Page 9
  20. ^ Rudolf Linge: Alt-Heiligenstadt and its churches. St. Benno-Verlag Leipzig in connection with Verlag Cordier, Heiligenstadt 1974, p. 101.
  21. ^ Johann Wolf: History and description of the city of Heiligenstadt with documents. Göttingen 1800, §97, pp. 226, 239