Rusteberg castle ruins

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Rusteberg castle ruins
Rusteberg Castle on an engraving by Merian 1646

Rusteberg Castle on an engraving by Merian 1646

Alternative name (s): Rustenberg
Creation time : around 1120
Castle type : Höhenburg, summit location
Conservation status: Chapel, wall and moat remains
Standing position : Counts, clericals
Place: Marth , Rustenfelde and Arenshausen
Geographical location 51 ° 23 '10.3 "  N , 10 ° 0' 12.4"  E Coordinates: 51 ° 23 '10.3 "  N , 10 ° 0' 12.4"  E
Height: 397  m above sea level NN
Rusteberg castle ruins (Thuringia)
Rusteberg castle ruins
Carl Duval : The Rusteberg (around 1840)

The Rusteberg castle ruin , also called Rustenberg , is a ruined summit castle on an isolated mountain peak between the communities of Marth and Rustenfelde in the Eichsfeld district in Thuringia .

location

The ruins of the castle are located on the conical Rusteberg ( 397.6  m above sea  level ) rising steeply from the Leine valley , about 10 km west of the district town of Heiligenstadt . The hilltop made of shell limestone is a witness mountain within the red sandstone landscape of the western Eichsfeld. In the Middle Ages, an important military and trade route ran here via Arenshausen and Uder into the Eichsfeld .

history

The initially weakly fortified castle on the Rusteberg was first mentioned in a document in 1123. As early as 1165, the Rusteburg was destroyed together with the Harburg in a feud between Archbishop Konrad von Mainz and Emperor Barbarossa by Landgrave Ludwig II of Thuringia . 1186, Ortolf, a clergyman ( capellan ) is mentioned on the Rusteberg.

Under Archbishop Adalbert I , the Mainz territory in Eichsfeld was significantly expanded in the 12th century and secured by building a few castles. The outstanding importance of the Rusteberg is underlined in the following period by numerous notarizations, at the same time evidence of the stays of the archbishops, and the establishment of a burgrave office. The Burgrave of Rusteberg was supported militarily and administratively by ministerials , who were members of the Knorr family , later Knorring , and bailiffs until 1441, when the family emigrated to Courland . In the 13th century, the houses of Everstein and Wittgenstein provided the burgraves. In 1238 Heinrich Graf von Gleichen conquered the Rusteberg, which was then regained by the Holy City provost Heinrich .

Since the middle of the 14th century, the archbishops transferred numerous administrative tasks to the ambitious Heiligenstadt. The administrative office (Vogteiamt) remained on the castle until 1540, which was the last to be headed by the vice dome Siegfried von Bültzingslöwen . During the Peasants' War , the complex, which had been converted into a fortress, was largely bypassed by the peasants. During the Thirty Years' War the castle was enclosed by Hessen-Kassel troops and finally had to be surrendered, but returned to Kurmainz in the Peace of Westphalia .

1749–1750 the local administration built the Rusteberg Castle as an administrative building at the foot of the Rusteberg castle hill . In this context, the demolition of the castle complex, which had been largely intact until then, began, the stones of which were used as building material. The castle chapel served the population as a place of worship until the recent past.

Kurmainzisches Amt Rusteberg

The area around the Rusteberg to Heiligenstadt came from the 8th – 10th Century first under the ecclesiastical influence of the Archbishops of Mainz , then gradually also in their possession. It is not known exactly who the previous owners of the area and the bailiwick were. Originally only a few villages belonged to the castle office of the castle, which was built at the beginning of the 12th century, such as Markt Marth, Arenshausen, Burgwalde, Freienhagen and Kirchgandern. The castle was under the sovereignty of a so-called burgrave who belonged to the higher nobility, but the Rusteberg was not a count's castle . The first known burgrave was a Dudo von Immenhausen. In addition to the burgrave, other families of knights had a castle here to protect the castle, including that of Rusteberg .

With the expansion of the Kurmainzer property, not only the burgrave lived in the castle, but also the Mainz Vizedom (later Oberamtmannes) for the properties from Northern Hesse to the Harz Mountains. From 1323, under Count Siegfried von Wittgenstein, both offices were united under one lord of the castle and the office of burgrave disappeared.

With the expiry of the Bailiwick Office in Heiligenstadt, its powers were also exercised by the Rusteberg. In return, the city of Heiligenstadt was given more independence and its own jurisdiction . In Heiligenstadt there was also the granary where the taxes had to be delivered. The villages Geisleden, Heuthen, Kreuzebra (originally part of the Gleichenstein office ), Flinsberg, Uder, Neuseesen, Wenigen Lutter, Hadewarterode, Lenterode, Thalwend, Birkenfelde, Schachtebich, Rengelrode, Mengelrode, Siemerode, Glasehausen, the deserted areas of Griesbach belonged to the now enlarged office and Krummelbach some people from Kirchberg. From the 16th century further places were added: Westhausen with Günterode and even later only a part and then all of Reinholterode (formerly belonging to those of Westernhagen, Uslar, Wintzingerode). In the area of ​​the office there were still several aristocratic court villages whose owners had castle mansions on the Rusteberg. The von Bültzingslöwen owned: Glasehausen, Bischhagen, Schönau, the von Bodenhausen : Rohrberg, Freienhagen, Streitholz, the von Plesse : Gänseteich, Lentershagen, Burgwalde, the von Eberstein: Rustenfelde, Marth, Kirchgandern.

Friedrich von Linsingen as lord of the castle on the Rusteberg

In 1540 the Oberamt was moved to Heiligenstadt and the magistrates remained on the Rusteberg. With the abandonment of Rusteberg Castle and the construction of Rusteberg Castle in the middle of the 18th century, the administration moved into the new building of the castle. Below are some proven burgraves and castle men:

  • 1135, 1155 Dudo von Immenhausen as burgrave; Odelrich and his brother Hertwig as ministerials
  • End of the 12th century Count Albrecht von Everstein
  • 1143 Cunrad von Rusteberg (Ministerial)
  • 1239–1256 his son Konrad von Everstein
  • from 1256 the lords of Rosdorf : Conrad von Rosdorf, Gumprecht von Rosdorf, 1296 Friedrich von Rosdorf together with Dietrich von Hardenberg
  • 1313–1325 Count Siegfried von Wittgenstein
  • 1336 Berthold von Worbis , Johann von Wintzingerode
  • 1339 Otto von Rusteberg
  • 1356 Hugo von Geisleden
  • 1466 Friedrich von Linsingen
Map of the Rusteberg office around 1759

After the senior office was transferred to Heiligenstadt, the following bailiffs or officials are proven:

  • 1532–1561 Kunz Gutjahr
  • 1561–1575 Thomas Thonbose
  • 1577–1587 Heinrich Thonbose
  • 1599 Adam Ceraussen
  • 1612–1618 Heinrich Nagell
  • 1618–1634 Valentin Möring
  • 1637–1648 Christoph Joachimi
  • 1648–1687 Johannes Möring
  • 1687–1706 Johann Michael Wagner
  • 1708–1737 Johann Wendelin Haber
  • 1748–1789 Franz Wilhelm Haber (from 1750 at Rusteberg Castle)
  • 1789–1801 Anselm Maximilian Haber

Electoral Mainz Vizedomamt on the Rusteberg

The Electoral Mainz Vizedom (later also called Oberamtmann) on the Rusteberg was responsible for the administration of the Eichsfeld possessions and the adjacent areas (e.g. Fritzlar, Treffurt). The vice domes were ministerials and the secular deputies of the archbishop in Mainz. From 1240-1323 the office was hereditary with those of Hanstein . In 1323 Heinrich von Hanstein sold the Vitztumamt to Archbishop Matthias with all its accessories (such as the courtyard at Rusteberg Castle, the courtyards on the Rusteberg market, half of the villages Arenshausen, Schachtebich, Eichstruth, Scharbrandshausen, various estates and courtyards and the kemenate in Hanstein). In 1540 the Upper Office and the Regional Court were relocated to Heiligenstadt, where they had their headquarters from 1603 in the Upper Office House and from 1738 in the Mainz Castle, which was built in its place .

Various hereditary properties and tithes belonged to the office of the vice cathedral as a source of income for the owner. For example, in 1254, Heidenreich owned the village of Elnrode, the tithe from the Rusteberg market and partly from Hadewardeshusen (Steinheuterode) and 4 Hufen to Geismar. In 1608 the von Hanstein family still owned a castle man's seat and a farm in the market on the Rusteberg. The property also included goods in Geisleden, the old castle near Heiligenstadt, half a hoof in Uder and the tithe in Kreuzebra.

The following vice domes are known:

For all vice domes see the list of vice domes, senior officials and governors of the Mainz possessions on the Eichsfeld .

description

Ruins of the St. Michaelis castle chapel

Remains of the outer fortifications, partially buried vaulted cellars and the ruins of the castle chapel are still preserved from the former castle and late medieval fortress, which was supplemented in the 19th century by using remains of rubble to add a round tower to the north and an entrance facade to the west. The earlier appearance and location of the main building can be clearly seen on a view published by Matthias Merian . Accordingly, the castle complex consisted of the core castle in the summit position, around which a crescent-shaped, strongly fortified outer castle was placed. The main entrance in the south of the mountain was additionally reinforced with a bastion-like front gate. A ring wall - moat fortification surrounded the castle complex, which was protected by further walls and towers. After the main buildings were removed, they can only be seen today as uneven floors. The former keep had a footprint of 7.7 by 7.7 meters and a wall thickness of 1.7 meters.

literature

  • Karl Duval: "Rusteberg" In: The Eichsfeld . Sondershausen 1845, p. 398-421 .
  • Rusteberg. In: Hans Patze , Peter Aufgebauer (Hrsg.): Handbook of the historical sites of Germany . Volume 9: Thuringia (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 313). 2nd, improved and supplemented edition. Kröner, Stuttgart 1989, ISBN 3-520-31302-2 , pp. 365-367.
  • Thomas Bienert: "Rusteberg" - Medieval castles in Thuringia . Wartberg Verlag, Gudensberg-Gleichen 2000, ISBN 3-86134-631-1 , p. 133-134 .
  • Michael Köhler : "Rusteberg" - Thuringian castles and fortified prehistoric and early historical living spaces . Jenzig-Verlag, Jena 2001, ISBN 3-910141-43-9 , p. 41-42 .
  • Bernhard Siebert: Uder and his story. Part 1: A contribution to the political and economic history of the Eichsfeld, in particular of the Rusteberg office. According to archival and other sources. Cordier, Heiligenstadt 1938.

Web links

Commons : Burgruine Rusteberg  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ RIplus Regg. EB Mainz 2 [after 382], in: Regesta Imperii Online, URI: http://www.regesta-imperii.de/id/c9f454e1-c2d9-41a7-88b5-ac52fa86db47 (accessed on August 21, 2017)
  2. ^ Pontus Möller, Karl Johann Paulsen, Gotthard von Knorring: Ätterna Knorring . (Family history, genealogy and heraldry of the Knorr, Knorring, von Knorring families). Genealogiska Samfundet i Finland, Helsinki 2000 (Swedish).
  3. ↑ Carl Philipp Emil von Hanstein: Documented history of the sex of the von Hanstein, Mecke Druck and Verlag Duderstadt, Reprint 2007, p. 506
  4. ^ A b Walter Rassow: Descriptive representation of the older architectural and art monuments of the district of Heiligenstadt . Ed .: Historical Commission for the Province of Saxony and the Duchy of Anhalt. Otto Hendel, Halle ad p. 1909, Rusteberg (old and new castle), p. 305-312 .
  5. ^ Bernhard Siebert: Uder and his story. Part 1: A contribution to the political and economic history of the Eichsfeld, in particular of the Rusteberg office. According to archival and other sources. Cordier, Heiligenstadt 1938, p. 10
  6. ^ Alois Höppner: The ecclesiastical structure of the Eichsfeld in the Middle Ages. Printing and publishing by Cordier Heiligenstadt 1933, p. 55
  7. ^ Newspaper for the German nobility, Nordhausen and Leipzig 1842, 3rd year, first semester, pages 417-418
  8. ^ Johann Wolf: Political History of the Eichsfeldes. Göttingen 1792, Volume 2, pages 78-81
  9. ↑ RIplus Regg. EB Mainz 1 [after 1652], in: Regesta Imperii Online, [1] (Accessed August 24, 2017)
  10. ↑ RIplus Regg. EB Mainz 1 [after 1950], in: Regesta Imperii Online, [2] (Accessed August 22, 2017)
  11. ↑ in: The Regest of the Archbishops of Mainz
  12. ↑ RIplus Regg. EB Mainz 1,2 n. 4316, in: Regesta Imperii Online, URI: [3] (accessed on August 22, 2017)
  13. ↑ RIplus Regg. EB Mainz 2,1 n. 546, in: Regesta Imperii Online, URI: [4] (accessed on August 22, 2017)
  14. ↑ Bernhard Sacrifice man : shaping the calibration field. St. Benno-Verlag Leipzig and Verlag FW Cordier Heiligenstadt 1968
  15. ↑ RIplus Regg. EB Mainz 1,1 n. 2469, in: Regesta Imperii Online [5] (accessed on May 4, 2020)
  16. ↑ Carl Philipp von Hanstein: Documented history of the family of Hanstein in the Eichsfelde, in Prussia (province of Saxony). In addition to the document book and genealogical tables. Bohnesche Buchhandlung Kassel 1856–1857, p. 72
  17. ^ Newspaper for the German nobility, Nordhausen and Leipzig 1842, 3rd year, first semester, pages 417-418
  18. ^ Johann Vinzenz Wolf : Political history of the Eichsfeldes. Göttingen 1792, Volume 2, pages 81-86