Grammar of the Lithuanian language

The grammar of the Lithuanian language is characterized in particular by inflection and is similar to Latin , ancient Greek or Sanskrit , especially in its fixation on the endings to indicate the case and in the unlimited prefixing of defining adjectives and nouns before the actual noun and their interlacing .

Lithuanian essentially gets by with four tenses (past, present, future; a distinction is made between a single and repeated past: ėjo “he went” - eidavo “he went regularly”).

The function of articles is taken over by certain adjective forms in Lithuanian.

There are the numbers singular and plural , historically and in individual dialects as well as in literature the dual can also be found.

Used genera are male and female; neuter forms occur only with adjectives, participles and demonstrative pronouns.

In addition to the indicative and imperative, there is the subjunctive , but in the past only as a compound tense. The numerous participles are striking. For each tense there is an active and a passive participle; only for the repeated past there is only one active participle. With the help of these participles it is also possible to form compound tenses in the active and passive. There are also special forms of the gerund for each tense, a gerund and an adverbial participle .

morphology

noun

Lithuanian nouns are either masculine or feminine. The diffraction is characterized by a great variety of shapes, although the shapes are largely regular and can usually be deduced from the basic shape. For some words, changes in the original sound can be observed, but these follow simple rules . The word accent is flexible; in most cases it can only be used correctly if the intonation class is known.

genus

In most cases, the nominative ending allows you to determine whether the nouns are feminine or masculine: -as, -us, -ys are always masculine, -a, -ė are usually feminine, only -is is ambiguous. -uo is almost always male, only sesuo "sister" is female.

Some nouns ending in -a or -ė denote males; these are then also used grammatically masculine, e.g. B. kolega "colleague", dėdė "uncle". There are also nouns ending in -a or -ė , which can be used for both male and female persons, e.g. B. elgeta "beggar", mėmė "silent person". Some grammars refer to these as neuter or "common gender" ( bendroji giminė ). They are grammatically feminine or masculine depending on the context.

Overview of the diffraction classes

The Lithuanian noun has five classes of inflection:

1st class: ending in -as , -ias , -is (never emphasized), -ys (always emphasized), -jas or -jis (never emphasized), e.g. B. vakaras ( vakaro ) "evening"; butelis ( butelio ) "bottle"; niežulys ( niežulio ) "itching"
2nd class: ending in -a , -ia or -ė , e.g. B. užeiga ( užeigos ) "stop, inn"; šakutė ( šakutės ) "fork". Also marti ( marčios ) "daughter" belongs here.
3rd class: ending in -is , e.g. B. akis ( akies ) "eye"; ausis ( ausies ) "ear"; dalis ( dalies ) "part"
4th class: ending in -us , -ius or -jus , e.g. B. alus ( alaus ) "beer"; sūnus ( sūnaus ) "son"
5th grade: ending in -uo (consonant declination): vanduo ( vandens ) "water"; akmuo ( akmens ) "stone"; šuo ( šuns ) "dog"; sesuo ( sesers ) "sister". duktė ( dukters ) "daughter" is declined consonantically despite the ending -ė , while mėnuo ( mėnesio ) "month" receives the endings of the words in -is in addition to the nominal form and is therefore included in the 1st class of inflection.

The Lithuanian language knows numerous pluralities of all classes of inflection, e.g. B. rytai "east" (1st grade), svarstyklės "scales" (2nd grade), durys "door" (3rd grade), pietūs "south, noon" (4th grade) or smegenys "brain, bone marrow" (5th grade). Numerous place names are also pluraletanta, e.g. B. Šiauliai (1st class) or Kaišiadorys (3rd class). Since the nominative plural never emphasizes the ending in the 3rd, 4th and 5th grade, the plural tantanta of the 3rd or 5th grade can be easily distinguished from the singular forms in -ys (1st grade) if you know the stress .

Overview of the intonation classes

All Lithuanian nouns, adjectives and pronouns belong to one of four intonation classes:

1st class: Emphasis always on the same syllable of the word stem as in the nominal form, e.g. B. výras "man"
2nd class: emphasis mostly on the stem, then on the penultimate syllable schleiftönig or short. This subheading includes B. mokyklà "school"
3rd class: emphasis mostly on the ending; if on the stem, then never sharply or briefly on the penultimate syllable, e.g. B. kálnas "mountain"
4th grade: emphasis mostly on the ending; if on the stem, then on the penultimate syllable or short, z. B. nãmas "house"

Since the stressed syllable in the 3rd class cannot always be deduced from the nominal form, this class is subdivided further: Without further information, the word stem carries the accent tone on the penultimate syllable (i.e. on the last stem syllable). If the tone is on the third from last syllable, abrupt intonation is considered to belong to class 3 ^a (e.g. vanduõ , accusative vándenį “water”), while grinding or short accents on the third from last syllable indicate class 3 ^b (e.g. B. akmuõ , accusative ãkmenį "stone"). If the main emphasis is still further at the beginning of the word, this is indicated by an additional superscript number, e.g. B. Class 3 contains ^4b words that emphasize their stem like a grind or briefly on the fourth from the last syllable, e.g. B. paplūdimỹs (accusative pãplūdimį ) "bathing beach".

Whether the stem syllable is emphasized briefly in intonation ^classes 2, 3 ^xb and 4 or whether it receives the grinding tone depends on the vowel or diphthong of the syllable to be emphasized: If it is a simple i or u , the syllable is emphasized briefly . In foreign words, simple e is also stressed briefly. All other vowels and diphthongs (including mixed diphthongs ) as well as e in native words receive the grinding tone.

Many dictionaries give the intonation class in brackets after the lemma .

The dative and accusative singular always carry the stress on the stem, the accusative plural obeys the rule of the penultimate syllable . In the plural, the genitive, dative, instrumental and locative of words of the 1st or 2nd intonation class emphasize the word stem; the ending is emphasized for words in the 3rd or 4th intonation class. In all other cases, the emphasis is also dependent on the diffraction class and is explained at the appropriate point.

1st diffraction class (male)

case	number	Ending
Nominative	Singular	-as	-ias	-is	-ys	-Yes	-jis
Nominative	Plural	-ai	-iai			-yeah
Genitive	Singular	-O	-io			-jo
Genitive	Plural	-ų	-ių			-jų
dative	Singular	-ui	-iui			-jui
dative	Plural	-ams	-iams			-jams
accusative	Singular	-ą	-ią	-į		-Yes	-jį
accusative	Plural	-us	-ius			-jus
Instrumental	Singular	-u	-iu			-ju
Instrumental	Plural	-ais	-iais			-Yes, it's
locative	Singular	-e	-yje			-juje	-jyje
locative	Plural	-uose	-iuose			-juose
vocative	Singular	-e, -ai, -∅	-e, -y	-i, -∅	-y	- yeah	-ji
vocative	Plural	-ai	-iai			-yeah

The vocative of the nouns on -as has the ending -ai in proper names , otherwise -e . If a generic term is to be used as a proper name, -ai can also be used; the little prince is always addressed as mažasis princai in the story of the same name . For nouns ending in -ys , the vocative has the ending -e if the word belongs to the 1st or 2nd intonation class, otherwise the ending -y . In diminutive forms, the vocative is often formed without an ending, for example tėvelis “father” becomes tėvel , broliukas “little brother” becomes broliuk .

In this inflection class, the genitive singular is always stressed on the stem, the nominative ending -as is also never stressed. In the vocative singular, the endings -e, -ai and -i are not stressed. The emphasis of the instrumental singular is based on the rule of the penultimate syllable . The locative on -e is only emphasized in the 1st intonation class on the stem, otherwise on the ending. The other word forms that have not been explained in the overview are stressed in the 1st and 2nd intonation classes on the stem, in the 3rd and 4th class on the ending.

2nd diffraction class (female)

case	number	Ending
Nominative	Singular	-a	-i, -ia	-ė
Nominative	Plural	-os	-ios	-it
Genitive	Singular	-os	-ios	-it
Genitive	Plural	-ų	-ių	-ių
dative	Singular	-ai	-iai	-egg
dative	Plural	-oms	-ioms	-ėms
accusative	Singular	-ą	- ią	-ę
accusative	Plural	-as	-ias	-it
Instrumental	Singular	-a	-ia	-e
Instrumental	Plural	-omis	-iomis	-ėmis
locative	Singular	-oje	-ioje	-ėje
locative	Plural	-eyelet	-iosis	-ėse
vocative	Singular	-a	-ia	-e
vocative	Plural	-os	-ios	-it

In this inflection class, singular vocative as well as nominative and plural vocative are always stressed on the stem. The instrumental singular obeys the rule of the penultimate syllable. Genitive and locative singular as well as the nominative on -ė emphasize the stem in the 1st and 2nd intonation classes , otherwise the ending. The nominative ending - (i) a is only not emphasized in the 1st intonation class.

3rd diffraction class (mostly female)

Some masculine nouns can also be found in this inflection class: dantis "tooth", debesis "cloud", vagis "thief", žvėris "animal" and a few others.

case	number	Ending
Nominative	Singular	-is
Nominative	Plural	-ys
Genitive	Singular	-ies, -s
Genitive	Plural	- (i) ų
dative	Singular	-iai (w) , -iui (m)
dative	Plural	-ims
accusative	Singular	-į
accusative	Plural	-is
Instrumental	Singular	-imi
Instrumental	Plural	-imis
locative	Singular	-yje
locative	Plural	-yse
vocative	Singular	-ie
vocative	Plural	-ys

The short genitive ending -s carry móteris ( móters ) "woman" and obeli̇̀s ( obel̃s ) "apple tree". In the plural, the genitive usually has the ending -ių ; however, the i fails on some words that include very frequently used words, e.g. B. móterų "the women", žąsų̃ "the geese", fromų̃ "the ears", naktų̃ "the nights".

In the plural, the nominative and vocative are always stressed on the stem. All other cases that have not been explained in the overview are stressed in the 1st and 2nd intonation classes on the stem, otherwise on the ending.

The words petỹs "shoulder" and viẽšpat "s" (today mostly in the sense of "God") are assigned to the 3rd class of inflection in the singular. However, the instrumental of viešpats is viešpačiu , with petys both petimi and pečiu are allowed. In the plural, these words have the ending -iai and are inflected after the 1st class.

4th diffraction class (male)

case	number	Ending
Nominative	Singular	-us	-ius	-jus
Nominative	Plural	-ūs	-iai	-yeah
Genitive	Singular	-out	-out	-jaus
Genitive	Plural	-ų	-ių	-jų
dative	Singular	-ui	-iui	-jui
dative	Plural	-um	-iams	-jams
accusative	Singular	-ų	-ių	-jų
accusative	Plural	-us	-ius	-jus
Instrumental	Singular	-umi	-iumi	-jumi
Instrumental	Plural	-umis	-iais	-Yes, it's
locative	Singular	-uje	-iuje	-juje
locative	Plural	-uose	-iuose	-juose
vocative	Singular	-au	-iau	- yeah
vocative	Plural	-ūs	-iai	-yeah

In this inflection class, the plural ending -ūs is never emphasized. All other word forms that have not been explained in the overview are stressed in the 1st and 2nd intonation classes on the stem, otherwise on the ending.

The word žmogùs "Mann, Mensch" follows the 4th declension class in the singular, but in the plural it changes the stem to žmonė- and inflected like a second class noun to -ė (Nom. Žmonės , Gen. žmonių etc.), but remains male.

5. Diffraction class

case	number	Ending
Nominative	Singular	-uo (m)	-uo / -ė (w)	šuo
Nominative	Plural	-enys	-erys	šunys
Genitive	Singular	-ens	-ers	us
Genitive	Plural	-enų	-erų	šunų
dative	Singular	-eniui	-eriai	šuniui
dative	Plural	-enims	-erims	šunims
accusative	Singular	-enį	-erį	šunį
accusative	Plural	-enis	-eris	šunis
Instrumental	Singular	-eniu	-eria	šuniu (šunimi)
Instrumental	Plural	-enimis	-erimis	šunims
locative	Singular	-enyje	-eryje	šunyje
locative	Plural	-enyse	-eryse	šunyse
vocative	Singular	-enie	-erie, -e	šunie
vocative	Plural	-enys	-erys	šunys

For the two female words in this intonation class, sesuõ "sister" and duktė̃ "daughter", both the long endings ( seseriẽ, dukteriẽ ) and short forms ( sẽse, dùkte ) are used in the vocative .

In the plural, nominative and vocative always emphasize the stem. The instrumental singular usually suffices for the penultimate syllable. (In practice, this means that the stem is always stressed here, as the ending itself is two-syllable, so the stem stress never falls on the penultimate syllable. The only exception is šuniù "with the dog", otherwise the penultimate syllable is short should be emphasized.) All other cases that have not been explained in the overview have the stress in the 1st and 2nd intonation class on the stem, in the 3rd and 4th class on the ending.

Frequency of the diffraction classes

Words that are declined after the 3rd and especially the 5th grade are relatively rare; they are often old words with exact equivalents in other Indo-European languages. In addition, the endings -tis (e.g. stotis - station, station zu stoti - to stop) and -muo (e.g. duomuo , mostly plural duomenys - data to duoti - to give) are also found in these classes .

In the 4th grade, in addition to some old words, you will mainly find foreign words in -orius , e.g. B. akumulatorius , direktorius or -jus , z. B. tramvãjus (adjectives ending in -us are much more common , see the chapter on adjectives ).

Taking into account the endings mentioned, it can be said that all declination classes are still productive. Most of the words and most of the new formations, however, are in the 1st and 2nd grades, but almost all existing variants are productive there.

Secondary local case

The East Baltic languages, presumably under Finno-Ugric influence, developed four secondary local cases:

Inessive (today's locative): miške (plural miškuose ) - in the forest (in forests), lauke - on the field (outside)
Illative :
- Singular:
  - Male endings - (i) an, -in, -yn, -un: laukan - on the field (out), traukinin ( į traukinį ) - in the (to) train, tolyn ( į tolį ) - in the distance (far ), kelian ( į kelią ) - on the way, XIX amžiun ( į XIX amžių ) - to the XIX. century
  - female Endings - (i) on, -ėn: girion ( į girią ), pievon ( į pievą ) - towards the meadow (towards), saulėn ( į saulę ) - towards the sun (towards), atsakomybėn - to responsibility
- Plural:
  - male - (i) uosna: miškuosna ( į miškus ) - into the woods (into), laukuosna - towards the fields (towards), keliuosna ( į kelius ) - towards the paths
  - female (i) osna: giriosna ( į girias ), pievosna ( į pievas ) - towards the meadows (towards), skylėsna ( į skyles ) - into the holes (into)
Adessiv : -iep (i) (plural - (i) uosemp, - (i) osemp): miškiep - the forest, namiep - at home, dvariep, dvaruosemp - the court
Allative : -op: miškop - the forest out namop - home dvarop, dvarump - the courtyard

Today, however, only inessive and illative are used, with the illative being almost always paraphrased with a prepositional phrase (e.g. z mišką instead of miškan ). Illativ is used more often in the dialects (in South and East Upper Lithuanian); rarely in everyday and official language, only certain phrases that are known, e.g. B., patraukti baudžiamojon (administracinėn, drausminėn) atsakomybėn - "to draw on criminal (administrative, disciplinary) responsibility" (these expressions are even anchored in Lithuanian codes - StGB, VwGB, ArbeitsGB and other legal acts).

The allative is relictly preserved in adverbs, e.g. B. galop "at the end", velniop "to the devil" and vakarop "towards the evening". The old Indo-European locative is also only preserved as a relic, e.g. B. namie "at home" (an innovation of Inessive whereas name "in the house"). The instrumental can also have a local meaning in some cases, e.g. B. mišku “through the forest”. Allative and adessive are still partly used in Lithuanian dialects in Belarus ; in Gervėčiai with the ending -k instead of -p (i) .

The adessive can express a possession in some dialects, e.g. B. manip šuo "with me is a dog", an agent, z. B. jamp mašina nupendunga “he bought a car” or stand for another form (case / preposition), z. B. paklausk tėviep “Ask the Father”.

The illative can also express a period, e.g. B. vasaron "in summer", vakaran "in the evening", dienon "in the day"; the very archaic form of it has been preserved to this day and is often used: šiandie (n) , from šian dienan - ( šią dieną ) - "this day".

In northwestern Belarus there are some smaller Lithuanian language islands ( Zietela , Gervėčiai , Lazūnai ), whose dialect is particularly archaic. The local dialects, for example, preserved all four local cases and partly also the dual . On the other hand, they were influenced to a large extent by the local Slavic idiom. Both the Lithuanian and the Slavic dialects of northwest Belarus are based on a Jatwingian substrate . The Zietela dialect, the southernmost of all, differs noticeably from the others in Belarus (e.g. no dz sound change) and has many West Baltic features (e.g. often z instead of ž ).

Zietela dialect	Written language	German	annotation
Kana einava vasaron?	Kur (mudu) eisime vasarą?	Where do we both go in summer	Instead of kur (where?) There is the illative of kas (who? / What?)
Čia kiba meškaip eita.	Čia gal meška ėjo.	Maybe a bear went here.
Ana savamp tėviep prašo.	Ji savo tėvo prašo.	She asks her father.	Instead of ji (she) there is ana (those)
Diev (i) ep visi lygūs.	Prieš dievą visi lygūs.	All are equal before God.
Manamp broli (e) p nėra žmonos.	Mano brolis neturi žmonos.	My brother doesn't have a wife.
Anas aiti / aima tėvop.	Jis eina pas tėvą.	He goes to the father.	Note the athematic conjugation (the alternative ending -ma is an innovation)
Anas yra tėviep.	Jis yra pas tėvą.	He is with the father.
Ona buvoja dažnai namie.	Ona būna namie.	Anna is often at home.
Aš eičap namop, jei tu eitai.	Aš eičiau namo, jei tu eitum.	I will go home if you left.
Kaimyniep nusipirkau arklį.	Pas kaimyną nusipirkau arklį.	I bought a horse from a neighbor.

dual

The remains of the dual can still be found in some dialects and in poems . The endings of the dual are also used in the inflection of du / dvi "two" and abu / abi "both". The forms for the genitive and locative have not been preserved; the usual plural forms are always used here.

Nominative, accusative and vocative are identical in the dual. All female nouns have the ending -i ; the male ends with -u or -iu . (The "soft ending" -iu is used when the other word forms also have soft endings: This applies to nouns ending in -ias, -is, -ys, -ius and -uo .)

… Ir plauksite kaip dvi žvaigždi / padangėmis. "... and you swim like two stars / along the sky." (From the poem Užmik by Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas)
Grįžau namuosna, a kaip tik mano du draugu buvo išėję kariuomenėn, bet jie neišėję, ogi slapstėsi. "I returned home, and my two friends had just gone to war, but they hadn't moved out, they were hiding." (From the post-war memoirs of Pranas Grigas: Po Karo . This example also illustrates the use of the illative.)

The stress is based on the rule of the penultimate syllable .

Dative and instrumental are formed by removing the final -s from the dative plural . If the ending is unstressed (in the 1st and 2nd intonation class), these two cases do not differ in the dual either. If, on the other hand, the ending is accented, it receives the impact tone in the dative and the grinding tone in the instrumental .

adjective

Possible endings of adjectives are -as (m.) / - a (w.) , -Ias (m.) / -Ia (w.) , -Us (m.) / - i (w.) And -is ( m.) / - ė (w.) . When the increase is used for the comparative always -esnis (m.) -Esnė and (f.) For the superlative -iausas , -iausia used.

Even with adjectives, the changes in the stem ending shown below regularly occur .

The inflection of the adjective

1st Class	Singular			Plural
1st Class	m.		w.	m.		w.
Nominative / vocative	-as	-is, -ias	-a	-i	-i	-os
Genitive	-O	-io	-os	-ų	-ių	-ų
dative	-at the	-I am	-ai	-iems	-iems	-oms
accusative	-ą	-į, -ią	-ą	-us	-ius	-as
Instrumental	-u	-iu	-a	-ais	-iais	-omis
locative	-ame	-iame	-oje	-uose	-iuose	-eyelet

The inflection of the adjectives with the ending -is after the 1st class only applies to the adjective didelis "large" and to the comparative forms to -esnis ; otherwise all adjectives with the ending -is belong to the 3rd class.

Female adjectives ending in -ė are declined like after the 3rd class of inflection. Female adjectives ending in -ia contain the i between the stem and the ending in all forms .

2nd Class	Singular		Plural
2nd Class	m.	w.	m.	w.
Nominative / vocative	-us	-i	-ūs	-ios
Genitive	-out	-ios	-ių	-ių
dative	-I am	-iai	-iems	-ioms
accusative	-ų	-ią	-ius	-ias
Instrumental	-iu	-ia	-iais	-iomis
locative	-iame	-ioje	-iuose	-iosis

3rd grade	Singular		Plural
3rd grade	m.	w.	m.	w.
Nominative	-is	-ė	-iai	-it
Genitive	-io	-it	-ių	-ių
dative	-I am	-egg	-iams	-ėms
accusative	-į	-ę	-ius	-it
Instrumental	-iu	-e	-iais	-ėmis
locative	-iame	-ėje	-iuose	-ėse
vocative	-i	-e	-iai	-it

From adjectives of the 1st and 2nd class of inflection neuter forms can be formed, which are used in impersonal sentences. These differ from the masculine forms only in the nominative and accusative singular. They are formed by removing the final s of the masculine singular nominative, e.g. B. gẽra "good (n.)" (In contrast to gerà "good (w.)"), Gražù "beautiful". In the comparative, they have the same form as the corresponding adverbs.

Dual forms are also formed from adjectives (today only in some dialects and in poems) . This happens as with nouns , with the only exception that the masculine adjectives of the 2nd class of inflection also have the soft ending -iu .

Adjectives are generally stressed like nouns in the 1st, 2nd or 4th class of inflection (depending on the ending). In contrast to noun declination , however, the endings -am (Dat. Sg. M.) And -ame (Lok. Sg. M. ) Are emphasized in adjectives of the 3rd or 4th intonation class, while they are emphasized in adjectives of the 1st or 2nd class. Intonation class remain unstressed.

Two-syllable adjectives always belong to the 3rd or 4th intonation class. Adjectives that belong to the 2nd class of inflection and the 3rd class of intonation can also be stressed on the stem in the masculine form of the nominative singular. The most common example is áiškus "clear".

The comparative of the adjectives belongs to the 2nd intonation class, the superlative to the 1st intonation class.

Certain adjectives

Most adjectives also have a pronominalized long form, which also has the characteristic of certainty, i.e. H. this is how context-bound objects are marked. It is formed by adding the personal pronoun jis / ji to the short form in later phonetic abbreviations (e.g. geras - gerasis "good", maža - mažoji "small", but gerąjam < geram-jam "the good"). Mažasis princas is "The little prince" while mažas princas should be translated as "a little prince". When using these shapes, note that both components are declined, e.g. B. Genitive mažojo princo "of the little prince". Another example is Vytautas Didysis " Vytautas the Great" - but where the attribute is re-enacted in an atypical manner and probably based on the Latin and German model.

The endings are in detail:

	Singular			Plural			dual
	m.		w.	m.		w.	m.		w.
Nominative / vocative	-asis	-iasis, -ysis, -usis	-oji	-ieji	-ieji	-osios	-uoju	-iuoju	-ieji
Genitive	-ojo	-iojo	-osios	-ųjų	-iųjų	-ųjų	-	-	-
dative	-ajam	-iajam	-ajai	-iesiems	-iesiems	-osioms	-iesiem	-iesiem	-osiom
accusative	-ąjį	-iąjį, -įjį, -ųjį	-ąją	-uosius	-iuosius	-ąsias	-uoju	-iuoju	-ieji
Instrumental	-uoju	-iuoju	- yes	-aisiais	-iaisiais	-osiomis	-iesiem	-iesiem	-osiom
locative	-ajame	-iajame	-oye	-uosiuose	-iuosiuose	-osiosis	-	-	-

With regard to the emphasis, the long forms only differ from the short forms in the masculine nominative singular: Here, the ending is always emphasized in adjectives of the 3rd and 4th intonation classes. This applies in particular to all two-syllable adjectives: gẽras - geràsis, áiškus - aiškùsis . If the ending is stressed, then always on its first syllable: gerãjame, geruõsiuose, geróji .

Irregular adjectives

The adjective didelis "large" is inflected irregularly; only the positive (basic level) of the short forms is regularly inflected in all cases. All other forms (increments, long forms, derived adverbs) are derived from * didis . The following examples may serve as an illustration:

Are regularly bent

dideliems výrams "for tall men",
didelėsè parduotùvėse “in big shops”;

Are bent irregularly

Výtautas Didỹsis "Vytautas the Great",
didžiáusias džiaũgsmas "the greatest joy",
didžiai̇̃ trókšta gė̃lės “the flowers are very thirsty”.
Tų̃ žmonių̃ skai̇̃čius ei̇̃na vis didỹn. "The number of these people is growing."

Also, the emphasis has irregularities Although didelis the voicing class 3 ^b belongs, transmits the female mold in the nominative singular emphasis on the root: didele . The long forms derived from * didis belong to intonation class 4, the adverbs emphasize the ending.

Adverbs

Lithuanian has primary (non-derived) and secondary (derived) adverbs .

Primary adverbs are independent lexemes and cannot be derived from any other word. As a rule, they do not have a characteristic ending, see:

dár "still"
teñ "there"
daũg "a lot"

The largest group of secondary adverbs are those derived from adjectives . To form an adverb from an adjective, the masculine adjective endings are replaced by the following endings:

from -as is -ai
from -us is -iai

When increasing the adverbs, the ending -iaũ for the comparative and the ending -iáusiai for the superlative are added to the adjective stem .

The ending - (i) ai is emphasized in adjectives of the 3rd and 4th intonation class, with adjectives of the 1st and 2nd intonation class the emphasis remains on the stem. Deviating from this rule, two-syllable adjectives of the second inflection class are only emphasized on the ending if they have a short vowel ( a, e, i or u ) in the stem ; the emphasis is on the stem if it contains a long vowel or a diphthong (this also includes combinations of a, e, i or u and the consonant l, m, n or r , provided the consonant is not the initial sound of the following syllable) : brángiai "expensive", sódriai "rich", but giliai̇̃ "deep".

There are a few exceptions to this basic rule, which, however, are often emphasized inconsistently, even by Lithuanians. The main exception is grei̇̃tai "fast"; The more frequently used exceptions also include riebiai̇̃ "fat" and pav “ džiai "envious". With malõniai “pleasant”, patõgiai “comfortable” and padõriai “decent”, both trunk and final emphasis are permitted.

Another group of adverbs ends in -ỹn . These are originally illatives and therefore often have the meaning of direction or growth:

aukštỹn "upwards" (from aukštis "height", this from aukštas "high")
žemỹn "down" (from žemis "depth", this from žemas "deep")
dugnỹn "to the ground" (to dugnys = dugnas "ground")
tolỹn "further, ahead" (to tolis "distant", this from toli "far, distant")
raudonỹn "towards greater redness" (to raudonis "redness" from raudonas "red")

Some adverbs of direction , time and manner can be composed of demonstrative and interrogative pronouns , e.g. B. šis + kaip = šiaip “this way”, kitas + kur = kitur “somewhere else”, šitas + toks = šitoks “such one”. The stem of the demonstrative pronoun and the ending of the question word are used. A distinction is made between kitas “another” and kitkas “something different”. In the same way, visas “whole, all” can be used to combine all-encompassing adverbs such as visur “everywhere” or visada “always”. Compositions with vienas “one” often express the opposite of kitas : vienaip ar kitaip “in one way or another”.

The following forms are possible (exceptions in bold):

+	coke?	short?	kaip?	kada?	kiek?
šis	šioks	čia, štai	šiaip	šiada ¹	šiek
šitas	šitoks	šitur	šitaip	-	šitiek
tas	toks	th	taip	tad (a), tados	really
anas	anoks	-	anaip	-	aniek
kitas	kitoks	kitur	kitaip	kitad (a), kitados	kitiek
visas	visoks	visur	visaip	visada	-
vienas	vienoks	vienur	vienaip	-	-

¹ Šiada only appears in fixed phrases.

In addition, there are isolated adverbs that are derived from adjectives or nouns and the interrogative pronouns:

naujaip "in a new way" (to naũjas, naujà "new")
svetur "in the foreign" (to svetija "the foreign")

Furthermore, by prefixing a question word with nie- a negative answer to the corresponding question: niekas “nobody”, niekur “nowhere (to)”, niekaip “in no way”, niekad (a), niekados “never”. While niekas "nobody" can be declined like kas , "nothing" is always used in the genitive: nieko .

Indefinite adverbs can be formed from the question words in four ways:

kaž- + question word or kažin + question word "any-": The answer to the question is not known, e.g. B. kažkas "somebody", kažin kaip "somehow": Raktas kažkur dingo. "The key has disappeared somewhere (and I don't know where)."
Question word + nors “any-”: The answer is unimportant, e.g. B. kada nors “sometime”: Kartais noriu kur nors dingti. "Sometimes I want to disappear somewhere (no matter where)."
bet + question word “any-”: The answer can be chosen freely, e.g. B. bet kuris “any, any”: Sėsk bet kur. "Have a seat somewhere (choose a place)."
kai + question word "some": There are several possibilities, e.g. B. kai kas “some people”, kai kada “every now and then”, kai kokie “some species”: Kai kur rožės žydi. "Here and there roses bloom."

numbers

Cardinal numbers

The cardinal numbers are sometimes treated like adjectives, e.g. B. vienas, keturi ; partly as nouns, e.g. B. vienuolika, tūkstantis . Deviations from the usual adjective or noun declination are highlighted in bold.

number	Nominative	Genitive	dative	accusative	Instrumental	locative	vocative
1	vienas (m) viena (w)	vieno vienos	vienam vienai	vieną vieną	vienu viena	viename vienoje
2	you dvi	dviejų	dviem	you dvi	dviem	dviejuose dviejose
3	trys	trijų	trims	tris	trimis	trijuose trijose
4th	keturi keturios	keturių	keturiems keturioms	ketur is keturias	keturiais keturiomis	keturiuose keturiose
5	penki penkios	like keturi
6th	šeši šešios
7th	septyni septynios
8th	aštuoni aštuonios
9	devyni devynios
10	dešimt	is not flexed; dešimtis (as noun) can be inflected like nouns of the 3rd class of diffraction
11	vienuolika	vienuolikos	vienuolikai	vienuolik a	vienuolika	vienuolikoje
12	dvylika	like vienuolika
13	trylika
14 ⋮ 19	keturiolika ⋮ devyniolika
20th	dvidešimt	is not flexed
21 ⋮ 29	dvidešimt vienas / dvidešimt viena ⋮ dvidešimt devyni / dvidešimt devynios	dvidešimt remains unchanged, the units position is declined as above
30th	trisdešimt	is not flexed
40	keturiasdešimt
50	penkiasdešimt
60	šešiasdešimt
70	septyniasdešimt
80	aštuoniasdešimt
90	devyniasdešimt
100	šimtas	šimto	šimtui	šimtą	šimtu	šimte	šimte
101 ⋮ 199	šimtas vienas / šimtas viena ⋮ šimtas devyniasdešimt devyni / šimtas devyniasdešimt devynios	both components are declined as above
200 ⋮ 900	you šimtai ⋮ devyni šimtai	du bis devyni as above, šimtai as nouns of the 1st class of inflection in the plural
1000	tūkstantis	tūkstančio	tūkstančiui	tūkstantį	tūkstančiu	tūkstantyje	tūkstanti
2000 ⋮ 9000	du tūkstančiai ⋮ devyni tūkstančiai	du to devyni as above, tūkstančiai as nouns of the 1st class of inflection in the plural
1,000,000	milijonas	milijono	milijonui	milijoną	milijonu	milijone	milijone
1,000,000,000	milijardas	milijardo	milijardui	milijardą	milijardu	milijarde	milijarde
1,000,000,000,000	trilijonas (bilijonas)	trilijono (bilijono)	trilijonui (bilijonui)	trilijoną (bilijoną)	trilijonu (bilijonu)	trilijone (bilijone)	trilijone (bilijone)

Kvadrilijonas (10 ¹⁵ ), kvintilijonas (10 ¹⁸ ), sikstilijonas (10 ²¹ ), septilijonas (10 ²⁴ ), oktilijonas (10 ²⁷ ), nantilijonas (10 ³⁰ ).

The noun to which the number refers is in the singular after vienas, in the plural after du to devyni . The case depends on the function in the sentence. After all other numerals, the noun is in the genitive plural. Here only the numeral is declined. In the case of composite numbers, the number and, if applicable, the case are always based on the last component:

dvi katės "two cats"
vienuolika kačių "eleven cats"
dvidešimt viena katė "twenty one cats" (cf. German "one thousand and one nights", not "nights")
šimtui kačių "for a hundred cats"
šimtui vienai katei "for a hundred and one cats"

Before plural , collective numbers are used for 1 to 9 : vieneri, dveji, treji, ketveri, penkeri, šešeri, septyneri, aštuoneri, devyneri . Like adjectives, these are inflected with -ias . Instead of vieneri , the plural of vienas can also be used.

Ordinal numbers

The ordinals are treated like adjectives. They are generally formed according to the pattern trunk + tas (male), ta (female) and ti (plural). This sometimes leads to phonetic deviations, the first three are completely irregular.

1.	pirmas, pirma, pirmi
2.	antras, antra, antri
3.	trečias, trečia, treti
4th	ketvirtas, ketvirta, ketvirti
5.	penktas, penkta, penkti
6th	šeštas, šešta, šešti
7th	septintas, septinta, septinti
8th.	aštuntas, aštunta, aštunti
9.	devintas, devinta, devinti
10.	dešimtas, dešimta, dešimti
11.	vienuoliktas, vienuolikta, vienuolikti
12.	dvyliktas, dvylikta, dvylikti
13.	tryliktas, trylikta, trylikti
14th	keturioliktas, keturiolikta, keturiolikti
15th	penkioliktas, penkiolikta, penkiolikti
16.	šešioliktas, šešiolikta, šešiolikti
17th	septynioliktas, septyniolikta, septyniolikti
18th	aštuonioliktas, aštuoniolikta, aštuoniolikti
19th	devynioliktas, devyniolikta, devyniolikti
20th	dvidešimtas, dvidešimta, dvidešimti
30th	trisdešimtas, trisdešimta, trisdešimti
40.	keturiasdešimtas, keturiasdešimta, keturiasdešimti
50.	penkiasdešimtas, penkiasdešimta, penkiasdešimti
60.	šešiasdešimtas, šešiasdešimta, šešiasdešimti
70.	septyniasdešimtas, septyniasdešimta, septyniasdešimti
80.	aštuoniasdešimtas, aštuoniasdešimta, aštuoniasdešimti
90.	devyniasdešimtas, devyniasdešimta, devyniasdešimti
100.	šimtas, šimta, šimti
101-199	šimtas pirma (s) - šimtas devyniasdešimt devinta (s)
200.	du šimta (s) / dušimta (s)
300	trys šimta (s) / trisšimta (s)
400-900	keturi šimta (s) / keturiašimta (s) - devyni šimta (s) / devyniašimta (s)
1000.	tūkstanta (s)
2000.	du tūkstanta (s) / dutūkstanta (s)
3000.	trys tūkstanta (s) / tristūkstanta (s)
4,000 - 9,000.	keturi tūkstanta (s) / keturiatūkstanta (s) - devyni tūkstanta (s) / devyniatūkstanta (s)
1,000,000.	milijonas
2,000,000. - 9,000,000.	du milijonas / dumilijonas - devyni milijonas / devyniamilijonas
100,000,000	šimtas milijonas

Only the last word is formed as an ordinal: šimtas dvidešimt aštunta (s) "128."

Ordinal numbers also form a long form .

Fractions

For fractional numbers there are two different modes of formation: a traditional and scientific.

In the traditional way of education, a combination is formed from the ordinal number corresponding to the denominator and the word dalis "part". The resulting fractions are masculine nouns and are declined after the 1st inflection class:

(vienas) trečiadalis "one third"
trys ketvirtadaliai "three quarters"

Instead of antradalis one often finds pusė "half", instead of trečiadalis also trečdalis is in use, and besides ketvirtadalis also ketvirtis is used, which is mostly declined after the 3rd class of diffraction and is then female.

The female long form of the ordinal number corresponding to the denominator is used for the scientific form. The counter must always be specified.

viena antroji "half"
septyni dešimtosios "seven tenths"

The following noun is in the genitive: penkios šeštosios picos "five sixths of the pizza", pusė valandos "half an hour (half an hour)".

The following construction is used for mixed fractions: trys su pusė "three and a half" (literally "three with half"), du su dvejomis trečiosiomis "two and two thirds". The following noun is based on the whole number: viena su pusė valanda "one and a half hours".

For half-integer fractions there is also the construction pus + ordinal number in the genitive. The noun is also in the genitive, the gender of the ordinal number and noun must match:

pusantro kilogramo "one and a half kilograms"
pustrečios mylios "two and a half miles" (in German there was also this construction: "three half miles" is now considered out of date)

pronoun

Lithuanian pronouns have the endings -as / -a or -is / -i . Only the personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons are excluded from this.

In the plural, feminine pronouns are only used with reference to several feminine nouns. If one of the reference words is male, the masculine pronoun is used.

The inflection is largely identical to the inflection of the adjectives. Female pronouns ending in -i are declined according to the 2nd class of inflection, all others - especially all male forms - according to the 1st class of inflection. The only difference to be noted is that the short vowels u and i in the endings of the male pronouns are replaced by ie or uo if the ending is stressed. (This does not affect the nominative singular.) So it is important to know the correct accent if you do not want to memorize the individual word forms as irregularities.

The emphasis is also based on the usual intonation classes, with all pronouns belonging to the third or fourth intonation class. Some pronouns emphasize the ending in the nominal form (nominative singular male). These then also emphasize the ending in all other forms. They are traditionally assigned to the fourth intonation class.

With the pronouns (especially with the personal and demonstrative pronouns) the dual is still in frequent use. The presentation is limited to the personal pronouns, since the endings of the other pronouns correspond to those of the personal pronouns of the 3rd person. The endings are always emphasized.

There is also a dual indefinite pronoun abù (du) / abi̇̀ (dvi) "both", which is declined like the numeral dù / dvi̇̀ : abù (du) / abi̇̀ (dvi), abiejų̃, abi̇́em, abù (du) / abi̇̀ (dvi), abiẽm, abiejuosè / abiejosè .

Personal pronouns

The inflection of personal pronouns is done in this way:

case	Singular				Plural
	1st person	2nd person	3rd person (m.)	3rd person (w.)	1st person	2nd person	3rd person (m.)	3rd person (w.)
Nominative	aš	do	jis	ji	mes	jūs	jie	jos
Genitive	manęs	tavęs	jo	jos	mūsų	jūsų	jų	jų
dative	man	dew	jam	yeah	mums	jums	jiems	joms
accusative	mane	tave	jį	Yes	mus	jus	juos	Yes
Instrumental	manimi	tavimi	juo	Yes	mums	jumis	Yes, it's	jomis
locative	manyje	tavyje	jame	joje	mumysia	jumyse	juose	jose

The personal pronouns of the 3rd person follow the usual inflection scheme.

The politeness form “Sie” is expressed with the personal pronoun of the 2nd person plural. In this case the personal pronoun is capitalized: Jūs esate "You are". An older form of politeness, comparable to the German "Ihr" for an individual, is Támsta and is inflected like a noun. The plural is accordingly támstos .

The dual forms are mùdu / mùdvi “we both”, jùdu / jùdvi “both of you”, juõdu / jiẽdvi “both of them”. In the 1st and 2nd person the first syllable remains unchanged, the numeral du / dvi is inflected as usual . The 3rd person bends both components:

case	3.Pm	3.Pw
Nominative	juodu	jiedvi
Genitive	jųdviejų
dative	jie (m) dviem	jo (m) dviem
accusative	juodu	jiedvi
Instrumental	jie (m) dviem	jo (m) dviem

There is no locative form. The stress in all forms is on the first syllable.

reflexive pronouns

The reflexive pronoun sau is inflected like tu :

case
Genitive	savęs
dative	sow
accusative	Save
Instrumental	savimi
locative	savyje

possessive pronouns

The possessive pronouns mano, tavo, savo, mūsų and jūsų are not inflected. If you use these pronouns alone (“mine”), the substitute forms maniškis, taviškis etc. or manasis, tavasis etc. are available, which are declined like adjectives. The -based forms are long forms.

There are no possessive pronouns for the third person, the genitive forms of the personal pronouns are used instead.

Demonstrative pronouns

The inflection of demonstrative pronouns takes place according to the general inflection rules. Only kitas "the other, the next" is declined like an adjective. Examples:

case	Singular				Plural
	this one here)	These ones)	that one)	that one)	this one here)	These ones)	that one)	that one)
Nominative	šis	ši	tas	ta	she	šios	tie	tos
Genitive	šio	šios	to	tos	šių	šių	tų	tų
dative	Siam	šiai	tam	tai	šiems	šioms	tiems	toms
accusative	šį	šią	tą	tą	šiuos	šias	good	tas
Instrumental	šiuo	šia	tuo	ta	šiais	šiomis	tais	tomis
locative	šiame	šioje	tame	toje	šiuose	šiose	do well	roar

Further demonstrative pronouns are šitas "(just) this" (reinforcement of šis ) and anas "that".

The neuter forms of the demonstrative pronouns tai 'this / das', šitai 'this here' are the same in the nominative and accusative; all other cases are identical to the masculine forms.

Interrogative pronouns

The interrogative pronoun kas? “Who? / What?” Is inflected according to the general rules for pronouns. The genitive is a special case: ko? is used when the genitive is required for syntactic reasons (due to prepositions, verbs or negation). If you want to ask for an owner, do you use kienõ?

Ko tau trūksta? "What do you need? (What do you need?) "
Dėl ko išėjai? "What (for whom) did you leave?"
Kieno tas pieštukas? “Whose pencil is that? (Who does this pencil belong to?) "

Other important question words are curious? "Which one?", Coke? “What kind? ” And katras? "Which of the two?" These are bent regularly.

Do not bend short? "Where? / Where to?", Kaip? "How?", Kada? "When?", Kiek? “How many?” And ar? (introduces decision-making questions).

Indefinite pronouns

Indefinite pronouns like any are derived from the corresponding question words and formed just like indefinite adverbs (see the relevant section ).

relative pronoun

The relative pronoun is kuris and is regularly inflected. In the singular it can also be replaced by kas , especially in short sentences or when referring to a demonstrative pronoun in the main clause (usually tas ): Kas ieško, tas ir randa. "If you look, you will find."

The relative pronoun agrees (as in German) in gender and number with the reference word; the case depends on the role in the relative clause: Tų žmonių, kurie ten gyveno, nepažinojau. "I did not know the people who lived there."

Reciprocal pronouns

To express the reciprocal pronoun “each other” in Lithuanian, one uses vienas kitą . Vienas remains unchanged, kitas is declined as usual (like an adjective):

Matėme vienas kitą. "We saw each other."
Paskambindavote vienas kitam. "You call each other often."
Džiaukimės vienas kitu! "Let us find joy in each other."

If the reciprocal pronoun is used with a preposition, it must be placed between the two words:

Dėk plokšteles vieną ant kitos. "Put the saucers on top of each other."
Laimingai gyvena vienas su kitu. "They live happily together."

Usually only the masculine forms are used. If the pronoun (also) refers to female nouns, the feminine form of kitas is often used in colloquial language , rarely even viena is used instead of vienas .

Determinative pronouns

The declination of pàts / pati̇̀ “self” is unusual : in most cases it is inflected like adjectives to -is or -i , but the masculine genitive singular patiẽs and nominative plural pãtys deviate from this.

case	Singular		Plural
case	m.	w.	m.	w.
Nominative	pàts	pati̇̀	pátys	pãčios
Genitive	patiẽs	pačiõs	pačių̃	pačių̃
dative	pačiám	pãčiai	pati̇́ems	pačióms
accusative	pãtį	pãčią	pačiùs	pačiàs
Instrumental	pačiù / patimi̇̀	pačià	pačiai̇̃s	pačiomi̇̀s
locative	pačiamè	pačiojè	pačiuosè	pačiosè

The neuter form is pàt .

The word group tas pats is translated as “the same”, here both components are declined.

verb

The inflection of the verb is done using three different stems . These are stems of the infinitive , the present and the simple past . In most dictionaries, the 3rd person present and the 3rd simple past are given after the infinitive. In some cases these strains are not that different, e.g. B. Kalti (kala, kalė) "to beat, forge", in others there are clear, historically developed differences, without this being able to be explained in a regular way, e.g. B. rinkti (renka, rinko) “collect” or suprasti (supranta, suprato) “understand”.

In addition, a distinction is made between the present and the unique past, which are based on the stem end - the so-called theme vowel . Remnants of an archaic athematic conjugation are rarely used. You can recognize the stem by the ending of the 3rd person (identical in singular and plural). Based on these endings in the 3rd person, three diffraction classes are distinguished in the present and two in the past. In the present, verbs in the first grade end with -a or -ia , the second grade with -i , and the third grade with -o . In the past, the ending of the first diffraction class was -o , that of the second class -ė . If the verb is reflexive, the ending -si is added to the final syllable . In the infinitive, verbs always end with -ti , reflexive verbs always end with -tis .

Like all inflected parts of speech, verbs are also subject to the regular sound changes shown below .

Diffraction classes present tense

person	number	Ending
		1st Class				2nd Class		3rd grade
		-a	-asi (reflexive)	-ia	-iasi (reflexive)	-i	-isi (reflexive)	-O	-osi (reflexive)
1st person	Singular	- u	-uosi	-iu	-iuosi	-iu	-iuosi	-au	-ausi
1st person	Plural	-ame	-amės	-iame	-iamės	-ime	-imės	-ome	-omės
2nd person	Singular	-i	-iesi	-i	-iesi	-i	-iesi	-ai	-aisi
2nd person	Plural	-ate	-atės	-iate	-iatės	-ite	-itės	-ote	-otės
3rd person	Singular or plural	-a	- so	-ia	-iasi	-i	-isi	-O	-osi

The emphasis depends on the root form (3rd person). The 1st and 2nd person singular are subject to the rule of the penultimate syllable .

Vocabulary:

1st class: dirbti “work”; džiaugtis "to be happy"; klausti “ask”; įlipti "get in, climb up"; imti "take"
2nd class: apžiūrėti “visit”; linkėti “wish”; norėti “want”; mylėti "love"
3rd class: aplankyti “visit”; maudytis "to bathe"; statyti "build"

Entrance gate to the Bittehnen cemetery with the inscription Spindulys esmi begalinės šviesos (“I am a ray of eternal light”). The author Vydūnas used the athematic form esmi "I am".

The athematic (4th) conjugation used the endings -mi, -si for the 1st and 2nd person singular, -me, -te in the plural. The third person in both numbers received the ending -ti . It is unusual that here all forms except for the third person obey the rule of the penultimate syllable.

While numerous common verbs (e.g. būti “to be”, duoti “to give”, giedoti “to sing”, dėti “to do”) were athematically conjugated in Old Lithuanian (16th century) , only a few of these forms have been used in modern Lithuanian Entrance found. Except for a “we go”, which is sometimes used for the adhortative “let us go”, these are always forms of the third person. The following forms are still in use:

niežti “it itches” is the only possible present tense form of niežėti . Secondly, an infinitive niežtėti was formed so that niežti can be understood as belonging to the 2nd conjugation.

peršti "it burns (like nettles)" was also the only possible present tense form of peršėti until the middle of the 20th century ; today perši is the standard language. Here, too, the secondary infinitive perštėti was formed, the third person of which is peršti today.

From kosėti “coughing”, especially in eastern Lithuania, the 3rd person jis kosti is formed next to jis kosi . In the other persons only the endings of the 2nd class are possible.

As the 3rd person present tense of būti “to be” can (rarely) be used esti in some contexts . In the literature of the 19th century in particular, the 1st person singular esmi can also be found .

In the fixed phrase kas (čia) dedasi? “What's going on here / what's going on here?” The athematic form of the verb dėtis can also be used: Kas (čia) destis?

Diffraction classes of the (unique) past

person	number	Ending
		1st Class		2nd Class
		-O	-osi (reflexive)	-ė	-ėsi (reflexive) \|
1st person	Singular	-au	-ausi	-iau	-iausi
1st person	Plural	-ome	-omės	-ėmė	-ėmės
2nd person	Singular	-ai	-aisi	-egg	-eisi
2nd person	Plural	-ote	-otės	-ėtė	-ėtės
3rd person	Singular or plural	-O	-osi	-ė	-it I

The emphasis depends on the root form (3rd person). The 1st and 2nd person singular are subject to the rule of the penultimate syllable.

Vocabulary:

1st class: dirbti “work”; lipti "to climb"; žiūrėti “to look”; linkėti “wish”; norėti “want”; mylėti "love"
2nd class: džiaugtis “to be happy”; klausti “ask”; imti "take"; aplankyti "visit"; maudytis "to bathe"; statyti "build"

Multiple past

The multiple past is formed from the infinitive stem (infinitive without the ending -ti ) by adding the following endings:

person	number	simple verbs	reflexive verbs
1st person	Singular	-davou	-davausi
1st person	Plural	-davome	-davomės
2nd person	Singular	-davai	-davaisi
2nd person	Plural	-davote	-davotės
3rd person	Singular or plural	-davo	-davosi

The emphasis always remains as in the infinitive.

future

To form the future, the infinitive ending -ti is replaced according to the following table:

person	number	simple verbs	reflexive verbs
1st person	Singular	-siu	-siuosi
1st person	Plural	-sime	-simės
2nd person	Singular	-si	-siesi
2nd person	Plural	-site	-sitės
3rd person	Singular or plural	-s	-sis

If the stem already ends in -s , this s is only written once in the future tense. The combination -zs- is also replaced by a simple s . Instead of -šs- or -žs- you just write and speak š :

rasti, rasiu (1.P.Sg.), ras (3.P.) "find"
megzti, megsiu, megs "knitting"
nešti, nešiu, neš "carry"
grįžti, grįšiu, grįš "return"

The emphasis is based on the infinitive. However, the last syllable of the third person is never stoßtönig emphasized. Instead, it usually gets the sanding tone :

važiúoti, važiúosiu, važiuõs "drive"
matýti, matýsiu, matỹs "see"
di̇̀rbti, di̇̀rbsiu, dir̃bs "work"

Verbs with a monosyllabic stem if the stem vowel is a y or ū are exempt from this rule . In the 3rd person future tense, this becomes a short i or u :

bū́ti, bū́siu, bùs "to be"
lýti, li̇̀s "raining".

The stress also has an influence on the spelling.

There are only a few exceptions to this basic rule, all of which are rare words, e.g. B. siū́ti, siū́siu, siū̃s “sew”.

These rules also apply if the verb is reflexive, e.g. B. kéltis, kélsiuosi, kel̃sis “stand up” is conjugated like kélti, kélsiu, kel̃s “lift something heavy”. Verbs that have a prefix are also conjugated in the same way as without this prefix: pabū́ti, pabū́siu, pabùs “to stay” like būti .

imperative

The imperative is formed from the infinitive stem with the ending -k :

person	number	simple verbs	reflexive verbs
1st person	Plural	-kime	-kimės
2nd person	Singular	-k (i)	-kis
2nd person	Plural	-kite	-kitės

A -k or -g in front of the ending in the trunk will not be written:

laukti - láuk, láukime, láukite "wait"
bėgti - bė́k, bėkime, bėkite “to run”.

The emphasis on the infinitive is retained.

The indicative without the final e can also be used for the imperative of the 1st person plural of non-reflective verbs : važiuojam “let's go”.

The 2nd person singular imperative can also be used with the ending -i ( laukti - láuki , bėgti - bė́ki ), but such forms are restricted to poetry.

There is also an imperative for the third person, often referred to as an optative . Today it is usually formed with the auxiliary word tegù (l) or laĩ : Tegu (l) [Lai] važiuoja į miestą! “May he go to town!” It is also possible to use the prefix te- : Tekrinta jis į ežerą! “Let it fall into the lake!” Other parts of the sentence can come between te and the verb: Te kiekvienas ką nors parašys. "Everyone should write something."

Another, meanwhile obsolete, possibility of forming the optative is to add the (stressed) ending -iẽ to the present stem of the verb . This verb form is always used with the prefix te- : Teesie šventas Tavo vardas. Teateinie Tavo karalystė. Teesie Tavo valia… “Hallowed be your name. Your kingdom come. Your will will happen …"

conjunctive

The subjunctive is also formed from the infinitive stem. It has the following endings:

person	number	simple verbs	reflexive verbs
1st person	Singular	-čiau	-čiausi
1st person	Plural	-tume, -tumėme	-tumės, tumėmės
2nd person	Singular	-tum (ei)	-tumeisi
2nd person	Plural	-tute, -tumėte	-tutės, -tumėtės
3rd person	Singular or plural	-tų	-tųsi

Where there are two endings, the longer forms are usually only used in the upscale (written) language.

The stress corresponds to that of the infinitive.

To express the unrealis of the past, the auxiliary verb būti “to be” is used in Lithuanian together with the past participle active: Mielai būčiau su tavimi susitikusi. "I would have liked to meet you."

Modus Relativus

The modus relativus ( netiesioginė nuosaka , sometimes also referred to as "obliquus") of Lithuanian is a category that is used when the speaker cannot or does not want to guarantee the truth of a statement because the information comes from second hand. Just as the subjunctive I is used in German in indirect speech for reasons of distancing, in Lithuanian the participles indicate that the statement did not arise from one's own considerations and is relativized.

Aš girdėjau, jis dabar gyvenąs mieste. - "I heard he should live in town now ."
Ji sako, vakar liję . - "She says it rained yesterday ."
Sužinojau, kad per mūsų sodą būsiąs tiesiamas kelias. - "I have learned that a road is to be laid through our garden ."

In this sense, résumés are often formulated in the participle style:

"Rašytojas gimęs 1924 m. Gyvenęs netoli sienos, dažnai aplankydavęs draugų Rusijoje. Turįs dvi dukteris. Kovo mėn. gastroliuosiąs Maskvoje. "

“The writer was born in 1924 . [Because] he far from the border lived , visited it often friends in Russia. He has two daughters. In March he will make a guest appearance in Moscow . "

The modus Relativus can be formed from all simple and compound tenses, its form always corresponds to the nominative of the corresponding active participle. So he does not inflect according to person, but according to gender.

Tense	genus	shape
		mesti		būti
		Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.
present	male	metąs	meta	esąs	esą
present	Female	metanti	metančios	esanti	esančios
(simple past	male	metęs	metę	buvęs	buvę
(simple past	Female	metusi	metusios	buvusi	buvusios
repeated past	male	mesdavęs	mesdavę	būdavęs	būdavę
repeated past	Female	mesdavusi	mesdavusios	būdavusi	būdavusios
future	male	mesiąs	mesią	būsiąs	būsią
future	Female	mesianti	mesiančios	būsianti	būsiančios

In addition, the mode relativus is used in folk tales, legends and similar types of text as a narrative tense , in this case it is also referred to as a narrative . (The corresponding indicative forms are in brackets.)

Vieno pono mirusi (mirė) pati ir palikusi (paliko) dvylika sūnų ir dar vieną dukterėlę. Po kiek laiko tėvas pamilęs (pamilo) kitą merginą, raganą. Ta sakanti (sako): "Duktė tesie, bet savo sūnus sudegink ..."

"The wife of a man died and had twelve sons and another daughter back . After a while the father fell in love with another young woman, a witch. This said : 'The daughter may stay, but burn your sons ...' "

Mano tėvas nuėjęs (nuėjo) žuvauti į Gulbinio ežerą. Nieko nesugavęs (nesugavo), tai nusiyręs (nusiyrė) su laiveliu toliau nuo kranto. Tada pamatęs (pamatė), kad jo laivelio gale betupįs (tupi) juodas katinas. Tai mano tėvas semtuku pasėmęs (pasėmė) vandens ir pylęs (pylė) katinui į akis. Pasiyręs (pasiyrė) toliau - ir vėl tas pats katinas betupįs (tupi). Ir vėl pylęs (pylė) vandeniu - ir vėl pradingęs (pradingo). Taip triskart daręs (darė). Pagaliau tėvas turėjęs (turėjo) išbėgti iš ežero, jautęs (jautė), kad kažkas negera esą (yra).

“My father went fishing at Gulbinis Lake. He did n't catch anything, so he rowed his boat further away from the bank. Then he saw a black cat crouched at the end of his boat . So my father scooped up water with a ladle and poured it into the cat's eyes. He rowed on - and again squatted since the same hangover. Again he poured water over it - and again it disappeared . So he did it three times. Finally had my father flee from the lake, he felt that something wrong is . "

In the spoken language, the relative mode rarely occurs; the indicative is used instead.

passive

The Lithuanian language has no synthetic passive voice . Both process passive and state passive can be expressed by compound times . The process passive is seldom, however, it is usually replaced by an - possibly impersonal - active sentence:

Šis laikraštis dažniausiai verslininkų skaitomas. “This newspaper is mainly read by entrepreneurs.” → Šį laikraštį dažniausiai skaito verslininkai. "This newspaper is read mainly by entrepreneurs."
Ji mylima. “She is loved.” → Ją myli. "You love them."

Participles

Lithuanian has seven participles (lit. dalyviai ), four active and three passive, one half participle (adverbial participle, pusdalyvis ), four gerunds ( padalyviai , those of the past tense and the future are very rare) and a gerundive ( reikiamybės dalyvis , "necessity participle" ), here using the example of the verb duoti “to give” (1st class), turėti “to have” (2nd class) and skaityti “to read” (3rd class). The half-participle and gerundive are not assigned to a tense, the corresponding forms are duodamas , turėdamas , skaitydamas for the half-participle and duotinas , turėtinas , skaitytinas for the gerundive.

		Active participle			Passive participle
Tense	3rd person	mask.	fem.	gerund	mask.	fem.
Present	duod-a	duod ąs / duod antis	duod anti	duod ant	duod amas	duod ama
	tur-i	tur įs / tur intis	tur inti	tur int	tur imas	tur ima
	skait-o	skait ąs / skait antis	skait anti	skait ant	skait grannies	skait oma
preterite	dav-ė	dav ęs	dav usi	dav us	duo tas	duo ta
	turėj-o	turėj ęs	turėj usi	turėj us	turė tas	turė ta
	skait-ė	skait ęs	skaič iusi	skaič ius	skaity tas	skaity ta
Past tense	duodav-o	duodav ęs	duodav usi	(duodav us )	-	-
	turėdav-o	turėdav ęs	turėdav usi	(turėdav us )	-	-
	skaidav-o	skaitydav ęs	skaitydav usi	(skaitydav us )	-	-
Future tense	duos	duos iąs (duos iantis )	duos ianti	(duos iant )	duos imas	duos ima
	turės	turės iąs (turės iantis )	turės ianti	(turės iant )	turės imas	turės ima
	skaitys	skaitys iąs (skaitys iantis )	skaitys ianti	(skaitys iant )	skaitys imas	skaitys ima

Figuratively

The present active participle is formed by replacing the ending of the 3rd person of the present tense with -ąs, -anti (1st and 3rd group) or -įs, -inti (2nd group).

The past participle active is formed by replacing the ending of the 3rd person of the simple past ( -o or -ė ) with -ęs, - (i) usi . The i insert occurs in those verbs which end in -yti in the infinitive and in the third person past tense in -ė .

The past participle active is formed from the past tense. The ending -o of the 3rd person is also replaced by -ęs, -usi .

The active participle future tense is formed by adding -iąs, -ianti to the 3rd person future tense .

In the present passive participle, the ending -mas, -ma occurs in the 3rd person of the present tense.

The past participle passive is formed from the infinitive by replacing the ending -ti with -tas, -ta .

The past participle passive is formed by adding -imas, -ima to the 3rd person future.

The gerundive is formed by adding the ending -nas, -na to the infinitive (with -ti ).
In the semi-participle, the ending -damas, -dama replaces the -ti of the infinitive.
The gerunds can be derived from the corresponding active participles by adding the -i of the nom. Sg. F. omits.

Declination of the participles

The passive participles ( dirbamas , dirbtas , dirbsimas ) and the gerundive ( dirbtinas ) inflect like adjectives in the 1st group. The female active participles are inflected like adjectives of the 2nd group, while the male forms follow the paradigm of the adjectives on -is in the 1st group - deviating from this only the nominative / vocative singular and plural is formed: In the short forms, im is not used Plural the -s ( dirbąs - dirbą, dirbęs - dirbę, turįs - turį ), the long forms of the present participles end in -ys ( dirbantis - dirbantys ).

Example declination for dirbąs and dirbęs :

	Present				preterite
	mask.		fem.		mask.		fem.
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative / vocative	dirb ąs (dirb antis )	DIRB ± (DIRB Antys )	dirb anti	dirb ančios	dirb ęs	dirb ę	dirb usi	dirb usios
Genitive	dirb ančio	dirb ančių	dirb ančios	dirb ančių	dirb usio	dirb usių	dirb usios	dirb usių
dative	dirb ančiam	dirb antiems	dirb ančiai	dirb ančioms	dirb usiam	dirb usiems	dirb usiai	dirb usioms
accusative	dirb antį	dirb ančius	dirb ančią	dirb ančias	dirb usį	dirb usius	dirb usią	dirb usias
Instrumental	dirb ančiu	dirb ančiais	dirb ančia	dirb ančiomis	dirb usiu	dirb usiais	dirb usia	dirb usiomis
locative	dirb ančiame	dirb ančiuose	dirb ančioje	dirb ančiose	dirb usiame	dirb usiuose	dirb usioje	dirb usiose

	certain shape
	Present				preterite
	mask.		fem.		mask.		fem.
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative / vocative	dirb antysis	dirb antieji	dirb ančioji	dirb ančiosios	dirb usysis	dirb usieji	dirb usioji	dirb usiosios
Genitive	dirb ančiojo	dirb ančiųjų	dirb ančiosios	dirb ančiųjų	dirb usiojo	dirb usiųjų	dirb usiosios	dirb usiųjų
dative	dirb ančiajam	dirb antiesiems	dirb ančiajai	dirb ančiosioms	dirb usiajam	dirb usiesiems	dirb usiajai	dirb usiosioms
accusative	dirb antįjį	dirb ančiuosius	dirb ančiąją	dirb ančiąsias	dirb usįjį	dirb usiuosius	dirb usiąją	dirb usiąsias
Instrumental	dirb ančiuoju	dirb ančiaisiais	dirb ančiąja	dirb ančiosiomis	dirb usiuoju	dirb usiaisiais	dirb usiąja	dirb usiosiomis
locative	dirb ančiajame	dirb ančiuosiuose	dirb ančiojoje	dirb ančiosiose	dirb usiajame	dirb usiuosiuose	dirb usiojoje	dirb usiosiose

The half participle occurs only in the nominative: m. Sg. Dirbdamas , pl. Dirbdami ; f. Sg. Dirbdama , Pl. Dirbdamos . The gerunds are indeclinable.

As with adjectives, all participles can be formed into a neuter form by omitting the final -s of the masculine form. In the case of the active participles, this is then identical to the masculine nominative plural. In addition to the neuter form, the gerundive also forms an adverb in -tinai .

The reflexive forms of the participles are rare and only appear in the nominative or prefixed verbs. If the participle of a non- prefixed reflexive verb is to be used in another case, the verb must also be prefixed so that the reflexive particle -si comes before the stem (see the section on prefixed verbs ).

	Nom. Sg. M.	Nom. Pl. M.	Nom. Sg. F.	Nom. Pl. F.
Ptz. Pres. Act.	dirbąsis	dirbąsi	dirbantis	dirbančiosi
Ptz. Pret. Act.	dirbęsis	dirbęsi	dirbusis	dirbusiosi

To express the genitive of the male active present participle, besidirbančio is used .

Emphasis on the participles

Essentially the same stress rules apply to participles as to adjectives. It is therefore usually sufficient to know the intonation class.

All active participles belong to the 1st intonation class, so they do not change their accentuation. The participles of the future and the repeated past are emphasized like the infinitive, the participle of the present like the corresponding root form (3rd person) from which it is derived. The participle of the unique past is also emphasized like the stem form (3rd person past), but here the accent is never on the prefix. It is called atnẽšęs, atnẽšusi "who brought", although the root form is àtnešė .

The only exception to this rule are the nominative and vocative forms of the male active present participles: the endings -ą̃s / -į̇̃s, -ą̃ / -į̇̃ and the endings of the certain forms -antỹsis / -intỹsis, -anti̇́eji / -inti̇́eji are emphasized, when the verb withdraws the accent on the prefix in the present (even if it has no prefix). The rules for accent withdrawal are detailed in the Prefixed Verbs section ; At this point only the relevant rules should be briefly summarized:

Only verbs with a monosyllabic present stem can withdraw the accent. Affected are:

Verbs of the 1st or 2nd class of inflection whose stem contains a simple short vowel ( a, e, i or u ) ( nešą̃s "carrying");
Verbs of the 1st class of inflection ( a class), whose stem contains the diphthong al̃, am̃ or ar und and whose infinitive ends in -ėti ( kalbą̃s "speaking");
Verbs of the 1st class of inflection, the stem of which contains Schleiftöniges il schle, im̃, iñ / į̇̃ or ir̃ in the infinitive , which is modified in the present tense to el̃, em̃, eñ or er̃ ( perką̃s "buying").

However, the ending cannot be emphasized if a reflexive suffix is added: nẽšąsis "well-growing". The long forms of the endings also remain unstressed: nẽšantis, nẽšantys .

The passive participles , the gerundive and the semi-participle also belong to the 1st intonation class, if the stem from which they are derived is not monosyllabic (decisive is the present stem for the present participle, the infinitive stem for the other forms, minus all prefixes) . The stress stays the same as in the corresponding verb stem, e.g. B. gyvén-ti (gyvẽn-a) “to live” (both stems are two-syllable) → gyvẽnamas, gyvéntas, gyvénsimas, gyvéntinas, gyvéndamas .

If the stem is monosyllabic, the participles generally belong to the 3rd or 4th intonation class. The intonation class depends on the accentuation in the corresponding root form. For example, of nèšti (nẽša) “wear” the present participle nẽšamas , the future participle nèšimas , the gerundive nèštinas and the half participle nèšdamas must be assigned to class 3 ^b , since the third from last syllable is accented or short; the past participle nèštas, on the other hand, belongs to class 4, since the penultimate syllable has the short tone. (Compare the overview of the intonation classes .)

There are two exceptions to this basic rule:

The present participle belongs to the 1st intonation class if the verb in the present tense belongs to the 3rd inflection class ( o- class).

The past participle emphasizes the prefix when the infinitive stem carries the short tone or the grinding tone: atnèšti → àtneštas "brought", praei̇̃ti → pràeitas "past", neliẽsti → nèliestas "untouched". It then belongs to intonation class 3 ^b .

The gerunds are emphasized as well as the verb forms from which they are formed.

The prefix pér- is stressed in all verb forms, including the participles.

use

The participles and the gerundive can initially be used attributive. They can also be supplemented with objects and bent. When translating, relative clauses have to be used:

skaitantis vyras "the reading man"
(knygą) skaičiusiai mergaitei "for the girl who 'read' (a book) (for the girl who read a book)"
skaitysiančiais berniukais "with the boys 'who will read' (with the boys who will read)"
skaitydavusi moteris "the woman who 'used to read' (the woman who always read)" ( this usage is very rare )
skaitoma knyga "the book [at the moment] read (the book that is read)"
(vyro) skaitytas žurnalas "the magazine [already] read (by the man) (the magazine that the man has read)"
skaitysimas laikraštis "the newspaper that will be read"
skaitytinas straipsnis "the article to be read"

In this function, only the long endings are used in the masculine active present and future participles in the nominative / vocative.

The participles of the present and the past are needed to form compound tenses .

Indirect speech is also reproduced with the nominative of the participles , cf. the section on Modus Relativus .

Since Lithuanian lacks a passive voice, the corresponding participles, often in the neuter form, are usually used for passive sentences without an agent:

Čia šokama. "People dance here."
Durys uždarytos. "The door is closed." ( State passive )

The half participle and the gerunds can be used instead of a temporal subordinate clause ( aplinkybiniai padalyviai , "adverbial gerunds"). Which form is used depends on the time relationship and the subject:

	Subject identical	Subject different
Subplot at the same time	Half participle ( Eidamas namo, sutikau draugą - "While I was going home, I met a friend.")	Gerund present tense ( Saulei šveičiant, ėjau į parką - "When the sun was shining, I went to the park.")
Subplot premature	Ptz. Prat. Act. ( Parėjęs namo, valgiau. - "After I returned home, I ate.")	Gerund simple past ( Motinai parėjus, pradėjome valgyti. - "After the mother came, we began to eat.")

The logical subject of the gerund sentence is always in the dative. However, it does not have to be used if it appears in the main clause as an accusative object or as a genitive attribute. Even impersonal accompanying sentences have no subject.

Only the gerunds of the present and the past can be used adverbially. However, all four gerunds can also be used attributively ( aiškinamieji padalyviai , “attributive gerunds”). They are mostly used with verbs of sensory perception and can often be translated with the infinitive. Sometimes you have to switch to a subordinate clause or even several sentences:

Draugai nematė verkiant merginos. "The friends didn't see the girl crying."
Jis parėjo namo ir rado žmoną mirus. "He returned home and found his wife dead."
Kaip jauti motiną pasielgsiant? "What does your feeling say: how will mother react?" (Literally: "How do you feel the mother is behaving?", With "behaving" in the future tense)
Sako kartais užeidavus jį į smuklę. "They say he stopped at the tavern from time to time."

Compound times

In Lithuanian, tenses ( sudurtiniai or sudėtiniai laikai ) can be combined with the auxiliary verb būti “sein” and the participles of the present and the (unique) past . The auxiliary verb can be in all four tenses of the indicative, in the subjunctive or in the imperative; even the unrealis of the past occurs ( būtų seniai atvykęs “it would have arrived long ago”). Since the participles are based on the gender and number of the subject, not only male and female speakers have to be distinguished ( esu dirbęs “I've already worked” for male speakers; women say “esu dirbusi”), but also the third person singular from the 3rd person plural (as opposed to all other verb forms).

The active present participle describes actions that are broken off while they are still in the making. In Lithuanian grammar, these compound forms are therefore called pradėtiniai laikai (roughly "beginning times"):

Buvau einąs iš gyvenamojo kambario, kai suskambo telefonas. "I was just about to leave the living room when the phone rang."
Būčiau jau namo bevažiuojąs, jeigu tu neuždavinėtum savo kvailų klausimų! "I'd be on my way home if you didn't ask your stupid questions!"

In addition, this form can be used to describe ongoing actions (progressive form):

Kai grįši, būsiu bemieganti. "When you come back, I'll be asleep."
Kai eisiu tavęs žiūrėti, geriau būk bedirbąs! "If I come to check on you, better be at work!"
Jau seniai beturinti trečią vaikelį. "She has had her third child for a long time."

Is important in the formation of this tense that the past participle always with the prefix loading is needed. In the presence of the auxiliary verb is not used, since the prefix loading is sufficient to indicate that it is the waveform.

With the active past participle one can express prematurity. This gives you the classic tenses perfect, past perfect, habitual past perfect and future exactum:

Buvau pavalgęs, kai mane pakvietei. "I had already eaten when you invited me."
Kai grįždavau namo, ji mane jau būdavo iš tolo mačiusi. "When I returned home, she had always seen me from afar."
Argi būtum parašęs tą laišką, jeigu mes būtume atvykusios valanda anksčiau? "Would you have already written the letter if we had come an hour earlier?"
Esu matęs. "I've seen this before."

A certain state of the subject is always associated with these compound times. Buvau valgęs can only mean that I am still full, while esu matęs is usually understood to mean that I have already had the experience of having seen the object - this can be any long ago, but never relates to objects that have just been viewed (The Lithuanian perfect is different from the perfect in other European languages). In order to identify the correct meaning, it helps to always include the word "already" in the translation.

As in German, the participle in these forms can have more or less completely lost the character of the verb and can only function as an adjective:

Žmona yra mirusi. "His wife has died."
Lapai buvo pageltę. "The leaves were yellowed."
Obuolys bus supuvęs. "The apple will be rotten."

The passive participles are used to form passive sentences. The state passive is formed with the passive past participle:

Laiškas jau yra išsiųstas. "The letter has already been sent."
Durys buvo uždarytos. "The door was locked."

The process passive can be formed with both passive participles:

Mylėk ir būk mylimas. "Love and be loved."
Ar toks patiekalas būtų valgomas? "Would such a dish be eaten?"
Šita knyga ką tik yra išleista. "This book was / is just published."
Kai sutartis buvo pasirašyta, visi palengvėjusiai atsiduso. "After the contract was / was signed, everyone breathed a sigh of relief."
Lietuvoje pirmasis gelezinkelio ruožas buvo nutiestas 1861 m. "The first railway line in Lithuania was / was built in 1861."

As can be seen from the examples, the present participle denotes simultaneity (or the course of an action), whereas the past participle denotes prematurity (or the conclusion of an action). In the last example, the past participle is used because a statement is made about when the construction of the railway line was completed . In the sentences with the past participle, the process passive can easily be replaced by the state passive.

However, in general, Lithuanian prefers the use of active phrases:

Manęs neklausė. "I was not asked." (Literally: "I was not asked.")

Supinum

A special verb form for the supinum has only survived in Ostaukschtaitic dialects. From there it also finds its way into the standard written language. Its form is identical to the 3rd person of the subjunctive:

Einu uogautų. "I'm going to pick berries."
Kada susirinksime pietautų? "When do we want to meet for lunch?"
Motina siuntė mane vilko gaudytų. "The mother sent me to catch the wolf."

As can be seen in the last example, the direct object of the supinum is in the genitive.

Today the infinitive is usually used instead of the supine. The direct object is still in the genitive: Einam žaisti krepšinio! "Let's go play basketball!"

Infinitive II ( Būdinys )

The Lithuanian language provides an efficient means of reinforcing sentence statements: the būdinys , translated as the infinitive II in some grammars . This verb form is formed by replacing the final -i of the common infinitive with -e . The infinitive II never has prefixes or a reflexive ending. It directly precedes the finite verb form and is formed from the same verb:

Jis bėgte bėgo. "He ran as fast as his feet could carry him."
Jos veidas strazdanų sėte nusėtas. "Her face is covered with freckles from top to bottom."
Saulė deginte degindavo. "The sun kept burning down mercilessly."
Dėl visko skųste skundžiasi. "This wretch complains about everything."

Since German has no corresponding verb form, the reinforcement in the translation can only be expressed through explanatory additions.

Irregular verbs

The verb būti “to be” in the present tense is the only irregular verb, as the forms are derived from the root form * esa , but the 3rd person is yra .

aš esu - "I am"
do esi - "you are"
jis / ji yra - "he / she is"
mes esame - "we are"
jūs esate - "you are"
jie / jos yra - "they are"

This also applies to the forms of the participles and the gerund in the present tense:

esąs / esantis
esamas
esant

Prefixed Verbs

The Lithuanian language has numerous prefixes that can specify or change the meaning of a verb:

prefix	Meanings (selection)
ap (i) -	around, superficially
at (i) -	here, finally, again
loading	Meanwhile
į-	in, in
iš-	out, out, done
no-	Not
incidental	no more
nu-	down, totally, reach
pa-	for a short time, completed, again
par-	back-
by-	over, over, through
pre-	over-, away-
pri-	to, to, to-, to-
su-	together-
te-	should, only
life-	still
už-	behind, up, to visit, begin

The concrete meaning depends heavily on the verb used, e.g. B. atnešti means "bring here", atvykti "arrive", atidegti "catch fire again".

The prefix ap- is expanded to api- if the verb stem begins with a b or p . Likewise, at- becomes ati- if it is followed by d or t .

If a reflexive verb is given a prefix, then -si- is inserted between the prefix and the stem as a further prefix ; the reflective ending is omitted. Compare:

Vakar maudžiausi. "I took a bath yesterday."
Vakar atsimaudžiau. "Yesterday I took a bath until I lost my appetite."
Ar to dar tikiesi? "Do you still hope for it?"
To nebesitiki. "You don't hope for that anymore."

The prefixes be, ne (be) - and te (be) - merge with yra to bėra, nėra , etc. If these prefixes are used with the other present forms of būti “to be” or with forms of eiti “to go”, this is omitted (last) e of the prefix: nesu "I am not", neis "he will not go", ten nebėjau "I did not go there anymore." Sometimes the same procedure is used with the forms of egzistuoti "exist": tai teb (e) egzistuoja “that still exists”.

The stress of prefixed verbs is subject to the following rules:

The prefix pér- is always stressed. (The following points only deal with prefixes except pér- .)

Only the present and the unique past can emphasize the prefix: àtneša "he brings", àtnešė "he brought", but atnèšti, atnèšdavo, atnèš "bring, he used to bring, he will bring".

Only verbs with a monosyllabic stem (present or past tense stem) can emphasize the prefix: prigalvója "he breaks his head", since the stem is galvoj- two-syllable. (In the following only verbs with a monosyllabic stem are meant.)

Emphasis rules for the present:
- Verbs of the 1st or 2nd class of inflection, whose stem contains a simple short vowel ( a, e, i or u ), emphasize the prefix: i̇̀štariame "we speak out", àtnešu "I bring", nesi̇̀tiki "he does not hope", nègeria “he doesn't drink”. Combinations of vowels and l, m, n or r are considered mixed diphthongs and do not fall under this rule, e.g. B. patiñka “I like it” because iñ is a mixed diphthong in the tiñk- stem .
- Verbs of the 1st class of inflection, the stem of which contains the diphthong il schle, im̃, iñ or ir̃ in the infinitive , which is modified in the present tense to el̃, em̃, eñ or er̃ , emphasize the prefix: i̇̀šrenku "I choose" (infinitive išriñkti ), nùkerta jam aũsį “he cuts off his ear” (infinitive nukir̃sti ), Si̇́elvartas jo niẽkada nèkremta. “ Grief never gnaws at him.” (Infinitive krim̃sti )
  This rule also applies if the infinitive contains į̇̃ and the present stem eñ , since į in the root of the word has developed from in : Žẽmė kietà, žãgrė nèlenda. "The ground is hard, the plow cannot penetrate." (Infinitive lį̇̃sti )

Stress rules for the unique past:

Verbs of the 2nd inflection class ( ė -class) with a loop-like or short-vowel stem, which belong to the 1st inflection class ( a -class) in the present tense , emphasize the prefix: To man nèdavė. “They didn't give me that” (3rd person present dúoda ); sriubà nùvirė "the soup is cooked" (3rd person present vérda ).

If the emphasis is on the prefix, the last syllable in front of the stem is always stressed: nesi̇̀tikiu “I hope not”, ati̇̀davei “you gave back”, neàtnešėme “we did not bring it”.

Most of the prefixes use the short tone when they are stressed. Deviating only be i and par schleiftönig and Pér stoßtönig emphasized.

The stress rules for the prefix take precedence over the rule of the penultimate syllable for the 1st and 2nd person. So it is sukù "I turn (something)", but nèsuku (because nèsuka leaves the penultimate syllable unstressed).

Dual forms of verbs

Even when the subject of a sentence is used in the dual, Lithuanian usually uses the plural forms of the verb. Dual forms of verbs have survived almost only in some dialects. However, their formation is quite regular:

In non-reflexive verbs, all verb forms end in -me in the 1st person plural . This ending is replaced by -va in the dual , thus laukiava “we both wait”, krisiva “we both will fall”, klaustuva “we both would ask”, eikiva “let us (both) go”. In the second person, the plural ending -te is replaced by the dual ending -ta .

In the case of reflexive verbs, the corresponding endings are -vos and -tos : maudėtos "both of you bathed".

Since verbs of the 3rd person are identical in all numbers, there are no special dual endings available.

Verbal stem formation

The Lithuanian verb has three stem forms: infinitive, present and simple past. The juxtaposition of these stems is not completely arbitrary, as it may seem at first glance, but follows certain rules that make it possible to derive the simple past (and infinitive) from the present tense.

class	Present	infinitive	preterite	Type
a- class, sub-class 1	veda	vesti	vedė	a / ė class
a class, subclass 2	suka	sukti	suko	a / o class
a- class, sub-class 3	perka	pirki	pirko	a / o class with ablaut
a class, sub-class 4	gimsta	gimti	gimė	a / ė class with ablaut
a class, subclass 5	mina	minti	mynė	a / ė class with elongation
a class, subclass 6	laukia	laukti	laukė	ia / ė class
a- class, sub-class 7	geria	gerti	gėrė	ia / ė class with elongation
a class, subclass 8	nyksta	nykti	nyko	st class
a class, subclass 9	krinta	Kristi	crito	n -instituting class
a class, subclass 10	kauna	kauti	kovė	n -suffing class
a class, subclass 11	badauja	badauti	badavo	au -suffing class
a class, subclass 12	važiuoja	važiuoti	važiavo	uo - consuming class
i class	mini	minėti	minėjo	-
o -class, subclass 1	sako	sakyti	sake	o / ė class
o -class, subclass 2	bijo	bijoti	bijojo	o / ojo class

The following rules of derivation can be established for the first-class verbs:

If the root vowel is e and the stem ends in a resonant (m, n, r, l): ė -Präteritum with ablaut (subclass 4).
Is the root vowel e , followed by m, n, r or l and consonant: o -Präteritum with ablaut (subclass 3).
If the root vowel is e and the stem ends in a plosive: ė -Präteritum (subclass 1).
If the root vowel is i and the stem ends in a resonant (m, n, r, l): ė -Präteritum with stretching (subclass 5).
If the root vowel is not e : o -Präteritum (subclass 2).

A few verbs cannot be integrated into this system:

Leisti, Leidžia, Leido "allow"
bristi, brenda, brido "wade"
skristi, skrenda, skrido "fly"
gauti, gauna, gavo "get"
auti, auna, avė "put on shoes"
tekėti, teka, tekėjo "run"
miegoti, miega, miegojo "sleep"
būti, yra, buvo "to be"
eiti, eina, ėjo "go"
duoti, duoda, davė "give"
arti, aria, arė "plow"
šluoti, šluoja, šlavė "to sweep"
gesti, gęsta, geso "to go out"
imti, ima, ėmė "take"
virti, verda, virė "to cook"
pulti, puola, puolė "ambushed"

Knowledge of the basic forms is sufficient for the formation of all other Lithuanian verbal forms. Derived from the individual stems (here illustrated using the verb gauti "get"; the forms listed are those of the 3rd person or the masculine nominative singular):

from the present stem:
- Stem
  : gáun-
  - Present tense: gáun a
  - Present participle Active: gáun ąs
  - Present participle passive: gáun amas
  - Gerund present tense: gáun ant

from the preterital stem:
- Tribe: gãv-
  - Simple past: gãv o

from the infinitive stem
- Stem : gáu-
  - Future tense : gaũ s

Regular sound changes

For all parts of speech, two changes in sound occur regularly in the stem end (i.e. immediately before the ending):

t alternates with č
d alternates with dž

The focus is č or dž in all word forms in which the ending with i followed by another vowel (except e starts). In all other cases t or d is used .

Examples:

katė "cat" has the ending -ių in the plural genitive , so it is kačių .

žodi's “word” has the ending -iai in the nominative plural , meaning žodžiai .

tuščias “empty” has the ending -i in the masculine nominative plural , i.e. tušti .

accompli “to let” is present in the 3rd person sorryžia . The second person singular in the present tense with the ending -i is derived from this, so it reads (tu) leidi .

matyti “see” has the root form matė in the past tense . The 1st person singular is derived from it with the ending -iau : (aš) mačiau .

syntax

General

As a synthetic language, Lithuanian has a certain freedom in the sequence of parts of the sentence. Both the sequence subject-predicate and the other way around are possible: vaikas eina - eina vaikas “the child goes”. The same applies to the direct object kala vinį - vinį kala “(he) hits a nail”. It is not necessary to use the personal pronoun. In the third person in particular, it must then be inferred from the context whether there are several or one person, whether they are male or female. The adjective regularly comes before the noun and matches the attributed noun in terms of gender, number and case.

The use of the genitive for quantities is unusual:

keleta vyrų "some men"
stiklinė sulčių "a glass of juice"
litras vandens "one liter of water"

Even if the amount is not explicitly named and is indefinite, the genitive case is used, compare:

Atnešė vyšnių ir medaus. "He brought cherries and honey."
Atnešė vyšnias ir medų. "He brought the cherries and honey with him." (It is known here how much is being spoken of.)

The genitive always precedes (except for quantities) - in contrast to the Slavic languages. The order only agrees with the German if the Lithuanian word group is translated with a German compound word:

naujas vyrų ir moterų drabužių salonas "new men's and women's clothing store " (as a genitive construction, the components must be rearranged: "new clothing store for men and women")

nacionalinis dramos teatras "National Drama Theater"

mano draugo mokytojo namas "the house of my friend's teacher" (a literal translation is also possible: "my friend's teacher's house")

mano mokytojo draugo namas "the house of my teacher's friend"

An adjective that describes the entire group of words in more detail can either appear at the beginning of the phrase or before the corresponding reference word:

naujas mano mokytojo draugo namas or mano mokytojo draugo naujas namas "the new house of my friend's teacher" (or "my teacher's friend's new house")

If the adjective relates to a part of the word group, this can lead to ambiguities: Since naujas mokytojo draugas "the teacher's new friend" and naujo mokytojo draugas "the new teacher's friend" both have the same genitive, naujo mokytojo draugo namas both “the house of the teacher's new friend” and “the house of the new teacher's friend” are called.

If a subordinate clause is formed with a gerund construction, the action carrier is in the dative: Jam ateinant, aš išėjau. "When he came, I went away."

The pronounced case distinction is used abundantly in Lithuanian. B. likes to use parallel constructions that differ only in the cases used. The verbatim speeches in the “ little prince ” are usually accompanied by either tarė Mažasis princas “said the little prince” or tariau Mažajam princui “I said to the little prince”.

Rection of Verbs

Lithuanian verbs can rule the genitive, dative, accusative or instrumental.

As in German, a direct object is in the accusative case. B. matyti “see”, skaityti “read” or žaisti “(play a game)” the fourth case. It is noted here that is used in a negated sentence instead of the accusative, the genitive (see negation ).

Verbs that have a concept of absence in their meaning rule the genitive. This subheading includes B. norėti “want”, linkėti “wish” and prašyti “ask”: What one wants, wishes or what one asks is missing. Also in this category belong laukti “waiting”, bijoti “being afraid”, mokytis “learning”, reikėti “needing” and of course trūkti “missing”. The genitive is also used when such a verb is elliptically omitted (which is a common occurrence), e.g. B. (linkiu) gero apetito " Bon appetit " or alaus (prašom) "a beer (please)".

An indirect object is in the dative, which is why this case, as in German z. B. is ruled by rašyti "to write". Also skambinti "call" requires the dative, (ie an indirect object) since it concerns with the person called to the receiver of the call. There are also a number of impersonal verbs that require a dative object instead of a subject, e.g. B.

reikėti “need”: Man reikia žmonos. "I need a woman."
trūkti “missing” (as in German): Ko tau trūksta? "What's wrong with you?"
skausti "pain": Man skauda koją. "My leg hurts." (Note here that the cause of the pain is in the accusative.)

A remedy or a cause is usually given in the instrumental. For example, the following verbs in this case: groti "(to play an instrument)", džiaugtis "to be happy about eternal " , sirgti "to suffer from eternal " , kvepėti "to smell of eternal ".

negation

To form a negative statement, the Lithuanian verb must first be negated. This is done with the prefix ne- "not" or next- "no more". For details on the prefixation of reflexive verbs, the verbs būti “sein” and eiti “go”, as well as details on the stressing of negative verbs, see the section on verbs with prefixes .

In contrast to German, the verb remains negated in Lithuanian even if there are other negative words in the sentence, such as B. nieko “nothing”, niekada “never”, nė “not a single one” or joks “ none ”: Niekas niekada nieko nematė. "Nobody has ever seen anything." (Literally: "Nobody has never failed to see anything.")

The direct object is always in the genitive in negative sentences. This is often understood as an extension of the genitive in indefinite quantities , because if something is missing it is not known how much of it is missing.

Matau bokštą. "I see the tower / a tower."
Nematau bokšto. "I don't see the tower / I don't see a tower."

The genitive case is also used when būti “to be” is negated , since the subject of the sentence (in an indefinite amount) is missing. This also explains why some verbs rule the genitive, compare the statements:

Miltų neturiu. "I have no flour."
Miltų nėra. “There is no flour. (There is no flour.) "
Miltų trūksta. "There is no flour."
Miltų norėčiau. "I want flour."

The use of the genitive in people is also unusual: Manęs nėra. "I am not there."

prepositions

Prepositions can require the genitive, accusative or instrumental case. The dative is used exclusively without a preposition, where the preposition “for” is used in German.

With the genitive z. B. ant "up", prie "before, at, at", virš "above, above", iš "off".

With the accusative z. B. į “in” (to the question “where to?”), Pas “to, at”, prieš “before; against ", by " over (across) ".

With the instrumental z. B. su "with", sulig "same".

Some prepositions have different meanings depending on the case in which they stand, e.g. B. po with genitive "nach" (temporal), with accusative "durch, in ... umher", with instrumental "unter"; už with genitive “behind”, with accusative “for, in exchange for”.

There is generally no distinction between direction and place as in German: ant stalo "on the table" or "on the table", pas motiną "at the mother's" or "to the mother". Only į always denotes the direction, because the place is described with the locative: į Vilnių "to Vilnius", Vilniuje "in Vilnius".

Individual evidence

^ Daniel Petit: Studies on the Baltic languages . Brill, Leiden 2010, pp. 215f.

literature

Vytautas Ambrazas (Ed.): Lithuanian Grammar. Baltos lankos, Vilnius 1997.
Rainer Eckert: Lithuanian. In: Lexicon of the Languages of the European East. (Comprehensive lexicon article on the Lithuanian language - here as a pdf document: [1] ; PDF; 387 kB)
Asta Adelė Rėbždaitė (editor): Lietuvių kalbos žinynas. Šviesa, Kaunas 2003. ISBN 5-430-03745-1
Alfred Senn: Handbook of the Lithuanian Language. Volume 1: Grammar. Winter, Heidelberg 1966.
Danguolė Mikulėnienė, Antanas Pakerys, Bonifacas Stundžia: Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos kirčiavimo žinynas. Vilniaus pedagoginio universiteto Leidykla, Vilnius 2007.

Prussian-Lithuanian grammars

Daniel Klein: Compendium Lituanico-Germanicum, Or Kurtze and quite a clear reference to the Lithuanian language. Koenigsberg 1654
Christian Mielcke: The beginnings of a Lithuanian language teaching . Königsberg 1800 ( Google Books )
Friedrich Kurschat: Contributions to the knowledge of the Lithuanian language. First volume: German-Lithuanian phraseology of prepositions. Königsberg 1843, second volume: Phonology and tone theory of the Lithuanian language. Königsberg 1849 ( Google Books )
August Schleicher: Handbook of the Lithuanian Language. 2 vols., 1856/57 ( Google Books )
Friedrich Kurschat: Grammar of the Lithuanian language. Hall 1876 ( digitized )
Christoph Jurkschat: Short German grammar or language teaching for Prussian and Russian Littauer, as well as Szameiten for the right learning of the German language . Tilsit 1900 ( digitized version )
J.Schiekopp / Alexander Kurschat: Lithuanian Elementary Grammar . Tilsit 1901. Part I: Form theory ( online ). Part II: Syntax ( online )

Web links

Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas Lithuanian dictionary of the contemporary language (monolingual) with indication of the ancestral forms and intonation classes

Lietuvių kalbos žodynas Comprehensive Lithuanian dictionary (monolingual) with details of the ancestral forms and intonation classes

Kirčiuoklė Internet tool (Lithuanian, English) that gives Lithuanian texts accent marks
Center of Computational Linguistics at Vytautas Magnus University in Vilnius (Lithuanian, English): Linguistic aids and tools
LITHUANIAN OUT LOUD Free language course: (simple) English - Lithuanian. Lots of idioms, inflections, grammar, mp3 download
book2 language course: German - Lithuanian. Idioms, free download in mp3 format
Lithuanian lessons ( Memento of June 8, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Free video language course: English - Lithuanian

[1] Daniel Petit: Studies on the Baltic languages . Brill, Leiden 2010, pp. 215f.