Grammar terms in German

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The article Grammar Terms in German lists frequently used grammatical terms of Latin origin (or from Latin word material) as encountered in academic literature, and contrasts them with the corresponding German terms that are common in traditional grammar and school grammar . The comparisons are not always a pure translation of terms - especially in the area of syntax, there may be other systems behind the German-language names than behind the Latinized ones, see the notes for individual terms.

There are cases in which grammatical terms have experienced a change in meaning in the past. Also there are sometimes different terms depending on different perspectives or schools. As a result of all this, it may be the case that Latin names have several different German equivalents, or some German names have several Latin-German equivalents. This is also noted in the respective cases.

Designations for phenomena that can only be found in other languages ​​but not in German (e.g. vocative, dual or uttrum) were also included. Appearances for which only German terms are common (such as stem , root , word formation ) were not specifically listed . Some German terms are even used in international specialist literature, e.g. B. in English, used, especially: ablaut , umlaut , action type .

Parts of speech

German names Latin-German names Examples Hints
Nominal word, name word noun (see explanation below)
Noun, thing word Noun (um) Tree, childhood, house For subspecies of the noun, see below
Adjective, epithet, word Adjective (um), rarely: qualitative big, faster, green
Gender word, companion items the, a
pronoun
  • personal
  • related
  • indefinite pronoun
 pronoun
  • I
  • themselves
  • someone
 For further pairs of terms for subspecies see pronouns # classification
Numeral Numerals three, third
Verb, activity word, do (n) word (in elementary school) Verb (um) go, ask, lie
Connecting word, joining word conjunction because, and The sub- types of co-ordinating conjunction (e.g. and) and subordinate conjunction (e.g., because) are sometimes viewed as different parts of speech.
Preface, preface, position word Preposition , adposition on, in, with, of “Foreword” or “preposition” actually only applies to prepositions. The more general term “adposition”, which also includes trailing words (e.g. in “for the sake of the children”) is not very common outside of academic texts.
Circumstances, subword Adverb (ium) yesterday, here For subtypes of the adverb see adverb # classes of meaning
Exclamation word, sentiment word Interjection ouch, ugh
More information
  • Nouns, adjectives, articles, pronouns, numerals are declined (in German) and verbs are conjugated . They are all inflected parts of speech (they are declined or conjugated).
  • Conjunction, preposition, adverb and interjection are inflectable parts of speech (they always keep their form).
  • Noun and noun :
Traditionally, from the Greek and Latin grammar, nouns are used in the broadest sense to denote the declinable parts of speech (noun, adjective, article, pronoun, numerals). Current school grammar often equates nouns (nouns, nouns) with nouns and thus follows the usage of English and French-language specialist literature.
Subtypes of the noun (and thus also of the noun)
German names Latin-German names
Conceptual word Abstraction
Noun (in the narrower sense) Concrete
Proper name ( Latin noun proprium )
Generic name , generic name Appellative (um)
Collective name, collective term, collective term Collective
Substance name , substance description Material noun ( Latin noun materiale )

Word formation and word structure

German name Latin-German name
simple word simplex
compound word, composition compound
Word derivation Derivation
prefix prefix
suffix Suffix , postfix
  • Note: Prefixes and especially suffixes are often not syllables in the sense of spoken syllables . The German terms “prefix, suffix” are viewed as incorrect in linguistics; or they are interpreted in such a way that they are based on an otherwise uncommon term language syllable (= morpheme ).

Word forms / grammatical features

Note: Noun is used here in the traditional, broad meaning of declinable word (see the note under #Word types ).

German name Latin-German name Hints
case
  • 1. case / case / nominal case
  • 2. Case / essence case / witness case
  • 3. Fall / Wemfall / Infestation
  • 4. Case / Wenfall / Lawsuit
  • 5th case / salutation / call case
 case With nouns. - The traditional numbering of cases from 1 to 4 is actually not a fixed designation and is not used in some newer grammars and textbooks, as well as in scientific literature. For example, the Duden grammar (2009) uses a sequence nominative - accusative - dative - genitive. Likewise, the vocative is used as the 5th case in traditional Latin grammar, but not necessarily in the grammar of other languages.
number
  • singular
  • Plural
  • Two number
 number For nouns and verbs.
Not with indefinite verb forms .

word used only in the singular		 Singularetantum
(plural: Singulariatantum , later also Singularetantum or Singularetanta)

word used only in plural		 Pluraletantum
(plural: Pluraliatantum , younger also Singularetantums or Singularetanta)
gender
  • male
  • Female
  • neutrally
  • together, together
 genus With nouns.
increase
  • 1st stage
  • 2nd stage
  • 3rd stage
 Comparison
  • positive
  • comparative
  • superlative
 Adjectives and some adverbs are increased
Time (tense)
  • present
  • Past ( Austrian  past)
  • Perfect present ( Austrian  past)
  • Perfect past ( Austrian  past)
  • future
  • Perfect future (forward future)
 Tense With verbs. - While the past tense used to be the generic term for three past tenses (imperfect, perfect, past perfect), today in school grammar the past tense is the term for the unassembled past tense, formerly called imperfect .
Form of action, status form, type of action, direction of action
  • Form of act, form of activity
  • Form of suffering, form of suffering
 Gender verbi , verb (al) genus, verb (al) gender; Action form; Diathesis With verbs.
Form of assertion
  • Reality form
  • Possibility form
  • Imperative
  • Conditional form
 mode With verbs.
Indefinite verb form Infinite verb form , infinitive Verb form that is not determined by person , number ( number ) and mode, d. H. is independent of it. The infinite verb forms also include participles (if they are not classified as adjectives).
Nominal form, basic form Citation form The terms "nominal form" and "infinitive" are not synonymous. In German, the infinitive is used as a nominal form / citation form, but other forms can also be used in this function in the grammar of other languages.
Middle word
  • - the presence
  • - the past
 participle
Diffraction; Austrian also bend Flexion Generic term for declension and conjugation. Declination in nouns, conjugation in verbs.
Correspondence (of features) congruence Feature matching, if required by grammar rules, e.g. B. in German between article and noun in gender / gender.

Sentence theory (syntax)

German name Latin-German name Hints
Sentence subject subject In linguistics, the meaning is not always the same, see subject (grammar) #Subject and sentence object
Sentence statement predicate Sometimes a different scope is associated with “predicate”, see there
Completion of sentences, supplement for short object In German linguistics, the term “ supplement ” is also used, but more in the meaning of argument .
Attachment attribute
Addition, provision apposition (to be distinguished from adposition , cf. the part of speech preposition)
Circumstance determination adverbial determination , adverbial determination , adverbial, adverbial In some traditions sentence adverbials that are single words (e.g. perhaps ) are not counted among the circumstances, but are called "modal words".
passing verb, aiming verb aiming verb, transitive verb, transitive (um) Traditionally often restricted to verbs with an accusative supplement
transient verb, non-aiming verb non-aiming verb, intransitive verb, intransitive (um) Verbs without a supplement, or there with a different case than accusative
Subordinate clause , also: subordinate clause
  • Attachment phrase
    • Reference rate
  • Content set
  • Circumstance rate
    • Time rate
    • Conditional sentence
    • Justification
    • Grant rate
    • Following sentence
    • Purpose, intention, goal sentence
 subordinated sentence
Question sentence Interrogative clause
Exclamation sentence Exclamative clause

Phonology (Phonetics / Phonology)

German name Latin-German name Hints
Self-loud vocal
consonant consonant
Double sound diphthong
glide Half vowel, and various other equivalents See in the article sliding volume

Concepts of modern linguistics

Value valence
Dependency Dependency
component Constituents
complement Complement , argument, or object “ Complement ” is used in various narrow and broader meanings.
specification Modifier , adjunct The terms mentioned do not have the same meaning, but often overlap in the matter. The free dative counts z. B. as an indication , but not as a modifier.

See also

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ duden.de: Qualitative
  2. ↑ Student dude grammar. A language teaching with exercises and solutions , 2nd ed. 1981, p. 259 u. 402
  3. ↑ So the explanation in: Duden. The grammar. 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim 2009. p. 38
  4. ↑ Only in: Duden. The grammar. 8th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim 2009. P. 775ff.
  5. ↑ Dudengrammatik 2009, p. 780