Cadastral survey

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This article or paragraph presents the situation in Germany . Help us to describe the situation in other countries.

In a cadastral survey , parcel boundaries are checked and determined, new parcels are formed, buildings are measured or usage limits are recorded. In Germany , as in other European countries, there is a real estate cadastre that contains all parcels. A property is defined in the land register and can consist of several parcels. Cadastral surveys are sovereign surveys that, depending on the federal state, may only be carried out by cadastral authorities ( surveying offices ), publicly appointed surveyors and land consolidation authorities and other surveying agencies.

Classification of cadastral surveys

In Germany there are different ways of classifying cadastral surveys. Depending on the reason for the survey, cadastral surveys are divided into original, new and continuation surveys:

  • Initial measurements are used to set up the cadastre for the first time. Property boundaries are set for the first time. Primary measurements were first carried out in Germany at the beginning of the 19th century, but also partly in the 20th century. Original measurements are also available for land consolidations and with regard to the definition of new boundaries within the scope of a division survey.
  • Re-measurements are used to re-measure several parcels or a larger area. They serve to renew the cadastre.
  • Continuation measurements are measurements for the continuation of the cadastre. This mainly includes pitch measurements , but also z. B. Building measurements to measure the existing building stock, with which the property map is then completed.

Cadastral surveys can also be classified according to the objects of the survey. In cadastral surveys, not only property boundaries and buildings are recorded, but also usage and estimation boundaries, but also topographical conditions.

In order for the measurement to be entered in the land register, the notarial certification of the measurement approval is required.

The cadastral survey technically

As a rule, only the two-dimensional position of the situation is relevant, while the height is not shown in the cadastre . According to today's administrative regulations, the aim is to implement a coordinate register .

The most important methods for measuring boundary points , building points, usage type limits , etc. are:

  • the polar recording ( direction and distance ), which is carried out with the help of electronic tachymeters (total stations).
    • Starting from an already determined measurement point as a standpoint and the determination of the orientation of the pitch circle by measurement to further already determined measurement points, the new points are polarized and / or measured.
    • Or a free polygon is measured, from whose kink points the points to be recorded are measured polar. If a connection to the national fixed point field is required, its points are also measured and the calculated local coordinates are transformed into the national system (superordinate national coordinates) using a Helmert transformation . Another possibility to determine national coordinates is also offered by the adjustment calculation (see coordinate register )
    • By resection , one determines the position of the instrument station ( stand ) by measuring with known or parent survey points. The new points are then polar staked and / or measured from the now known position .
    • Tension measures ( blocked dimensions ) between individual points (with a measuring tape or a small EDM device) serve as a control of the actual measurement.
  • Point determination by GPS measurement (e.g. RTK measurement , SAPOS ) is mostly used to measure the higher-level survey point field to which the cadastral measurements are then connected.
  • The earlier frequent point determination using the orthogonal method (measurement of right-angled distances on a measurement line) or the integration method (one side of the house is extended into the border and the section is appropriate) has gained in importance due to the use of modern electronic total stations , GPS measurement and the creation of the modern coordinate register lost, but will never be able to disappear entirely.

Historical measurement methods

  • A historical method for measuring boundary, building and other points is the orthogonal method with an angled prism or a cross disk and measuring rods , measuring chain or measuring tape as well as alignment rods . Relay measurement was used in the hilly terrain, as was the measuring table for some operations . The orthogonal method is still used to display the measurement results in the continuation plan in order to be able to ensure a comparison with the dimensions determined earlier. However, the measurement results are often based on converted polar data. This must be documented in the continuation plan.
  • From antiquity to early modern times, metal measuring chains were the most important means of measuring distances and thus also determining points.

Notice

See also

literature

  • Dieter Dresbach, Otto Kriegel: Cadastral ABC. 3. Edition. Wichmann-Verlag, Heidelberg 1995, ISBN 3-87907-271-X .
  • Otto Kriegel, Günter Herzfeld: cadastral studies in individual representations. Wichmann-Verlag, Heidelberg 2007, issue 1 and issue 2.
  • Heribert Kahmen: Surveyors. 19th, revised edition. De Gruyter textbook, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1997, ISBN 3-11-015399-8 .
  • Christoph Twaroch: Cadastral and land surveying law. New scientific publisher, Vienna 2009.
  • Gerhard Muggenhuber, Christoph Twaroch: Cadastre. In: Rechberger / Kletecka: Land law in Austria. Vienna 2004, Manz publishing house.
  • Norbert Fuhrmann: Border investigation in the real estate cadastre. 2nd Edition. 2018. (PDF file; 11164 kB).

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