Grindelia squarrosa
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Grindelia squarrosa |
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| ( Pursh ) Dunal |
Grindelia squarrosa is a plant from the genus grindelia in the family of Compositae (Asteraceae). It thrives in the steppes of the Great Plains . It is best known for its resin , which wasusedas a remedy by the Native American peopleand is used in homeopathy . The generic name honors the German-Baltic doctor, pharmacist and botanist David Hieronymus Grindel (1776–1836).
description
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Vegetative characteristics
Grindelia squarrosa grows as a biennial to perennial , herbaceous plant or shrub . However, it usually blooms in the first year and is short-lived. It reaches stature heights of rarely only 10 to mostly 40 to 100 centimeters. The independently upright stem axis is bald and whitish or straw-colored, rarely reddish or grayish.
The alternate distributed to the stem axis arranged leaves are in the lower region stalked above sitting. The base of the leaf is more or less encompassing the stem. The leaf blade is seldom 10 to mostly 15 to 70 millimeters in length two to five, rarely up to ten times as long as it is broad and oval, ovate, obovate or oblong to spatulate, obverse lanceolate, lanceolate or linear. The leaf margin is usually notched to serrated, with three to six or more rounded to blunt, resinous teeth per centimeter, more rarely it is entire. The top of the blade is blunt or pointed. Both sides of the blade are glabrous and strongly dotted with glands .
Generative characteristics
The flowering period in North America extends from July to September or sometimes October. The basket-shaped inflorescences are rarely individually, but mostly in open or crowded schirmtraubigen total inflorescences together. The enveloping calyx ( involucre ) is 6 to 11 millimeters high and 8 to 20 millimeters in diameter, wide-pitcher-shaped to hemispherical or spherical. The bracts (involucral sheets ) standing in five or six rows are bent back to spread out or pressed. The bracts are thread-like or linear to lanceolate-linear or lanceolate-subfromate with subupus to cylindrical cross-section. Their upper end is often more or less bent to hook-like or curled outwards, more rarely almost straight. The bracts are moderately to strongly resinous.
A flower head contains 24 to 36 (12 to 40) ray-florets , sometimes ray-florets are missing completely, and many tubular florets . The tongues of the ray florets are 8 to 14 millimeters long.
fruit
The whitish, straw-colored, brown or gray achenes are 1.5 to 4.5 millimeters long. Their upper ends are smooth, crown-like or knob-like. Their sides are smooth, streaky, or ± furrowed. The pappus usually consists of two or three, rarely up to eight scales or awns . The smooth or bearded, awl-shaped scales can be straight, sinuous or curled. The awns are bristle-shaped. With a length of 2.5 to 5.5 millimeters, the pappus is shorter than the tubular flowers.
Chromosome number
The basic chromosome number is x = 6; there is diploidy with a chromosome number of 2n = 12.
Occurrence
Originally, Grindelia squarrosa was probably widespread in the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains . From there it has spread widely and is widespread in North America from southern Canada across the entire United States with the exception of the southeast to the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua .
Neophytic occurrences were also reported from Ukraine and Central Germany.
Grindelia squarrosa thrives on wasteland and along roadsides on preferably dry soils , but also on moist subsoil. In overgrazed areas this species is often populous.
Systematics
It was first published in 1813 under the name ( Basionym ) Donia squarrosa by Frederick Traugott Pursh in Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, ... , 2, page 559. The new combination to Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal was published in 1819 by Michel Félix Dunal in Mémoires du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle , 5, page 50. In the Flora of Northamerica 2010, Grindelia aphanactis Rydberg , Grindelia nuda Alph.Wood , Grindelia nuda var. Aphanactis (Rydberg) GLNesom , Grindelia serrulata Rydberg , Grindelia squarrosa var. Nuda (Alph.Wood) A.Gray , Grindelia squarrosa var. Serrulata (Rydberg) Steyermark as synonyms for Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal .
Of Grindelia squarrosa were varieties described, but they are not recognized by many authors:
- Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal var. Squarrosa
- Grindelia squarrosa var. Serrulata G.L. Nesom
- Grindelia squarrosa var. Nuda (Alph.Wood) A.Gray - It is also controversial whether these plant specimens without tongue flowers are a separate species of Grindelia nuda Wood .
Grindelia squarrosa forms natural hybrids with Grindelia arizonica in Arizona and New Mexico.
use
Grindelia squarrosa was used as a medicinal plant by many Native Americans. The Blackfoot used root extracts for liver problems. The Cheyenne used the flower resin for skin diseases. Other peoples used extracts from the resin of the plants for colds, stomach aches or as a contraceptive.
The plant is being studied as a potential source of biofuels because of its high content of mono- and di-terpenes, which can be converted into a fuel similar to kerosene or jet fuel. The ability of the plant to adapt to the dry climate makes it attractive, as growing it in desert areas would not compete with traditional food crops.
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literature
- John L. Strother, Mark A. Weather: Grindelia squarrosa . In: Flora of North America . tape 20 . Oxford University Press, Oxford 2006, ISBN 978-0-19-530564-7 , pp. 429 ( online [accessed January 16, 2010]).
Individual evidence
- ↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names . Extended Edition. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin Berlin 2018. [1]
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l John L. Strother, Mark A. Wetter: Grindelia squarrosa . In: Flora of North America . tape 20 . Oxford University Press, Oxford 2006, ISBN 978-0-19-530564-7 , pp. 429 ( online [accessed January 16, 2010]).
- ↑ Grindelia squarrosa at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ^ Peter Gutte : Flora of Leipzig including Markkleeberg . Weissdorn, Jena 2006, ISBN 3-936055-50-5 .
- ^ Anselm Krumbiegel: Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal - a new citizen in Central Germany. In: Mitt. Florist. Map of Saxony-Anhalt 23, 2018, pp. 3–26 PDF.
- ↑ Grindelia squarrosa at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Retrieved February 24, 2018.
- ^ Daniel E. Moerman: Native American Medicinal Plants: An Ethnobotanical Dictionary . Timber Press, Portland 2009, ISBN 978-0-88192-987-4 , pp. 222 ( full text in Google Book Search [accessed January 16, 2010]).
- ↑ Bishnu P. Neupane, David Shintani, Hongfei Lin, Charles J. Coronella, Glenn C. Miller: Grindelia squarrosa: A potential Arid Lands Biofuel Plant . In: ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering . 5, No. 1, November 22, 2016, ISSN 2168-0485 , pp. 995-1001. doi : 10.1021 / acssuschemeng.6b02315 .
