Hans Ramshorn

Hans Ramshorn

Hans Erich Alexander Ramshorn (born March 17, 1892 in Mittelwalde , Habelschwerdt district , province of Silesia , † July 1, 1934 near Breslau ) was a German officer and politician ( NSDAP ).

Live and act

Youth, military career and World War I

Ramshorn was a son of the major and customs officer Alexander Ramshorn. After attending preschool, Ramshorn joined the Royal Prussian Cadet Corps in 1902 at the age of ten, where he was to be prepared for an officer career: he was first given to the Wahlstatt Cadet Institute near Liegnitz. After completing the preliminary corps, he moved to the main cadet institute in Berlin-Lichterfelde. Due to above-average performance, he finally qualified for the Selekta.

Following his training in the cadet corps, Ramshorn was appointed lieutenant in the infantry regiment "von Borcke" (4th Pomeranian) No. 21 on March 1, 1910 . He spent the following four and a half years at the location of this regiment in Thorn. According to his biographer Schmidt, the "monotonous peace routine" in Thorn may have developed into the basis for Ramshorn's lifelong dependence on alcohol and gambling .

From August 1914 Ramshorn took part in the First World War. Already on August 20, 1914, during the Battle of Gumbinnen, Ramshorn suffered a bullet in the shoulder in the East Prussian Heath. The high losses of his regiment also accelerated considerably. After his recovery, he was given command of a company in October 1914. In 1915 Ramshorn was then promoted to the rank of first lieutenant.

On September 5, 1916, the company led by Ramshorn was cut off and smashed during fighting in the east. Together with the rest of the survivors, he was taken prisoner by Russia. He spent the next one and a half years in prison camps in Siberia. During the revolutionary chaos in Russia in the winter of 1917/1918, Ramshorn finally managed to escape from captivity. On May 24, 1918, he arrived in Riga, where he reported back to the German military authorities.After several weeks of quarantine, Ramshorn again took over the command of a company in infantry regiment No. 21 on August 20, 1918, which had meanwhile been deployed on the western front in France . On the morning of August 30, 1918, Ramshorn's company came under heavy artillery fire, where he was hit and injured on the upper arm by shrapnel. He experienced the end of the war in November 1918 in a hospital in Kolberg. During the war he was decorated with various war medals ( Iron Cross 1st and 2nd class, Military Order of Merit (Bulgaria) with crown and swords, Baltic Cross ).

Freikorpszeit (1919/1920)

At the end of the war, Ramshorn's regiment first moved into quarters in Hesse, as it was not foreseeable whether a return to Thorn would be possible. Due to the conflicts that flared up at the end of 1918 about the future state membership of various provinces in the east of the German Reich between Germany and Poland, various volunteer formations were formed in December to secure the German eastern border. The 21st Infantry Regiment also formed a detachment that joined the Eastern Border Guard . Ramshorn arrived with this unit shortly before Christmas 1918 in Thorn.

At the turn of 1918, Ramshorn developed into a free corpse soldier as the leader of a machine gun company in the border guard. In this way he was able to continue the - already mythically transfigured - way of life of the war years. His work in the East Border Guard in Thorn lasted until August 1919.

After the signing of the Versailles Treaty, the hopes of the right-wing military volunteer associations, which had taken over the security of the Reich territory after the end of the war, turned to the Baltic States: German formations remaining in this area resisted the order to evacuate the Baltic States in August 1919 and instead formed an alliance Together with the Tsarist Army in the West, in an effort to realize the vague plan of building an independent Baltic state as a bulwark of an undefeated Germanness. In the late summer of 1919, parts of the West Prussian border guards decided to support this project: after the men willing to take part in the Baltic battles had gathered in the West Prussian Culmsee in September and October and joined the Roßbach Freikorps located there, this Freikorps began the march at the end of October 1919 to the Baltic States. Parts of the 21st volunteer infantry regiment, 120 men and six officers, including Ramshorn, followed the regiment.

Ramshorn and the other members of the 21st Infantry Regiment marched with the Roßbach Freikorps to Thorensberg in Latvia in order to relieve German units trapped there. After this was successful, the horrified and the reliefers fled together, as the superior strength of the Latvian troops showed, back south to the German eastern border. At the end of December they had reached the Reich again. The return march of the Freikorps to the south was marked by numerous excesses of violence (mass murders, rape, pillage, looting). In the course of this orgy of annihilation, Ramshorn's identity as a front-line and free corps officer, according to Schmidt, merged with that of the "Baltic man". For the returnees from the Baltic States, excessive soldiery was just as essential as the conviction in the struggle for existence against Eastern Bolshevism betrayed by their own government and cheated out of victory and settlement in the east. In addition, he became convinced that military action in civil war requires uncompromising severity.

After returning from the Baltic States, Ramshorn moved from the 21st Infantry Regiment, which was being disbanded, to the 3rd Marine Brigade of Corvette Captain Wilfried von Loewenfeld at the beginning of 1920, in which he took over the post of company commander, in order to avoid the threat of demobilization. His hopes of being taken over into the Reichswehr, which was forming, were dashed, however, as it quickly became apparent that there was no room for Freikorpsmen in the new, very small, cadre army. Demobilization was threatened again in the spring of 1920.

Like Ramshorn, many members of army formations that were about to be disbanded saw the looming downsizing of the army as an act of treason by the government, against which they rebelled. The Kapp Putsch of March 1920 developed from this: In order to avoid the threat of demobilization, some army formations tried to overthrow the incumbent government and to take power in the German Reich. The Loewenfeld naval brigade also took part in this. On March 13, 1920, the brigade moved into Breslau and deposed the local chief president. During their occupation of the city, the Loewenfelder made numerous arrests and mistreated and murdered a number of people who appeared to them as "suspicious". They also fired indiscriminately in crowds, killing several civilians. After the collapse of the Kapp Putsch as a result of a general strike called at the behest of the chased government, the Loewenfeld Freikorps withdrew from Breslau. Although the Freikorps had just put into a coup against the government, in April 1920 it entered into an alliance with the Freikorps. The reason for this was that the resistance against the Kapp Putsch in the Ruhr area had resulted in an uprising of the workers who, after the end of the Kapp Putsch, were preparing to establish a Rhenish Soviet republic. Immediately after the workers had saved the government by their general strike from the Freikorps coup, the Freikorps were therefore recruited by the same government that had saved the workers from them to suppress the workers' uprising. The Loewenfeld Freikorps was relocated to the Ruhr area together with other Freikorps such as the Roßbach Freikorps in order to put down the Ruhr uprising. Ramshorn's company was used at the beginning of April 1920 in battles around Bottrop and Gladbeck, in which there were violent street battles with considerable losses on both sides. Through the use of heavy weapons and arbitrary shootings, numerous uninvolved civilians were also killed in these fighting. After taking the city, Gladbeck was systematically combed for reds, most of whom were shot immediately after their arrest.

After an accident in Essen on April 17, 1920, in which a cantilever soldier was injured when a hay wagon of the Navy Brigade collided with a tram, Ramshorn was charged with arresting the tram driver who was suspected of sympathizing with the Red Revolution . Ramshorn gave the subordinate who carried out the arrest a slip of paper with a cross on it. When asked what the sign meant, it was explained that the man was not allowed to arrive at the brigade alive. The alleged Bolshevik was arrested that same night in Essen and shot while trying to escape on the way back to Gladbeck. In the weeks that followed, up to the withdrawal of the naval brigade on May 7, 1920, there were numerous other executions of this type.

After the end of the Ruhre mission, the Loewenfeld Freikorps withdrew to the Sennelager.

Career in the police force (1920 to 1923)

In the summer of 1920 Ramshorn was threatened with demobilization again. Due to the great need of the newly established security police for proven soldiers, however, he found an opportunity to continue his previous paramilitary life under new auspices. The political orientation of the new police officers played no role. Ramshorn was able to achieve the complete takeover of his previous company in the police service. on August 1, 1920 Ramshorn was admitted as an officer in the security police, where he advanced from Freikorps lieutenant to police captain. Ramshorn left no doubt about his attitude: In an essay that he wrote at the time, he stated that he saw the "end purpose [...] of the police squads" in waging the struggle that the Germans were again trying to fight to a free people ". Through this struggle the people should overcome the yoke of the Treaty of Versailles and the consequences of the revolution. The unit, whose leadership Ramshorn now took over, a police centenary in Düsseldorf , whose personnel was largely identical to the Freikorps company he had previously led, accordingly had the character of a welded-together male alliance that gave its members the opportunity, according to Ramshorn biographer Schmidt, "a dangerous one and wild life in uniform, with weapons and violence ", as they had learned to love in the war and revolution years to be able to continue.

In October 1920 Ramshorns Hundreds were assigned to the Dusseldorf police group for special use (zbV). On the occasion of the occupation of Düsseldorf by troops of the war victorious powers of the First World War on March 8, 1921 (to emphasize Allied demands for reparations and accelerated disarmament), the formations of the protection police were expelled. Ramshorn received it as a new deep humiliation to have to give way to the enemies from the world war without a fight and later reported that he had been deeply excited when he had to watch the French invasion in Düsseldorf without doing anything.

Instead of against the French, Ramshorn was deployed against supporters of communism in Saxony in the following weeks: On March 21, 1921, the KPD called for a general strike in the central German industrial area and announced that it would switch to armed struggle, after the situation there had been since the collapse. Putsch of March 1920 had been extremely tense. Armed workers occupied the Leuna factory south of Merseburg. There were also clashes between the improvised communist fighting groups and the police. The Prussian government thereupon declared a state of emergency on the province of Saxony and ordered several thousand police officers into the area. Ramshorn and his hundred reached the province on March 25, 1921. As part of the "Eisleben group" under Police Colonel Bernhard Graf Poninski, Ramshorn's hundred took part in clearing the Mansfeld region and the town of Eisleben and regaining control of Leuna. The subsequent fighting of the rebels took place in a military manner by police troops led by World War II officers who received support from artillery batteries of the Reichswehr. Ramshorn's hundred stood out for their will to fight and their considerable brutality: for example, when Bischofrode was captured on March 27, 1921, several civilians were executed by a police firing squad on the orders of a police captain who, according to Schmidt, must have been Ramshorn . Before an investigative committee of the Prussian state parliament Ramshorn later assured that these dead were rebels killed in fighting. This claim was doubtful in so far as it can be proven that among those shot there were two men whom Ramshorn had recently arrested as looters. Of these, he claimed that they were shot while attempting to escape. After the capture of Querfurt on March 28, 1921, Ramshorn again ordered an alleged looter who was brought before him to execute ("Shoot the man dead.2"), which was carried out. A few hours later, Ramshorn's hundred formed a gang of around 70 men outside of Querfurt, whereby not a single insurgent survived the conflict.

The achievements of Ramshorns Hundertschaft zbV received great recognition from the responsible superiors: So the unit was selected to lead the assault on the last bastion of the communists, the Leunawerke, on March 29, 1931. While taking the factory premises, Ramshorn's people killed numerous occupiers and mistreated the survivors.

On the occasion of the Third Polish Uprising, the Düsseldorf police department was relocated to Upper Silesia on May 5, 1921.

At this time, allegations were made against Ramshorn for serious misconduct in the service: In complaints about him, it was alleged that he was drunk and gambling addicted as well as heavily in debt and, on top of that, homosexual. He was also accused of being anti-republic and anti-Semitic. Most of these allegations are likely to have been true. His biographer Schmidt judges that since the time of the Free Corps at the latest, "massive anti-Semitism has been an integral part" of Ramshorn's worldview, which he also passed on to his men. He escaped dismissal from the police force thanks to the protection of the police colonel Count Poninski, an important advocate of a militarized police force. Out of consideration for "earlier merits", Ramshorn was severely reprimanded and transferred to the police in Osnabrück . His hundred was quickly dissolved in order to smash the structures of Ramshorn's old free corps organization. However, requests from numerous of his previous subordinates to be transferred to Osnabrück were approved, so that the old "gang" soon largely reunited.

His new supervisor in Osnabrück praised Ramshorn's versatile service knowledge and general education as well as his understanding of his subordinates and his "decent disposition" in a personnel appraisal of August 1922, but at the same time criticized the "considerable wilderness of morals" that Ramshorn experienced as a result of his land servant life in the years up to 1921. During the first year of his service in Osnabrück, Ramshorn liked to indulge in "drink, play and women", did not always exercise sufficient restraint in public and did not always find the right tone in dealings with superiors. The hope that the transfer to the province would have positive educational influences on Ramshorn was not fulfilled. was moved away.

The unreliable and anti-government attitude of Ramshorn's Osnabrück Hundreds of people, indications of the police captain's secret cooperation with anti-republican circles and hostility towards the labor movement, as well as investigations against him for cheating, ultimately led to Ramshorn being dismissed from the police force on March 31, 1923. In retrospect, his biographer Schmidt came to the conclusion that Ramshorn's police career had failed due to several factors: the incompatibility of military orientation and police practice, his disloyalty to his employer (the republic) and the incompatibility of his habitual style, which was strongly influenced by the lifestyle of the Front and Freikorps fighter was shaped, with that of his peers in the police, who were more oriented towards the self-image of the pre-war police officer.

Activity in the Black Reichswehr (1923)

In April 1923 Ramshorn joined the Black Reichswehr, a covert military formation parallel to the official army, which was supposed to support the regular troops in the event of internal threats. According to Schmidt, he quickly succeeded in the Black Reichswehr due to the old networks from the Free Corps period: Ramshorn spent the summer of 1923 setting up his own Black Reichswehr company, which consisted of former subordinates, on an estate in Ihlow in the Oberbarnim district. He then led illegal formations in Fort Hahneberg and in the Elsgrund camp at the Döberitz military training area. At the same time, he was used by the leaders of the Black Reichswehr as a recruiter in order to increase the strength of the Black Reichswehr and thus create the conditions for a putsch against the Weimar state that the Black Reichswehr was considering: he arrived in the summer of 1923 for this purpose his old place of work in Osnabrück, where he sought contact with former subordinates. On the one hand, to recruit some of them as suitable candidates for the Black Reichswehr, and on the other hand, in the event that the putsch planned by the Black Reichswehr is started, to secure support among the police officers who remain in the police force. Since numerous members of his former hundred, especially his former combatants in the Baltic States (the "old Ramshörner"), were still loyal to Ramshorn, this advertising trip ended successfully: Some of Ramshorn's loyal followers visited him in Döberitz, where he had set up a base the former police officers and volunteer corps people who, in the event of a left-wing coup, should use the opportunity to overthrow the Weimar state. At this point, he announced to his visitors that the empire would soon have a new government. Five members of the 1st police station in Osnabrück, who then wanted to join Ramshorn's association, were arrested on September 26, 1923, shortly before they could board the train to Berlin.

The noticeable increase in the strength of the illegal work commandos of the Black Reichswehr led the Reich government to fear that this tool could overcome its control, so that at the end of September 1923 it ordered its dissolution. In a sudden act, the leadership of the Black Reichswehr plunged into military action: On October 1, 1923, illegal formations of the Black Reichswehr mutinied in Küstrin, Spandau and Fort Hahneberg. This coup was quickly put down. The subsequent investigation revealed that three police officers in Osnabrück had joined the coup under the influence of Ramshorn. Those in question were given severe disciplinary punishments, but despite their hostility to the Republic, they were not dismissed from civil service.

Activity in the Mecklenburgisch-Strelitz police service and other activities (1924 to 1930)

In March 1924, Ramshorn was charged with the shooting of a worker in Querfurt, which he ordered in 1921, before the Naumburg district court. He was defended by the then star lawyer for the political right, Alfons Sack . Thanks to the strict national stance of the public prosecutor and the judges, who openly sympathized with him, and flanked by the German national press, which praised his actions against red "traitors", he was finally acquitted.

After his release from pretrial detention, Ramshorn returned to Mecklenburg, where he hid for the time being on the estates of befriended large landowners. The former Black Reichswehr was continued from Mecklenburg, the most important retreat for the national paramilitary activists, under the institutional umbrella of the German National Freedom Party.

Ramshorn meanwhile took a different path for the time being: on July 1, 1924, he entered the service of the Mecklenburg-Strelitz State Police, in which he received the rank of police captain. Already after a short time Ramshorn showed himself in Mecklenburg as a man who had a dissolute lifestyle that was difficult to reconcile with the requirements of the police service: He continued to celebrate excessive alcohol with subordinates and sought sexual contact with them. During a drinking binge, during which he actively sought the vicinity of a waiter, Ramshorn's homosexual tendencies were also noticed in the officer corps. On January 19, 1925, Ramshorn was summoned to the responsible minister, who asked him to immediately submit a request for dismissal, as he could no longer be tolerated due to his lack of character. Ramshorn then resigned from the police force. Nevertheless, there was a public scandal. On May 5, 1925, Ramshorn received a penalty warrant for "unnatural fornication". He appealed against this, so that there were two appeal hearings on the matter, in which he emphatically denied all allegations against him.

After leaving the Mecklenburg-Strelitz police service, Ramshorn shifted the focus of his involvement in the subculture of the extreme right wing in the further course of 1925: He joined the German National Freedom Movement, which was the first time he became a member of an explicitly political group. According to Schmidt, in doing so he took into account the changed framework conditions resulting from the stabilization of the republic. In the DVFP, mainly militant extremists from the Freikorps gathered behind a legal facade, who wanted to create new structures during the now emerging phase, in which a violent overthrow of the Weimar state appeared to be a hopeless endeavor, until a political constellation had re-established. in which favorable conditions for action against the republic would exist. For this purpose, the DVFP created retreats on agricultural goods, in which paramilitary groups made up of anti-republican activists, secretly disguised as gymnasts, gathered. In the course of this clandestine activity, Ramshorn was given the position of administrator on the Mecklenburg estate of Zibühl, although he did not have any previous training required for such a position. In fact, behind this bourgeois facade, he was once again operating as a paramilitary organizer.

The true character of the German national gymnastics associations in Mecklenburg as camouflaged paramilitary organizations did not go unnoticed: On July 23, 1926, the KPD parliamentary group in the Mecklenburg-Strelitz state parliament made a small inquiry to the state ministry as to how long Ramshorn had been employed in the state's police force and whether he government knows his past life and his current whereabouts. In this way, Ramshorn's ongoing anti-state activity was brought into the public eye. The government denied any knowledge of Ramshorn's questionable activities. At about the same time, the local group Waren (Müritz) of the National Association of German Officers opened a court of honor against Ramshorn in connection with his homosexuality.

Since the request of the KPD in the state parliament regarding Ramshorn as well as the court of honor procedure the requirements for a successful conspiratorial activity of Ramshorn in Mecklenburg had ceased and on top of that the Zibühl estate got into economic difficulties, Ramshorn left the state of Mecklenburg. In 1927 he settled in Breslau, where his parents lived, where he worked as an insurance agent from then on. Almost nothing is known about Ramshorn's life from 1927 to 1930 based on information obtained. The available key data speak for a professional failure in times of the economic crisis.

Activity in the Nazi movement (from 1931)

On January 1, 1931, Ramshorn joined the NSDAP and its street combat unit, the Sturmabteilung (SA). After the party's surprising electoral success in the Reichstag elections of September 1930, the NSDAP experienced a mass influx of new members at that time. In order to integrate these organizationally into its associations, the NSDAP needed experienced specialists from the ethnic-paramilitary milieu, particularly for the further expansion of its task force, the SA. Ramshorn's relevant military and paramilitary experience made him a downright tailor-made candidate for a role as commander and organizer in the now rapidly expanding SA. After the NSDAP had asserted itself as the dominant right-wing radical force in 1929/1930 and therefore opened up to supporters of ethnic splinter parties in an effort to absorb these groups, its lack of past in the party in recent years no longer formed an obstacle. that prevented the leading people from giving him leading positions.

In the summer of 1931, Edmund Heines Ramshorn , who had recently been appointed commander of the SA in Silesia, transferred the leadership of SA Standard 11 in Breslau.

Since joining the SA, Ramshorn cultivated the image of the "warrior" in order to gain respect. Adorned with war medals and free corps awards, he presented himself as a highly decorated, seriously wounded World War II and free corps veteran. His "unavoidable Fridericus cane" became his distinguishing mark, which was supposed to underline his serious wounds again in public as part of the SA soldier cult.

The activity in the SA gave Ramshorn the opportunity to lead a life corresponding to his ideal, i.e. H. a life that imitated the mythically inflated front-line community of the war years, since the political struggle was associated with camaraderie and excessive violence. After years of precarious existence, the SA again offered him a fixed position and a purpose in life that corresponded to his inclinations. In addition, he was able to live out his homosexuality largely without objection within the SA.

On the occasion of an SA leaders' meeting in Klein-Öls in June 1932 at the castle of Count Yorck von Wartenburg, Ramshorn was promoted by SA Chief of Staff Ernst Röhm to SA Oberführer and entrusted with the management of the SA sub-group Upper Silesia with its headquarters in Opole. He took up this post on July 1, 1932.

On the occasion of the Reichstag election of November 1932, Ramshorn was elected to the Berlin Reichstag as a candidate for the NSDAP in constituency 9 (Opole). He then belonged to this for around 19 months (from November 1933 to July 1934) as a member of parliament.

Period of National Socialism (1933 to 1934)

After the National Socialists came to power in January 1933, Ramshorn was entrusted with the post of police chief in the Upper Silesian city of Gliwice . In the SA he was now ranked as a brigade leader.

In the course of the violent disempowerment of the SA as part of the political cleansing action of the Nazi government in the summer of 1934, known as the Röhm Putsch , Ramshorn was also targeted by those responsible for the action: by June 1934 at the latest, he was found on one in the command center of the SS, which was entrusted with the elimination of the SA, set in Berlin a list of high-ranking SA leaders in Silesia who were to be eliminated in the course of the purge. After the Silesian SS took over executive power in the provincial capital of Wroclaw on the morning of June 30, 1934 based on an order received from Berlin, all higher SA leaders present in Silesia were called to Wroclaw under pretexts and arrested there. Ramshorn called himself in the morning at the Breslau police headquarters and asked the man on the phone, whom he thought was a member of the staff of the Silesian SA chief Heines, but who was actually a pretending SS member, whether he should come to Breslau. This was answered in the affirmative and Ramshorn was intercepted on the way to Breslau in Opole by an SS commando, which arrested him and escorted him to the Breslau police headquarters. In the afternoon he was transferred to the quarters of the SS section on Sternstrasse. On the night of July 1, Ramshorn, together with six other SA members held prisoner in the SS section quarters, who had selected those who commissioned the action in Berlin and / or those responsible in Breslau to be shot, by a command of members of the 16. SS standard under the leadership of SS-Sturmführer Fritz Mohr transported by automobiles to a wooded area north of Breslau. There the seven men were shot by the SS at around 3 a.m. and then buried on the spot. During the month of July, the bodies of Ramshorn and the other six men shot were exhumed and cremated in the Breslau crematorium.

Ramshorn's mandate in the Reichstag was transferred to labor service official Karl Krichbaum after his murder in the replacement procedure .

The shooting of Ramshorn and twenty other people murdered in Silesia from June 30 to July 2, 1934, formed the subject of criminal proceedings against the leader of the Silesian SS in 1934, Udo von Woyrsch , and the head of the SS security service in Silesia, Ernst Müller-Altenau , who had supervised and commanded the actions of the SS in Silesia on those days, which took place in 1957 before the Osnabrück Regional Court . In the judgment of August 2, 1957, Müller-Altenau was acquitted for lack of evidence, while Woyrsch was found guilty of aiding and abetting manslaughter in six cases, including the shooting of Ramshorn, as he was found to have passed on orders for murder from Berlin in these cases could, for which the court sentenced him to ten years.

Archival tradition

Ramshorn's personal files as SA leader have not survived. They were probably destroyed after his execution on the orders of the Nazi leadership.

In the Osnabrück State Archives, however, various personal files from his time as a police officer at the beginning of the 1920s have been preserved (Osnabrück State Archives: Rep. 430, Dec. 201 Akz. 11/57 I No. 35; ibid. Rep. 430, Dec. 201 Akz . 11/57 I No. 36; ibid., Rep. 430, Dec. 201 Akz. 11/57 II No. 219; ibid., Rep. 430, Dec. 201 Akz. 11/57 II No. 248). In the Secret State Archives in Berlin-Dahlem there are also documents relating to his activities as police chief in Gleiwitz in 1933 and 1934 (GSTA: PK I. HA Rep. 77, PA No. 2097).

literature

• Daniel Schmidt: The SA leader Hans Ramshorn. A life between violence and community (1892–1934) , in: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte , 60th Jg. (2012), no. 2, pp. 201–235. ( Digitized version )

Web links

• Hans Ramshorn in the database of members of the Reichstag

Individual evidence

1. ^ Schmidt: Ramshorn, p. 203.
2. ^ Schmidt: Ramshorn, p. 204.
3. ↑ ^{a b} Schmidt: Ramshorn, p. 207.
4. ^ Schmidt: Ramshorn, p. 208.
5. ↑ ^{a b} Schmidt: Ramshorn, p. 209.
6. ^ Schmidt: Ramshorn, p. 210f.
7. ^ Schmidt: Ramshorn, p. 212.
8. ^ Schmidt: Ramshorn, p. 213.
9. ^ Schmidt: Schutzpolizei, p. 214.
10. ↑ ^{a b} Schmidt, Ramshorn p. 215.
11. ^ Schmidt: Ramshorn, p. 218.
12. ^ Schmidt: Ramshorn, p. 218f.
13. ^ Schmidt: Ramshorn, p. 221.
14. ^ Schmidt: Ramshorn, p. 223.
15. ↑ ^{a b c} Schmidt: Ramshorn p. 225.
16. ^ Schmit: Ramshorn, p. 224f.
17. ^ Schmidt: Ramshorn, p. 226.
18. ↑ ^{a b} Schmidt: Ramshorn, p. 227.
19. ↑ Otto Gritscheder: "The Führer has sentenced you to death ..." Hitler's "Röhm Putsch" murders in court , Munich 1993, p. 105f.