House of the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia
| House of the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia | |
|---|---|
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| Data | |
| place | Belgrade , Serbia |
| architect |
Konstantin Jovanovič , Jovan Ilkić , Pavle Ilkić , Nikolai Krasnow |
| Client | Kingdom of Serbia |
| Architectural style | Neoclassicism |
| Construction year | 1936 |
| Floor space | 13,400 m² |
| Coordinates | 44 ° 48 '42 " N , 20 ° 27' 57" E |
The house of the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia ( Serbian Дом Народне скупштине Републике Србије Dom Narodne skupštine Republike Srbije ), often just called Skupština [ ˈskupʃtina ], is the conference building of the National Assembly of Serbia in Belgrade . As one of the most monumental buildings in the city, it was erected in today's Stari Grad district in the space between Kosovska and Takovska streets, Trg Nikole Pašića and Vlajkovićeva streets, in the immediate vicinity of the Old and New Castle and the Castle Garden (now the Pioneer Park). It was built in the period between 1907 and 1936.
Building history
The original building of the National Assembly , which was located on the site of today's Odeon cinema (on the corner of Kraljice Natalije and Kneza Miloša streets), was a modest building, modeled after the profane Balkan architecture. With the achievement of state independence and the elevation of Serbia to the rank of kingdom, the stately appearance of the building became unworthy of the parliament of a sovereign state.
The inanimate area of the “cattle market near the Batal Mosque” was chosen as the new location. “, Which was exactly on the border of the built-up part of the city. The location aroused great public debate and was deliberately chosen to be close to the location of the 1830 “Grand National Assembly of Serbia”. The reform edict Hatt-ı Şerif of the Turkish sultan on the rights of the Serbian people and the succession to the throne of the principality was read out.
As early as 1892, the Ministry of Construction entrusted the architect Konstantin Jovanovič with the project planning for the new assembly building. He had proven his skill in the design of representative buildings with the building project of the National Bank of Serbia as well as with numerous public buildings in the Austro-Hungarian capital.
However, due to the political unrest and for material reasons, the construction of the object was postponed for a few years when it was entrusted to the architect Jovan Ilkić (1857–1917), the winner of the re-organized tender for the house of the National Assembly in 1901. After the Kingdom of Serbia received a two-house parliament with the adoption of the new constitution , the new plan fulfilled the conditions of the changed program, according to which the building would house the National Assembly, the Senate and the State Council as well as common rooms, cabinets and a corresponding number Should unite offices under one roof.
However, Ilkić's project was based to a large extent on Jovanović's draft ideas from 1892 in terms of general composition, spatial organization and the main elements of the architectural style. Due to the obvious similarity of the two projects, criticism from the public was inevitable. She questioned the originality of the Creator and proposed a new tender that would provide for the building of the National Assembly building in the national style.
Despite the fact that in the meantime there was a change of dynasty in 1903 and that a new constitution was passed, according to which the National Assembly should again consist of one house, the Ilkić project was not abandoned. The official start of construction of the palace was marked with the laying of the foundation stone on August 27, 1907 in the presence of King Peter I of Serbia , Prince George of Serbia , the people's deputies and the diplomatic corps.
The document, which was inserted into the building's foundation for this occasion, contained the names of the king, the metropolitan and the main architect Jovan Ilkić . The construction work was entrusted to the well-known Belgrade entrepreneur Vasa Tešić . During the First World War, work on the building was stopped, which until then had only been completed up to the level of the first floor. The formation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes necessitated the need for new project changes, as the previous ones were no longer sufficient. The architect Ilkić died in 1917 and his building plans were lost in the war. Thus, the management of the construction work, which concerned not only the changes and additions to the original project in the building wings, but also the restitution of the lost plans, was entrusted to the son of the creator and architect of the building ministry Pavle Ilkić . Construction of the building after the renewed project continued in 1920 and lasted until 1926 when work stopped once again.
The decision to start the next phase of the project implementation was made after the death of King Alexander I Karađorđević in 1934, when the architecture department of the building ministry was responsible for all the work. The main project planner of this department was the Russian architect Nikolai Krasnov . (1864-1939). His thirty years of experience in the project planning of public representative buildings, which awarded him the title of “Architect of the Russian Tsar's Palace” and then “Architectural Academic”, represented the recommendation for project work on some of the most important buildings in the capital.
Krasnow has contributed to the representativeness of the building of the National Assembly , especially through the project of the interior design with all its details, such as the processing of the windows and doors, the stucco decoration, the wooden panels, the decorative metal grilles and the furniture design. The Palace of the National Assembly was completed on October 18, 1936 and inaugurated in the presence of King Peter II Karađorđević , 29 years after construction began. The first meeting took place two days later, on October 20, 1936, in the presence of all members of the government, and by the end of the same year the arrangement and designation of all rooms were made official. Two large sculptures by Toma Rosandić , Igrali se konji vrani (Dance of the Black Horses) , have stood in front of the main entrance since 1939 .
The parliament also served for a short time as the parliament of Yugoslavia ( SHS Kingdom, Kingdom of Yugoslavia , Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ) as well as the State Community of Serbia-Montenegro . However, since 2006 it has again been the seat of the Serbian parliament.
architecture
The National Assembly building is planned and executed as a monumental, representative and free-standing building with a symmetrical base. The strict adherence to academic principles at the time of his project planning was the most appropriate expression for a palace of such importance and purpose. The central risalit is dominated by a portico with a triangular tympanum resting on colossal pillars supported by an elegant dome with a lantern on the Peak to be towered over.
The exterior design of the building with a rustic finish of the basement with green stone from Ripanj and the design of the windows and pilasters , which extend through the two middle floors and end with a roof rim with a balustrade , point to models from the Neo-Renaissance and Neo-Baroque periods . All of the heraldic decoration that was envisaged in the original project, as well as the sculptural decoration over the side wings, was not carried out.
The only sculptural decoration realized are the medallions with the image of Athena and those of Pericles, Demosthenes and Cicero on the side risalits, which are the work of the sculptor Đorđe Jovanović. The decoration above the entrances in the form of an angel sculpture with a torch and olive branch was made according to the ideas of the sculptor Petar Pallavicini.
The decorative railing with stylized candelabra , which was erected in 1937 based on the Krasnov project, is part of the design of the building's surroundings. Parts of the railing also represented two guard houses with stylized lamps on top. The railing was on this until 1956 And was then removed in the course of the design of the Trg Marksa i Engelsa square (today: Trg Nikole Pašića ). In 1939 the sculptural group “Igrali se konji vrani” (“The blacks jumped”) by the sculptor Toma Rosandić was set up on the monumental staircase. The interior design program for the House of the National Assembly included furnishing the representative rooms, the large and small halls, the conference room and the office of the officials. In addition to the polychrome walls with columns, pilasters, niches and boxes, the particularly decorative marble floor also contributes to the festive impression of the central vestibule, which is covered by the dome.
Heraldic symbols and sculptures of rulers also give this room a strong symbolic character . The great hall, also known as the “discussion room”, is the central room of the National Assembly, richly decorated with stucco decorations and wood-carved furniture. The great assembly hall, located in the right wing of the building, was originally for 200 and later, after the revision of the project, planned for 400 MPs. In the opposite, left wing of the building, the small hall, which is intended for the work of the Senate, was set up. In both halls, as in the Council of Ministers hall, the walls are covered with stucco decorations, while all the furniture is made of walnut wood.
Communication between the ground floor and the rooms on the upper floor takes place through two symmetrical staircases made of white marble , which are decorated with bronze statues - personifications of justice and education - and the coat of arms of the kingdom.
As for the interior design of the upper floor, the rooms for the administrative and financial committee and the library, one of the most beautiful rooms in the National Assembly, stand out. In terms of style, the designs of Krasnov's furniture reflect the taste of the Belgrade bourgeois spirit of the time. The walls of the National Assembly are also adorned with twenty frescoes created by eminent Yugoslav decorative painting artists during 1937. The construction of the representative house of the National Assembly has stimulated the process of Europeanization and emancipation of the Serbian bourgeois culture and thus brought it closer to the most modern global currents in the field of monumental architecture.
In addition to the importance of the continuity of the purpose it has served from its establishment to the present day, the House of the National Assembly also stands out as a testimony to the most significant events of political life in Yugoslav and Serbian history. Due to its architectural, historical, cultural and artistic value, the house of the National Assembly was declared a cultural monument in 1984.
literature
- Dosije spomenika kulture Zgrada Narodne skupštine, Zavod za zaštitu spomenika kulture grada Beograda
- Milojko Gordić, Ukrašavanje zgrade Narodnog parlamenta Kraljevine Jugoslavije od 1936. dо 1939. godine, Nasleđe, II, Belgrade 1999, 95-104.
- Gordana Gordić, Marko Popović, Dom Narodne skupštine, Nasleđe, III, Belgrade 2001, 58–88.
- Vera Grujić, Nerealizovana fasadna skulptura na Domu Narodne skupštine, Nasleđe, IV, Belgrade 2002, 35–43.
- Marko Popović, Zgrada Narodne skupštine - pravci istraživanja i principi obnove, Nasleđe, IV, Belgrade 2002, 9–34.
- Aleksandar Kadijević, U traganju za uzorima Doma Narodne skupštine, Nasleđe, VI, Belgrade 2005, 45–54.
- Jovan Ilkić, Projekat Doma Narodne skupštine, glavna fasada, 1907.
- Jovan Ilkić, Design of the National Assembly Building, main facade, 1907.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ S. Dimitrijević and G. Gordić, Pozdrav iz Beograda, Beograd na starim razglednicama iz zbirke dr Sergija Dimitrijevića, Zavod za zaštitu spomenika kulture grada Beograda Belgrade, 1986. G. Gordić, Stari dvor, Belgrade 2005.
- ^ SG Bogunović, Arhitektonska enciklopedija Beograda XIX i XX veka, Arhitektura, Book I, Belgrad 2005. G. Gordić, Novi dvor, Belgrad 2004.
- ^ B. Nušić, Stari Beograd, Belgrade 1892. D. Stojanović, Kaldrma i asfalt: urbanizacija i evropeizacija Beograda 1890-1914, Belgrade 2009. S. Vicić, Pozdrav iz Beograda: 1895-1941, books 1 and 2, Belgrade 2008.
- ↑ D. Đurić-Zamolo, Graditelji Beograda 1815-1914, Belgrade 1981. Z. Manević, Leksikon srpskih arhitekata XIX i XX veka, Belgrade 1999. G. Gordić, Arhitekta Konstantin A. Jovanović (together with Vera Pavlović Lončarski), Belgrade 2001 . Lj. Nikić, architect Konstantin Jovanović, GMGB IV, Belgrade 1957.
- ↑ SG Bogunović, Jovan Ilkić, Arhitektonska enciklopedija Beograda XIX i XX veka, Arhitekti, Book II, Belgrade 2005. Z. Manević, Leksikon srpskih arhitekata XIX i XX veka, Belgrade 1999
- ↑ А. Kadijević, Estetika arhitekture akademizma XIX-XX vek, Belgrade 2005.