Carl Parrot

Carl Philip August Parrot (1867-1911)

Carl Philip August Parrot , also Karl Parrot (born February 1, 1867 in Castell , † January 28, 1911 in Munich ) was a German ornithologist and gynecologist .

Live and act

His father Jean Parrot (1813–1901) was a doctor and councilor in Castell and married twice. In 1838 he married Clementine Louise Sturz (1811–1843) and in 1856 Sophie Bürger (1832–1901). Carl came from the second marriage and first attended high school in Würzburg . After his parents moved to Munich in 1884, he graduated from high school there. He then studied medicine with a focus on gynecology in Munich , Berlin and Vienna . After his time as an assistant doctor and license to practice medicine in 1892, he finally opened his own practice as a gynecologist in Munich. A year later he did his doctorate with Otto von Bollinger (1843-1909) at the pathological-anatomical institute in Munich. His doctoral thesis was entitled On the proportions of the heart in birds .

His uncle August Parrot (1825–1909) was a Swiss consul in Sydney and later a privateer in Frankfurt am Main .

Plagued by asthma , he gave up his profession as a doctor and devoted himself entirely to zoology. For this he worked as a research assistant at the Zoological State Collection in Munich .

His marriage resulted in a daughter and a son. The wife and children outlived their husband and father.

On January 13, 1911, in full health, he chaired the full assembly of the Ornithological Society in Bavaria . On January 24th he went to the clinic of Hofrat Dr. Josef Decker (–1935) to undergo a surgical procedure. The procedure brought complications, as a result of which he eventually died.

Ornithology

Carl Parrot

In addition to his medical studies, he had been interested in ornithology from early childhood, a hobby that he gradually pursued scientifically. If he initially only observed birds in the wild, he eventually built up a private collection and an ornithological library. On his travels to France, England, Greece, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Egypt, the Riviera and Corsica, he studied their avifauna and expanded his collection. As a hunter with a hunting ground on the Ammersee, he had ample opportunity to observe the local bird life. He documented his experiences in numerous publications.

Since the death of Andreas Johannes Jäckel (1822–1885), the field of ornithology in Bavaria was somewhat orphaned. Together with Paul Leverkühn (1867–1905) he founded an ornithological reading circle in Bavaria in 1889 , within which the most important ornithological specialist publications are to circulate. 40 journals were published for an annual fee of 15 marks. 21 of the magazines were pure ornithological magazines, 7 hunting and sports magazines and 12 general and special zoological magazines.

Parrot founded the ornithological society in Bavaria together with the painter Gustav Hirsch, the landscape gardener Raimund Grossegger, the teacher Julius Mösmang and the bank clerk Robert Rembold. The founding meeting took place on February 5, 1897 in his apartment in Munich, at Klenzestrasse 26. From 1897 to 1903 the association was called Ornithological Association Munich eV, which was converted into a society in 1903 and expanded to include all of Bavaria. Parrot was chairman of the company from its inception until his death. He created a considerable library that was supposed to provide all members with the most important ornithological phenomena. The bird collection of the association was given to the zoological state collection in Munich. Since the company was underfunded, he managed, with the help of Alfons Graf von Mirbach-Geldern-Egmont, to win subsidies from the Ministry of Finance and Interior, the District Administrator of Upper Bavaria and the Academy of Science.

He was considered an excellent systematist and enthusiastic biological bird watcher. He dealt with ornithogeography, ie distribution and occurrence of species and subspecies and bird migration . For example, he and the preparation teacher Karl Bertram initiated a study on the migration of the barn swallow ( Hirundo rustica ) which Wilhelm Gallenkamp published in the spring of 1905 in Bavaria under the title The Arrival of the Barn Swallow . In addition, he was involved in the field of bird ringing and bird protection. In particular, the unnecessary killing of birds of prey and the preservation of useful bird species was important to him. He also pursued this concern as a member of the state committee for nature conservation and the Munich city bird protection commission. Nevertheless, he was also considered a fan of bird keeping, because he was of the opinion that this promoted understanding of the great outdoors. Every year he published materials on Bavarian ornithology as well as an observation report that documented the results of ornithological research. He also worked with Ludwig Freiherr von Besserer-Thalfingen (1857–1948), Josef Gengler (1863–1931), Wilhelm Gallenkamp and Karl Bertram. In his obituary for the deceased, Agostino Bonomi (1850–1914) paid tribute to the valuable scripts Parrot wrote in his article Sesta contribuzione all 'Avifauna tridentina. Note ornitologiche in Accademia Roveretana degli Agiati di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti .

In the last years of his work he worked almost daily in the ornithological department of the Royal Bavarian State Zoological Collection. The establishment of an ornithological department was also due to him, as was the appointment of specialist ornithologist Carl Eduard Hellmayr as curator or the appointment of Gustav Küsthardt as taxidermist . For Philogène Auguste Galilée Wytsman (1866–1925) he edited the fourteenth part about the bee-eaters (Meropidae) in his work Genera Avium .

How respected Parrot was in the ornithological world can be seen in the number of obituaries. In the Journal for Ornithology from 1911 there are even two obituaries. For example, Eduard Schnorr von Carolsfeld (1868–1949), Herman Schalow (1852–1925), Carl Eduard Hellmayr, Ludwig Freiherr von Besserer-Thalfingen, Anton Johann Franz Clevich (1876–), Otto Kleinschmidt (1870–1954) wrote with Rudolf Thielemann (1872–1934) and Agostino Bonomi obituaries for Parrot.

Memberships

Parrot was an honorary member of the Hungarian Ornithological Center in Budapest. Committee member of the German Ornithological Society , committee member of the Association for Natural History in Munich, corresponding member of the Natural History Society in Nuremberg, member of the permanent international ornithological committee and the Bavarian state committee for nature conservation.

Dedication names

Sign for Parrotstrasse in Munich / Allach in honor of Carl Parrot

Ernst Hartert honored him in 1911 Dendrocopos major parroti a subspecies of spotted woodpecker , Erwin Stresemann 1913 Centropus sinensis parroti a subspecies of the rear cuckoo .

Karl Görnitz named a subspecies of the gray bunting Emberiza calandra parroti in 1921 , because Emberiza calandra insularis a name that Parrot used in 1910 was already given by Fringillaria tahapisi insularis ( Ogilvie-Grant & Forbes , 1899) a subspecies of the bunting . It later emerged that this subspecies was actually a synonym for the nominate form .

In addition, Parrotstrasse in Munich is dedicated to him.

First descriptions by Carl Parrot

Parrot has described numerous species or subspecies that were new to science. The species and subspecies include chronological and a .:

• Stejneger's stonechat ( Saxicola stejnegeri ( Parrot , 1908))
• Subspecies of the azure magpie ( Cyanopica cyanus japonica ( Parrot , 1905))
• Subspecies of the greenfinch ( Chloris chloris muehlei ( Parrot , 1905))
• Subspecies of copper Schmied beard bird ( Psilopogon haemacephalus delicus ( Parrot , 1907))
• Subspecies of the shimmering cuckoo ( Phaenicophaeus curvirostris singularis ( Parrot , 1907))
• Subspecies of the blue tit ( Cyanistes caeruleus calamensis ( Parrot , 1908))
• Subspecies of the cuckoo owl ( Glaucidium cuculoides bruegeli ( Parrot , 1908))
• Subspecies of the woodlark ( Lullula arborea familiaris ( Parrot , 1910))

Fonts

• Rarer appearances in the Upper Bavarian Ornis . In: Ornithological Yearbook . tape 1 , no. 7 , 1890, p. 132-139 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 20, 2015]).
• Report . In: Ornithological monthly . tape 15 , no. 14 , 1890, p. 390–393 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Ornithological items from the British Museum . In: Ornithological monthly . tape 16 , 1891, p. 343–352 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Ornithological stuff from the Upper Palatinate . In: Journal for ornithology and practical poultry farming . tape 21 , 1893, pp. 7 .
• Ornithological stuff from the Upper Palatinate . In: Journal for ornithology and practical poultry farming . tape 21 , 1893, pp. 30 .
• About the proportions of the heart in birds . In: Zoological Yearbooks. Department of Systematics, Geography and Biology of Animals . tape 7 , 1894, pp. 496-522 ( PDF (2.3 MB) on ZOBODAT [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• To spread the Girlitz in southern Germany . In: Ornithological monthly reports . tape 2 , no. 7 , 1894, pp. 105-109 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• The collared flycatcher (Muscicapa albicollis T. = M. collaris Bchst.) As a breeding bird near Munich . In: Journal for Ornithology (=  5 ). tape 43 , no. 1 , 1895, p. 1–14 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Attempt of an ornis of the Val Gardena (South Tyrol) . In: Ornithological monthly . tape 22 , no. 2 , 1897, p. 47-55 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Attempt of an ornis of the Val Gardena (South Tyrol) . In: Ornithological monthly . tape 22 , no. 3 , 1897, p. 73-77 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Can our domestic research be considered anywhere near complete? In: Annual report of the Munich Ornithological Association for 1897 and 1898 . tape 1 . Munich 1899, p. 1–15 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• The bird fauna of Japan . In: Annual report of the Munich Ornithological Association for 1897 and 1898 . tape 1 . Munich 1899, p. 66-78 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Materials on Bavarian ornithology, also the first observation report from 1897 and 1898 . In: Annual report of the Munich Ornithological Association for 1897 and 1898 . tape 1 . Munich 1899, p. 83–152 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• The occurrence of Muscicapa parva Bechst. in Bavaria . In: Journal for Ornithology (=  5 ). tape 46 , no. 1 , 1898, p. 57-59 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Ornithological messages from Bavaria . In: Journal for Ornithology (=  5 ). tape 46 , no. 1 , 1898, p. 59-60 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• To the Ornis of the East Frisian Islands . In: Journal for Ornithology (=  5 ). tape 46 , no. 1 , 1898, p. 60-61 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Late summer days on the Pomeranian coast . In: Ornithological monthly . tape 23 , no. 5 , 1898, p. 170–175 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Results of a trip to the occupation area together with a discussion of the entire avifauna of the country . In: Ornithological monthly . tape 23 , no. 10 , 1898, p. 310–322 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Results of a trip to the occupation area together with a discussion of the entire avifauna of the country . In: Ornithological monthly . tape 23 , no. 11 , 1898, p. 348-363 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Falco centris in Bavaria . In: Ornithological Yearbook . tape 9 , no. 7 , 1898, p. 130 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• On the current state of the lesser spotted eagle question . In: Journal for Ornithology (=  5 ). tape 47 , no. 1 , 1899, p. 1-32 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• To the Hungarian avifauna . In: Ornithological monthly . tape 24 , no. 1 , 1899, p. 33-37 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• with Ludwig Freiherr von Besserer-Thalfingen, Josef Gengler: materials on Bavarian ornithology. II. At the same time II. Observation report from the years 1899 and 1899 . In: Annual report of the Munich Ornithological Association for 1899 and 1900 . tape 2 , 1901, p. 89–283 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Special observation of the migration and occurrence of Ruticilla tithys, Ruticilla phoenicura, Columbus palumbus and Cuculus canorus in Bavaria . In: Annual report of the Munich Ornithological Association for 1899 and 1900 . tape 2 , 1901, p. 272-324 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• "Phylloscopus rufus sylvestris" Meisner and the distribution of the deciduous bird species in Switzerland . In: Journal for Ornithology (=  5 ). tape 48 , no. 4 , 1900, p. 455–458 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Ornithological perceptions on a trip to Egypt . In: Annual report of the Munich Ornithological Association for 1901 and 1902 . tape 3 , 1903, pp. 89-136 .
• with Ludwig Freiherr von Besserer-Thalfingen, Josef Gengler: materials on Bavarian ornithology. III. At the same time III. Observation report from 1901 and 1902 . In: Annual report of the Munich Ornithological Association for 1901 and 1902 . tape 3 , 1903, pp. 138-144 .
• Special observation on Columba palumbus, Columba oenas, Ruticilla tithys, Ruticilla phoenicura, Cuculus canorus . In: Annual report of the Munich Ornithological Association for 1901 and 1902 . tape 3 , 1903, pp. 347-384 .
• The snow goose in Bavaria . In: Ornithological monthly . tape 27 , no. 10 , 1902, pp. 442-445 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• From the lovemaking of the common snipe (Gallinago gallinago L.) . In: Ornithological monthly reports . tape 12 , no. 3 , 1904, pp. 37-41 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Observations on Norderney and Borkum . In: Negotiations of the Ornithological Society in Bavaria . tape 5 , 1904, pp. 8–13 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• About the Ornis of South Tyrol . In: Negotiations of the Ornithological Society in Bavaria . tape 5 , 1904, pp. 28-32 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• with Ludwig Freiherr von Besserer-Thalfingen, Josef Gengler: Materials on Bavarian Ornithology IV. Fourth observation report from the years 1903 and 1904 . In: Negotiations of the Ornithological Society in Bavaria . tape 5 , 1904, pp. 77-258 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Special observation on Columba palumbus, Columba oenas, Ruticilla tithys, Ruticilla phoenicura, Cuculus canorus . In: Negotiations of the Ornithological Society in Bavaria . tape 5 , 1904, pp. 299-335 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• with Wilhelm Leisewitz: Studies on the food theory of birds . In: Negotiations of the Ornithological Society in Bavaria . tape 5 , 1904, pp. 436-443 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Some of the Dachau moss . In: Ornithological monthly . tape 30 , no. 1 , 1905, pp. 71-80 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Cyanopica cyanus japonica a. subspec. In: Ornithological monthly reports . tape 13 , no. 2 , 1905, p. 26 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Critical review of the Palaearctic embericides. (Based on the material available in the Royal Bavarian State Collection.) (Conclusion follows.) . In: Ornithological Yearbook . tape 16 , 1905, pp. 1–50 ( PDF (12.3 MB) on ZOBODAT [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Critical review of the Palaearctic embericides. (Based on the material available in the Royal Bavarian State Collection.); (Conclusion) . In: Ornithological Yearbook . tape 16 , 1905, pp. 81–113 ( PDF (7.6 MB) on ZOBODAT [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• About the forms of Sitta europaea L. In: Ornithologisches Jahrbuch . tape 16 , 1905, pp. 113–127 ( PDF (3.7 MB) on ZOBODAT [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• A trip to Greece and its ornithological results . In: Journal of Ornithology . tape 53 , no. 3 , 1905, pp. 515-556 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• A trip to Greece and its ornithological results . In: Journal of Ornithology . tape 53 , no. 4 , 1905, pp. 618-669 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• with Ludwig Freiherr von Besserer-Thalfingen, Wilhelm Gallenkamp, ​​Josef Gengler: Materials on Bavarian Ornithology V. Fifth observation report from 1905 and 1906 . In: Negotiations of the Ornithological Society in Bavaria . tape 7 , 1906, pp. 68-89 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Special observation of the migration and occurrence of Columba palumbus, Columba oenas, Ruticilla tithys, Ruticilla phoenicura, Cuculus canorus . In: Negotiations of the Ornithological Society in Bavaria . tape 7 , 1906, pp. 168-192 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Bird migration while traveling . In: Globus . tape 84 , 1906, pp. 123-126 .
• On the systematics of the Palearctic Corvids . In: Zoological Yearbooks. Department of Systematics, Geography and Biology of Animals . tape 23 , 1906, pp. 257-294 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• On the systematics of the Palearctic Corvids . In: Zoological Yearbooks. Department of Systematics, Geography and Biology of Animals . tape 25 , 1907, pp. 1-78 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• About a bird collection from Siam and Borneo . In: Negotiations of the Ornithological Society in Bavaria . tape 8 , 1907, pp. 97-139 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Two new bird shapes from Asia . In: Ornithological monthly reports . tape 15 , no. 10 , 1907, pp. 168–171 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Part: Aves in Wilhelm Filchner: Scientific results of the Filchner expedition to China and Tibet, 1903–1905 . Ernst Siegfried Mittler and Son, Berlin 1908, p. 126-133 ( Text Archive - Internet Archive [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• with Karl Bertram, Wilhelm Gallenkamp, ​​Josef Gengler: Materials on Bavarian Ornithology VI. Sixth observation report from 1907 and 1908 . In: Negotiations of the Ornithological Society in Bavaria . tape 9 , 1909, pp. 68-89 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• The dwarf flycatcher in southern Bavaria . In: Negotiations of the Ornithological Society in Bavaria . tape 9 , 1909, pp. 226-227 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Report on one of Dr. E. Zugmayer's bird collection brought together in Chinese Turkestan, Western Tibet and Kashmir . In: Negotiations of the Ornithological Society in Bavaria . tape 9 , 1909, pp. 228-266 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• The black-headed gull in Bavaria and the marking process . In: Negotiations of the Ornithological Society in Bavaria . tape 10 , 1909, pp. 144–149 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Contributions to the ornithology of Sumatra and the island of Banka, with special reference to the information given by Dr. Hagen collected birds on Banka . In: Treatises of the mathematical-physical class of the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences . tape 24 , 1910, pp. 149–286 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Two new bee-eater forms from Africa . In: Ornithological monthly reports . tape 18 , no. 1 , 1910, pp. 12-13 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• New bird forms from the Mediterranean area . In: Ornithological monthly reports . tape 18 , no. 10 , 1910, pp. 153–156 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Contributions to the ornithology of the island of Corsica . In: Ornithological Yearbook . tape 21 , 1910, pp. 121–156 ( PDF on ZOBODAT [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Contributions to the ornithology of the island of Corsica . In: Ornithological Yearbook . tape 21 , 1910, pp. 201-216 .
• Contributions to the ornithology of the island of Corsica . In: Ornithological Yearbook . tape 22 , 1911, pp. 22–45 ( PDF on ZOBODAT [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• in Philogène Auguste Galilée Wytsman: Picariae Fam. Meropidae in Genera Avium . No. 14 . V. Verteneuil & L. Desmet, Brussels 1911 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed December 2, 2015]).

literature

• Eduard Schnorr von Carolsfeld: Dr. Carl Parrot † . In: Journal of Ornithology . tape 59 , 1911, pp. 245–250 (with picture) ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Carl Eduard Hellmayr: Dr. Carl Parrot . In: The Ibis (=  9 ). tape 5 , 1911, pp. 557-558 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Ludwig Freiherr von Besserer-Thalfingen: Obituary Dr. Karl Parrot . In: Negotiations of the Ornithological Society in Bavaria . tape 11 , January 25, 1912, p. 1-4 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Anton Clevisch: Dr. med Karl Parrot . In: Ornithological monthly . tape 36 , 1911, pp. 183–186 (with picture) ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Otto Kleinschmidt, Rudolf Thielemann: Carl Parrot † . In: Falco: magazine that appears at irregular intervals following the work "Berajah, Zoographia infinita". tape 7 , no. 1 , 1911, p. 20 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Agostino Bonomi: Carlo Parrot. Necrologio . In: Rivista italiana di ornitologia . tape 1 , 1911, p. 119–120 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Herman Schalow: Carl Parrot . In: Journal of Ornithology . tape 59 , 1911, pp. 521-522 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Ernst Hartert: A new mediterrande woodpecker shape . In: Ornithological monthly reports . tape 19 , no. 12 , 1911, pp. 191–192 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Erwin Stresemann: Ornithological miscells from the Indo-Australian area. Part II . In: Novitates Zoologicae . tape 20 , 1913, pp. 289-324 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Karl Görnitz: New I: Emberiza calandra wolhynica, Emberiza calamlra algeriensis, Emberiza calandra kleinschmidti, Emberiza calandra parroti . In: Falco: magazine that appears at irregular intervals following the work "Berajah, Zoographia infinita". tape 17 , no. 2 , 1921, p. 41 .
• Wilhelm Gallenkamp: The arrival of the barn swallow in the spring of 1905 in Bavaria . In: Negotiations of the Ornithological Society in Bavaria . tape 6 , 1905, pp. 41-100 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Karl Leopold Theodor Liebe: Leverkühn's ornithological reading circle . In: Ornithological monthly . tape 15 , no. 14 , 1890, p. 389-390 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed September 24, 2015]).
• Friedrich Freiherr von Bibra: Minutes: Monthly meeting on March 27th . In: Negotiations of the Ornithological Society in Bavaria . tape 9 , 1909, pp. 14 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed November 2, 2015]).

Web link

• Ornithologist personalities in Bavaria

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Carl Eduard Hellmayr, p. 557. Here the whole name Parrots is mentioned.
2. ↑ Ludwig Freiherr von Besserer-Thalfingen, p. 1.
3. ^ ^{A b} Eduard Schnorr von Carolsfeld, p. 345.
4. ^ ^{A b} Anton Clevisch, p. 184.
5. ↑ Friedrich Freiherr von Bibra, p. 14.
6. ↑ ^{a b} Otto Kleinschmidt et al., P. 20.
7. ↑ ^{a b c} Eduard Schnorr von Carolsfeld, p. 346.
8. ^ Anton Clevisch, p. 186.
9. ^ Anton Clevisch, p. 183.
10. ^ Karl Leopold Theodor Liebe, p. 390.
11. ^ Carl Parrot (1890), p. 392 f (with a list of the individual journals).
12. ↑ Ludwig Freiherr von Besserer-Thalfingen, p. 3.
13. ↑ ^{a b} Eduard Schnorr von Carolsfeld, p. 347.
14. ↑ Wilhelm Gallenkamp, ​​p. 41.
15. ↑ Ludwig Freiherr von Besserer-Thalfingen, p. 2.
16. ↑ Agostino Bonomi, p. 120.
17. ↑ ^{a b} Anton Clevisch, p. 185.
18. ↑ Ernst Hartert, p. 191.
19. ↑ Erwin Stresemann, p. 324.
20. ^ Karl Görnitz, p. 41.

Remarks

1. ↑ The names result from the minutes of the meeting on February 5, 1887. In: Annual report of the Ornithological Association Munich for 1897 and 1898.