Hayabusa 2

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Hayabusa 2

Hayabusa 2
Mission goal Asteroid (162173) Ryugu
Client Japan Aerospace Exploration AgencyJAXA JAXA
Launcher H-IIA-202 F-26
construction
Takeoff mass 600 kg
Instruments

Sampling system
Erdrückkehrkapsel (ERC)
Impactor
AMICA - multispectral camera
LIDAR - laser range finder
NIRS - spectrometer in the near-infrared
thermal imaging camera
MASCOT -Asteroidenlander
2 MINERVA -Landungsroboter

Course of the mission
Start date December 3, 2014, 04:22 UTC
launch pad Tanegashima
End date 2020
 
 3rd December 2014 begin
 
 3rd December 2015 Swing-by on earth
 
 June 27, 2018 Probe reaches a position 20 km above the asteroid surface
 
 22nd September 2018 Landing of Rover-1A and Rover-1B
 
 3rd October 2018 Landing of MASCOT
 
 February 22, 2019 First soil sampling
 
 5th April 2019 Launch of the impactor
 
 11th July 2019 Second soil sampling
 
 October 2019 Landing of Rover-2
 
 November 13, 2019 Start back to earth
 
 5th December 2020 Landing of the capsule with the samples from Ryugu on earth and end of the primary mission
 
 July 2026 Flyby at 2001 CC 21
 
 December 2027 1. Swing-by on earth
 
 June 2028 2. Swing-by on the ground
 
 2031 Arrived at 1998 KY26
 

The asteroid mission Hayabusa 2 ( Japanese は や ぶ さ 2 , hence the spelling Hayabusa2 is common, German: Peregrine Falcon 2 ) is a project of the Japanese space agency JAXA for a flight to the asteroid (162173) Ryugu and back. The probe was launched in 2014; their sample recovery capsule landed back on earth on December 5, 2020. The probe itself flies on to the asteroid 1998 KY26 , which it is supposed to pass in 2031. Template: future / in 5 yearsHayabusa 2 is the successor to the successful Hayabusa space probe(Muses-C). Hayabusa 2, like its predecessor Hayabusa, was built by the Japanese NEC Corporation . The aim is to learn from the experiences of Hayabusa, who, despite numerous technical problems, had successfully returned to Earth after completing the exploration of the asteroid (25143) Itokawa .

financing

After the partial success of Hayabusa, JAXA began investigations for a possible follow-up mission in 2007. In July 2009 Makoto Yoshikawa (today's mission leader of Hayabusa 2) presented the “Hayabusa Follow-on Asteroid Sample Return Missions”. In August 2010, JAXA received approval from the Japanese government to begin development on Hayabusa 2. The cost of the project in 2010 was estimated at 16.4 billion yen (approx. 123 million euros).

rover

Hayabusa 2 had four small rovers on board:

  • Rover-1A and Rover-1B, which were transported in a common container / lander called MINERVA- II-1 (3.3 kg). They are of identical construction, weigh 1.1 kg each and have a cylindrical shape with a diameter of 18 cm and a height of 7 cm. They are both equipped with a stereo camera , a wide-angle camera and thermometers . They get their energy from solar cells and super capacitors .
  • ROVER-2, which was transported in the container / lander MINERVA-II-2. It weighs about 1 kg and has the shape of an octagonal prism with a diameter of 15 cm and a height of 16 cm. It is equipped with two cameras, a thermometer and an acceleration sensor as well as LEDs in the optical and UV light range. This was intended to illuminate and detect floating dust particles. ROVER-2 has four locomotion systems. ROVER-2 also has solar cells for energy supply.
  • Mobile asteroid Surface Scout (MASCOT), an about 9.6 kg heavier Lander and Rover with about shoebox large dimensions 29.5 cm × 27.5 cm × 19.5 cm. It carries a payload of approximately 3 kg and is equipped with an infrared spectrometer , a magnetometer , a radiometer and a wide-angle camera. Its external shell is made of a carbon fiber - sandwich plate structure . MASCOT obtained its energy from a non-rechargeable battery, which enabled the rover to operate for around 17 hours.

Because of the low gravity of the asteroid, all four rovers have no wheels for locomotion, but flywheels for jumping locomotion. Rover-1A and Rover-1B could jump up to 15 meters (each jump could take 15 minutes); MASCOT jumped 10 to 70 meters. The rovers sent their data to the space probe, which in turn relayed them to Earth.

Involved

The main contractor NEC built the 590 kg space probe, the Ka-band communication system and a camera for the mid-infrared range .

Rover-1A and Rover-1B were developed by JAXA and the University of Aizu (Japanese: 会 津 大学), ROVER-2 by a consortium of different universities under the direction of Tōhoku University . MASCOT was developed by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in cooperation with the French space agency CNES and JAXA. The CNES developed the infrared spectrometer from MASCOT, with the help of which the composition of the asteroid surface can be examined. The magnetic field should be measured by a magnetometer from the TU Braunschweigbe measured. The DLR Institute of Planetary Research provided the wide-angle camera and radiometer. In addition, the DLR provides the capacity of the 30-meter deep space antenna of the Weilheim satellite ground station for data transmission.

mission

Start and mission plan

Hayabusa 2

Hayabusa 2 was launched on December 3, 2014 with an H-IIA missile . The missile had three other payloads. One was PROCYON, a small 75 kg ion-propelled probe that was supposed to fly to asteroid 185851 2000 DP by 2016 , but did not reach its destination. Another payload was Shin'en 2, a roughly 15 kg heavy, student-built, roughly spherical radio experiment with a diameter of almost 50 cm and ARTSAT2-DESPATCH . The target for Hayabusa 2 was a near-earth object , the asteroid (162173) Ryugu. After arriving at the asteroid, the surface of the celestial body should first be measured. In a second step, two MINERVA-II landing robots and the asteroid lander MASCOT should be used.

The probe took soil samples . For this purpose, the probe approached the asteroid on February 21, 2019 until a special funnel (sampling horn) touched the surface. At the moment of touchdown, a projectile-forming charge of 5 grams of tantalum was fired at 300 m / s onto the surface and any material that had blown out was captured with the funnel.

Animation of the SCI deployment and sampling from the resulting crater

For the extraction of material from deeper layers of the asteroid, which is less exposed to space weathering, a larger projectile was fired on April 5, 2019. The Small Carry-on Impactor (SCI) consists of a copper projectile weighing 2.5 kg, which was fired at Ryugu from a height of around 500 meters with a shaped charge of 4.5 kg plasticized octogen . The probe released a camera, DCAM3, which recorded the point of impactwatched as she herself flew to the opposite side of the asteroid to avoid being hit by blasted material. In the following weeks, the probe flew to the approximately 2 meter large impact crater and removed the exposed material with a gripper arm.

After the mission was completed, the landers and rovers remained on the asteroid. The space probe, however, returned to earth with the soil samples.

Arrival at the asteroid

The probe was able to capture Ryugu for the first time on February 26, 2018 with the help of the ONC-T camera from a distance of approximately 1.3 million kilometers. On June 27, 2018, the 20 km approach to the asteroid was reported. The probe made measurements and looked for a suitable landing site for the lander. To test gravity, the probe approached the asteroid at a distance of 850 meters by August 6.

Use of the rovers and lander

As JAXA announced on September 22, 2018, the two MINERVA-II robots Rover-1A and Rover-1B were successfully placed on the surface. For this purpose, Hayabusa 2 approached the surface of the asteroid up to a distance of 55 meters and then moved away again to a position at an altitude of around 20 kilometers. Ryugu was around 280 million kilometers from Earth at that time. The rovers were used to prepare for the landing of MASCOT by means of photographic recordings and temperature measurements. Both landings were successful and the rovers were able to transfer images and other data successfully.

Twelve days later, MASCOT was released from a height of 51 meters to the asteroid Ryugu, touched down about 20 minutes later and undertook its approximately 17-hour operation, during which it made three jumping movements. MASCOT also sent images and data. The fourth rover, MINERVA-II 2, was scheduled to land at the end of September 2019. During the separation, control of the rover was lost and it crashed on the asteroid in early October after experiments were still being carried out on the approach.

Return to earth

On November 13, 2019, the probe left its orbit around the asteroid and began its return flight to Earth. A few hours before Hayabusa 2 flew past Earth, it severed its sample capsule on December 5, 2020 at 05:30 UTC.

The capsule entered the earth's atmosphere at 12 km / s . It triggered a parachute at a height of about 10 km , which allowed the capsule to be located by radar and began to send a position signal. The sample capsule ended up in the Woomera Test Range in Australia .

The samples are to be analyzed in the JAXA's Extraterrestrial Sample Curation Center .

Extended mission

As part of an extended mission, Hayabusa 2 is to explore two more asteroids. In July 2027 Template: future / in 5 years, the probe is expected to fly past the asteroid 2001 CC21 . After that, she is supposed to carry out two swing-by maneuvers on Earth in order to reach Template: future / in 5 yearsthe near-Earth asteroid 1998 KY26 in July 2031 .

drive

Scheme of the function of the ion drive mu-10 for Hayabusa 2

Hayabusa 2 is equipped with a newly developed ion drive called mu-10 .

communication

The probe has separate antennas: a medium gain antenna for X-band, a high gain antenna for X-band, a medium gain antenna for Ka-band and a high gain antenna for Ka-band.

Call for participation in the mission

As with the first Hayabusa mission, the Japanese space agency made it possible under the motto “Let's meet with Le Petit Prince ! Million Campaign 2 “participation in the space flight. For this campaign, interested parties could send their names and short messages to JAXA, which then went on the journey with the probe on special memory chips. A chip that contains only names should remain with the target marker on the asteroid; Another chip, which also stores messages and illustrations, should come back to earth with the return capsule.

The astrophysicist and musician Brian May created a 3-D image of the asteroid from two different images from June 25, 2018.

further reading

Web links

Commons : Hayabusa 2  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Japanese H-IIA kicks off Hayabusa 2's asteroid mission. In: nasaspaceflight.com. December 3, 2014, accessed December 3, 2014 .
  2. ↑ Takashi Kamiguri, Asahi Shimbun: Engineers seek smoother space journey for Hayabusa June 2, 9, 2012.
  3. ↑ Planetary Protection of Hayabusa-2 Mission, a Sample Return from 1999 JU3, C-type NEO. ( Memento of March 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive ). (PDF; 13.4 MB), NASA Planetary Protection Subcommittee 2012.
  4. ↑ Keiji Tachikawa - The President's New Year Interview, 2007. In: jaxa.jp. Retrieved September 24, 2018 .
  5. ↑ Asteroid probe, rocket get nod from Japanese panel. In: SpaceflightNow.com. August 11, 2010, accessed September 24, 2018 .
  6. ↑ Wendy Zukerman: Hayabusa2 will seek the origins of life in space. In: NewScientist.com. August 18, 2010, accessed September 24, 2018 .
  7. ^ Paul Rincon: Hayabusa-2: Japan's rovers ready for touchdown on asteroid. In: BBC.com. September 20, 2018, accessed October 3, 2018 .
  8. ↑ DLR: Three hops in three asteroid days - MASCOT successfully completes the exploration of the surface of asteroid Ryugu . In: DLR Portal . October 5, 2018 ( dlr.de ).
  9. ↑ Touchdown! Japan's Hayabusa2 spacecraft releases MASCOT lander on asteroid Ryugu. In: firstpost.com. Tech2, October 3, 2018, accessed October 3, 2018 (American English).
  10. ↑ Japan's next asteroid probe approved for development. In: SpaceflightNow.com. January 29, 2012, accessed September 24, 2018 .
  11. ↑ a b Hayabusa-2: Japan's rovers send pictures from asteroid. In: BBC.com. September 22, 2018, accessed October 3, 2018 .
  12. ↑ Japan's Hayabusa 2 probe releases 'bomb' at asteroid. In: spaceflightnow.com. April 5, 2019, accessed April 6, 2019 .
  13. ↑ [1]
  14. ↑ Hopping measuring device takes soil samples on an asteroid for the first time. In: ingenieur.de. June 19, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2013 .
  15. ↑ Tra-Mi Ho (project manager): MASCOT: Asteroid lander with a sense of direction. In: DLR.de. October 1, 2012, accessed August 18, 2018 .
  16. ↑ Takanao Saiki, Hirotaka Sawada, Chisato Okamoto, Hajime Yano, Yasuhiko Takagi, Yasuhiro Akahoshi, Makoto Yoshikawa: Small carry-on impactor of Hayabusa2 mission . In: Acta Astronautica . tape 84 , March 2013, ISSN  0094-5765 , p. 227-236 , doi : 10.1016 / j.actaastro.2012.11.010 ( online ).
  17. ↑ Hayabusa2 has detected Ryugu. In: JAXA.de. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, March 1, 2018, accessed September 22, 2018 .
  18. ↑ "Hayabusa-2" reaches its destination. In: ORF.at. June 27, 2018, accessed June 27, 2018 .
  19. ↑ Hayabusa 2 probe gets a closer look at asteroid amid landing preps. In: spaceflightnow.com. August 15, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2018 .
  20. ↑ Two Japanese small robots land on the asteroid Ryugu. In: derStandard.at . September 22, 2018. Retrieved September 22, 2018 .
  21. ↑ Space probe drops two robots onto asteroids. In: Spiegel.de . September 22, 2018. Retrieved September 22, 2018 .
  22. ^ Christoph Seidler: Asteroid mission "Mascot". The shoebox has landed. Spiegel Online , October 3, 2018.
  23. ↑ DLR: Three hops in three asteroid days - MASCOT successfully completes the exploration of the surface of asteroid Ryugu . In: DLR Portal . October 5, 2018 ( dlr.de ).
  24. ↑ Asteroid explorer, Hayabusa2, reporter briefing, September 15, 2020, JAXA Hayabusa2 Project
  25. ↑ Asteroid Explorer “Hayabusa2”. Name and Message Campaign. Let's meet with Le Petit Prince! Million Campaign 2. In: jaxa.jp. March 29, 2013, accessed October 3, 2018 .
  26. ↑ Stefan Deiters: Hayabusa 2. Names should travel with Asteroid 1999 JU3. In: astronews.com. April 25, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2013 .
  27. ↑ Stereo image of asteroid Ryugu by Dr Brian May. In: hayabusa2.jaxa.jp. July 4, 2018, accessed September 22, 2018 .