Rosetta (probe)

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Rosetta

Artist's impression of Rosetta
NSSDC ID 2004-006A
Mission goal Comet 67P / Churyumov-Gerasimenko
Client European space agencyESA ESA
Launcher Ariane 5G + V158
construction
Takeoff mass about 3000 kg
Instruments

ALICE, OSIRIS, VIRTIS, MIRO, ROSINA, COSIMA, MIDAS, RPC, CONSERT, GIADA, RSI ( + Philae )

Course of the mission
Start date March 2, 2004, 7:17 a.m. UTC
launch pad ELA-3 , Center Spatial Guyanais
End date September 30, 2016
 
 March 2, 2004 begin
 
 March 4, 2005 Swing-by on earth
 
 February 25, 2007 Swing-by on Mars
 
 November 13, 2007 Swing-by on earth
 
 September 5, 2008 Fly by the asteroid (2867) Šteins
 
 November 13, 2009 Swing-by on earth
 
 July 10, 2010 Fly by the asteroid (21) Lutetia
 
 June 8, 2011 Beginning of Deep Space Hibernation
 
 20th January 2014 End of deep space hibernation
 
 August 6, 2014 100 km distance to Churyumov-Gerasimenko, braking maneuver at 1 m / s relative speed
 
 September 10, 2014 first orbit 30 km away
 
 October 10, 2014 Orbit 10 km away
 
 November 12, 2014 Landing of Philae
 
 June 2015 Signals from Philae
 
 August 2015 closest approach to the sun
 
 2nd September 2016 Philae found
 
 September 30, 2016 Impact on the comet, end of the mission

The space mission Rosetta of ESA explored the comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko . The probe of the same name was launched on March 2, 2004, reached the orbit of the comet in August 2014 and remained there for more than two years, during which the comet crossed its perihelion . In November 2014, it launched the Philae lander , the first probe to touch the surface of a comet. On September 30, 2016, Rosetta itself was deliberately crashed on the comet, before the energy of the probe ran out due to the comet now moving away from the sun. On the way to the comet, after several swing-by maneuvers on Earth and Mars , Rosetta had passed the asteroids (2867) Šteins and (21) Lutetia and then spent 957 days in "hibernation" (Deep Space Hibernation) on the part of their orbit furthest from the sun. , from which she was "woken up" on January 20, 2014 as planned. A major goal of the mission was to research whether comets could have played a significant role in the origin of life on Earth, particularly whether they brought prebiotic molecules and water to Earth.

Beginnings of the mission

The development of the project began in 1992. Originally, Rosetta's start was planned for January 13, 2003, the target was the comet 46P / Wirtanen . A rocket of the Ariane 5 rocket program exploded, so the launch was postponed and selected as a new target in search of an active, not yet exhausted comet 67P / Churyumov-Gerasimenko.

Naming

The probe was named after the Egyptian port city of Rosette , the lander after the island of Philae in the Nile . Both places are known for the “milestones” found there in the deciphering of ancient Egyptian scripts : the Rosette stone and an obelisk from Philae . A Rosetta disk was on board the probe .

costs

The mission cost about a billion euros. As the most important of the 17 participating nations, Germany contributed around 290 million euros. The Philae lander cost about 200 million euros.

Technology and instruments

A solar cell boom during the 2013 unfolding test. Photo: ESA

Rosetta was built by EADS Astrium in Friedrichshafen . The basic structure consisted of an aluminum alloy housing 2.8 m × 2.1 m × 2.0 m in size, with the scientific instruments (about 165 kg in total) attached to the top and the bus support modules attached to the base were. On the side were a 2.2-meter parabolic antenna for communication ( S-band with 10 bits per second and X-band with 22,000 bits / s thanks to the high-gain antenna), the two five-part solar cell booms with a total span of 32 meters (64 square meters Surface area and 850 W power at a distance of 3.4 AU and 395 W at 5.25 AU) and the launching device for the approximately 100 kg heavy and 1 × 1 × 1 meter measuring lander. The propulsion system consisted of 24 two-fuel engines, each with 10 Newtons of thrust, for which about 1670 kg of fuel were on board. The position was detected by two redundant star trackers. A camera captured a section of the starry sky, which was recognized by the computer using a star map. Due to possibly interfering particles from the comet, the trackers were designed for up to 1000 incorrect objects in the image.

There were eleven instruments on board the Rosetta:

  • The ALICE ultraviolet spectrometer was looking for various noble gases, the distribution of which says something about the ambient temperature during their formation 4.5 billion years ago. A further developed version of Alice is also in the New Horizons probe . Along with MIRO and IES (Ion and Electron Sensor), ALICE was one of three instruments developed under the direction of NASA .
  • The OSIRIS (Optical, Spectroscopic and Infrared Remote Imaging System) imaging system with two cameras: wide angle with 12 ° × 12 ° and telephoto with 2.2 ° × 2.2 ° field of view, each with mirror optics, filter wheel and 4-megapixel sensor. For orientation and photography in particular of the particle cloud and the surface of the comet down to a resolution of 2 cm at the closest approach to a distance of 1 km, in visible and near infrared spectral ranges. Also to find a landing place for the lander.
  • VIRTIS (Visible and Infrared Thermal Imaging Spectrometer) should produce medium to low resolution images of the comet's nucleus, from which conclusions can be drawn about the spatial distribution of the elements found.
  • The MIRO (Microwave Spectrometer for the Rosetta Orbiter) instrument should determine the outgassing rate from the comet's nucleus and the distribution functions for airspeed and excited for the molecules CO, CH 3 OH, NH 3 , H 2 16 O, H 2 17 O and H 2 18 O Measure conditions. These molecules were also looked for near the asteroids. This high-resolution molecular spectroscopy takes place at numerous fixed frequencies in the 0.5 mm band. There are also broadband channels there and in the 1.9 mm band for measuring temperature and temperature gradients on the surface of the celestial bodies visited.
  • ROSINA (Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis) consisted of a DFMS (Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer ) and a time-of-flight mass spectrometer RTOF , which could detect ions and neutral gas particles . In this way, for example, the composition of the almost non-existent cometary atmosphere and the interactions between the particles can be determined. The ROSINA project manager was the Swiss astrophysicist Kathrin Altwegg .
The dust spectrometer COSIMA. Photo: DLR German Aerospace Center
  • For the investigation of the cometary dust, COSIMA (Cometary Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer) - also with a mass spectrometer  - should determine the abundance of elements, isotopes and molecules.
  • The high-resolution scanning probe microscope MIDAS (Micro-Imaging Dust Analysis System) was able to depict the fine structure of individual dust particles.
  • The RPC (Rosetta Plasma Consortium) included ion and electron detectors and a magnetometer. They were able to measure physical properties of the nucleus and the coma, as well as the interactions between the coma and solar wind.
  • The CONSERT experiment (Comet Nucleus Sounding Experiment by Radio wave Transmission) explored the structure of the comet's nucleus.
  • GIADA (Grain Impact Analyzer and Dust Accumulator) examined the coma and determined the number, size and speed of the grains of dust in it.
  • Using the communication system, RSI (Radio Science Investigation) determined the gravitational field of the comet's nucleus and from this its mass and mass distribution.

Another ten instruments were on board the lander, the data of which was supposed to reach Earth via Rosetta as a relay station . The scientific data was stored on solid-state storage with 25 GBit (minimum capacity at the end of the mission).

Takeoff and flight history

Orbits of Rosetta (black), Earth (green), Mars (red), Jupiter (brown) and 67P / Tschurjumow-Gerassimenko (blue)
01 - March 2004: Launch of space probe
02 - March 2005: first swing-by maneuver on Earth
03 - February 2007: swing-by maneuver on Mars
04 - November 2007: second swing-by maneuver on Earth
05 - September 2008: fly by the asteroid Šteins
06 - November 2009: third swing-by maneuver on the Earth
07 - July 2010: Fly by the asteroid Lutetia
08 - July 2011: Put the spacecraft into sleep mode
09 - January 2014: Awakening of the space probe
10 - August 2014: Swing into comet orbit
11 - November 2014: Landing of the Rosetta Philae lander Comet
12 - December 2015: provisionally planned end of the mission, actual end: September 2016
Nine-minute video report by DLR on the Rosetta mission (1080p HD; German)

On February 26, 2004, the launch from the Kourou Space Center in French Guiana was postponed again at short notice due to strong high-altitude winds and the next day due to a defect in the heat protection. On March 2, 2004 at 8:17 am CET , the Ariane 5 G + launcher with the three-ton probe on board finally took off from Earth as Flight 158.

No existing launch vehicle can bring such a heavy payload directly onto a comet's orbit. The earth and comet are too far apart for this in the sun's gravitational potential . Rather, the Ariane upper level only brought Rosetta onto a near-earth orbit around the sun, i.e. essentially out of the earth's gravitational potential. This is marked with "1" in the diagram opposite. After a few days it was clear that the desired orbit had been hit precisely enough so that Rosetta's fuel supply would be sufficient for all mission objectives, in particular for the orbit corrections of the two planned close-by flights to the asteroids. Rosetta's path can be viewed from different directions on an ESA interactive website.

Swing-by maneuvers

One year after the launch, on March 4, 2005, Rosetta flew its first swing-by maneuver, during which the probe approached the earth's surface up to 1900 km. Before this encounter “2”, the probe had flown slightly outside of the earth's orbit and was dragged along and accelerated by the earth. Then it moved away outward comparatively quickly and lost less energy than it had previously received from the earth. Their orbit now crossed at "3" that of the planet Mars, which they formed into one after another orbit and course corrections on September 29 (Δ v  = 32 m / s) and November 13, 2006 (0.1 m / s) met very tight swing-by. This encounter on February 25, 2007 with a minimum distance of only 250 km slowed Rosetta by 2.19 km / s, which made the subsequent interaction with the earth all the more productive. This interaction at "4/6" consisted of two encounters on November 13th of 2007 and 2009, with distances of 5295 and 2481 km respectively. The energy gain was expressed in an increase in the major semiaxis of the orbit to just under 1.6 or 3.1  AU . 3.5 AU is the value for comet 67P / Churyumov-Gerasimenko, which Rosetta then approached.

Observation of deep impact

Rosetta observed the impact of the impactor of the Deep Impact probe on Comet 9P / Temple 1 on July 4, 2005 from a distance of about 80 million kilometers across the illumination from the sun. Rosetta's ALICE UV spectrometer was the most suitable instrument for observation.

Fly by the asteroid (2867) Šteins

(2867) Šteins

On September 5, 2008, Rosetta passed the 4.6 kilometer (2867) Šteins at "5", ie at the inner edge of the main asteroid belt , at a relative speed of 8.6 km / s. With a new optical navigation method for ESA, the flyby succeeded at the planned distance of 800 km. To calculate corrective maneuvers, the two navigation cameras (NAVCAM) and the scientific camera OSIRIS repeatedly took pictures of the asteroid against the starry background. During the flyby, data were collected with the OSIRIS camera and the VIRTIS spectrometer. The probe was rotated so that the communication antenna was not pointing to earth. After 90 minutes of radio silence, the first telemetry data confirmed the success of the maneuver. The subsequently published images show a brilliantly shaped body with a large number of impact craters . For results see (2867) Šteins .

Observation from P / 2010 A2 and (21) Lutetia

(21) Lutetia

On March 16, 2010, the dust cloud was observed from asteroid P / 2010 A2 . Together with the results of the Hubble telescope , it was concluded that it was not a comet, but that the dust cloud was the result of a collision between two asteroids.

Rosetta passed the around 100 km large asteroid (21) Lutetia on July 10, 2010 at "7" at a distance of 3162 km and at a relative speed of 15 km / s.

The research results showed the asteroid Lutetia characterized by huge craters, ridges and landslides as well as rocks several hundred meters high. The flyby also served to test Rosetta's scientific instruments as well as one of the ten experiments of the Philae lander in extreme cold, 407 million km from the Sun and 455 million km from Earth.

Hibernation

Rosetta team in the European space control center ESOC in Darmstadt , Rosetta probe wakes up from "hibernation" (January 20, 2014)

Rosetta's energy supply by solar cells was a novelty for missions beyond the Mars orbit. The radiation intensity decreases quadratically with the distance from the sun. The electrical power that can be obtained also decreases to the same extent. In March 2011, the very large solar modules allowed a first look at the actual target of the mission, comet 67P / Churyumov-Gerasimenko, from a distance of more than 1  AU . However, the further approach took place in a wide arc, which with a maximum distance of 790 million km from the sun reached almost as far as the orbit of Jupiter. For the 31 months beyond about 660 million km of solar distance (from "8" to "9" in the diagram above), the probe was therefore put into a sleep mode (deep space hibernation), in which the low available power is only for "life support" served (on-board computer and some heating elements for the scientific payload). To stabilize during this phase, the Rosetta was set in a rotation with a rotation time of 90 seconds. On January 20, 2014, Rosetta woke up from this hibernation as planned. In the following months, all of the probe's instruments were tested and provided with software upgrades. The lander awoke on March 28, 2014.

67P / Churyumov-Gerasimenko

67P / Churyumov-Gerasimenko

The comet developed activity surprisingly early in April 2014, a small coma of gas and dust. At the beginning of June, the MIRO microwave spectrometer was used to estimate the emission of water at 300 grams per second. With the OSIRIS camera, the comet could be perceived on July 11th as a very irregular shape, which led to the assumption of two differently sized, touching bodies. The two parts of the comet measure 2.5 × 2.5 × 2.0 and 4.1 × 3.2 × 1.3 kilometers. With a volume of 25 cubic kilometers and a mass of 10 billion tons, the comet has a density of 0.4 grams per cubic centimeter. A complete rotation around its own axis takes 12.4 hours.

Approaching the comet

In May 2014, the distance to the comet decreased from about two million kilometers to half a million kilometers. With three Big Burns on May 21, June 4 and June 18, with the engines burning for a total of almost 17 hours, the relative speed of the probe to the comet was reduced by almost 650 m / s. The remaining braking requirement of a good 100 m / s was distributed over six further braking maneuvers with systematically decreasing burn times, which took place up to August 6, 2014. The probe overtook the comet and stopped about 100 km in front of it.

At this distance and with a differential speed of less than 1 m / s, its gravity already has a measurable influence. First, the probe explored the gravitational far field of the comet on a triangular course for six weeks in order to determine its exact mass and center of gravity: Non-propelled measurement phases on about 100 km long, hyperbolic orbits were interrupted every three to four days by short turning maneuvers by about 300 ° .

In mid-September the transition to an elliptical orbit took place at a distance of almost 30 km. While the orbit was gradually lowered to a height of 10 km by October 10, 2014, the surface was precisely mapped, also to find a landing site for Philae. A resolution of two to three meters was achieved here.

Dropping the lander onto the comet

10-minute video report from DLR about the Philae mission (1080p HD; German)

At the end of August 2014, five positions were shortlisted as possible landing sites on 67P / Churyumov-Gerasimenko, from which the primary and secondary landing sites were selected on September 15. None of the five candidates could 100 percent meet all the criteria for an optimal landing site. The intended primary landing site was a sunny place on the smaller comet head in a varied, but not too rugged landscape and hardly any steep slopes with an average of seven hours of sunshine per comet day, which should ensure that the lander's batteries are recharged again and again. It was baptized Agilkia based on a Nile island of the same name.

The Philae lander itself has no drive. For the launch, Rosetta swiveled into a pre-delivery orbit and then carried out a launch maneuver. With a pre-separation maneuver , the probe briefly took a collision course for the comet in order to bring itself back on a safe course with a second maneuver even after the separation of the lander. From there, Rosetta swiveled three more relay maneuvers into a new orbit 30 km from the comet until November 19, 2014. The lander was detached on November 12, 2014 at 8:35 a.m. UTC at a distance of 22.5 km from the comet's core. After separation, the lander approached the comet at about 1 m / s and touched the surface for the first time about seven hours later, at 15:34:06 UTC.

The gravitational acceleration on the surface of the comet is roughly 1 / 100,000 of the acceleration due to gravity , but due to its irregular shape with very strong local variation, both in size and in direction. Philae has a mass of 100 kg with correspondingly great inertia, but only a weight of 0.01 Newton acts on the lander , corresponding to the force with which a mass of 1 gram is pulled down on the earth.

The lander touched down twice before coming to a standstill on the third ground contact outside of target region J (ground contacts at 15:34, 17:25 and 17:32 UTC). The pressure-recoil gas nozzle had not worked, harpoons and ice screws were not active contrary to the first report, which is why the lander cushioned the first contact - at the targeted point - but jumped up again. After the second jump he came to a standstill standing on two legs, probably leaning against it. In this position it is sunlit for less than planned, only 1.5 hours per 13 hours of cometary day. On November 15, 2014, after 2 days and around 8 hours, the lander went into a kind of hibernation due to a lack of energy supply.

  • All pictures are artistic representations

  • Rosetta and Philae

  • Landing of Philae on Churyumov-Gerasimenko

  • Philaes ice screws

  • Shown landing of the Philae on a model of the University of Göttingen

Approach of the comet to the sun

From December 3 to 6, 2014, Rosetta's orbit was lowered from 30 km to 20 km from the comet. Churyumov-Gerasimenko and Rosetta reached the point of its orbit closest to the sun in August 2015 at a distance of 1.2432  AU (193 million kilometers). On February 4, 2015, the orbit of Rosetta was changed in such a way that the probe could fly over the comet's surface at a distance of only 6 km on February 14, after which the orbit had to be raised again due to the increasing activity of the comet.

The increasing solar radiation during the approach gave Philae enough energy after almost 7 months without a signal to send data to Rosetta on June 13, 2015. However, there was no reliable long-term communication. In August 2015 the comet moved away from the sun again, but was still measured by Rosetta. The decrease in activity allowed the probe to descend again.

Final phase

On September 2, 2016, Rosetta's OSIRIS camera took a picture of the previously lost lander Philae. The picture, on which Philae's position and orientation can be seen, was taken at a distance of 2.7 km and has a resolution of about 5 centimeters per pixel.

At the end of the mission, Rosetta was deliberately dropped on the comet on September 30, 2016. Five seconds before the impact, the last close-up was taken from a distance of about 20 m, which was no longer in focus and could only be transmitted in highly compressed form due to lack of time. The impact speed was 0.9 m / s. The impact was shown in the control center when the radio signal was broken off at 1:19 p.m. CEST. One very last previously overlooked photo was posted in September 2017.

Challenges and special features of the mission

The Rosetta mission broke new ground in some areas of space exploration. The mission profile had several peculiarities.

Interferences in the orbit around the comet

To explore the comet , an orbit was swiveled around it. Because of its irregular shape, its gravitational potential deviates strongly from a spherically symmetrical central potential , which caused significant orbital disturbances . Other effects had to be taken into account:

  • The radiation pressure of the sun.
  • The coma of the comet, arose near the sun through outgassing from active parts of the comet. The particle flow caused an acceleration through recoil. In addition, the (stationary) particle cloud around the comet slowed down the probe.
  • The tidal force of the sun.

Orientation and navigation close to comets

Mission control over Rosetta was at the European Space Control Center (ESOC) in Darmstadt. Because of the long transit time of the communication signals (approx. 30 min), direct control from earth was not possible. The processes on the probe and lander were controlled by programmed sequences, some of which contained specifications for control loops. In particular, this concerned the attitude control . The so-called Rosetta Science Ground Segment (RSGS), the team that took care of the correct functioning and evaluation of the instruments, was stationed in the European Space Astronomy Center (ESAC) near Madrid.

Others

The Minor Planet Center , which observes near-Earth asteroids, published in a circular dated November 8, 2007 the discovery of an object that was passing very close to the earth and gave it the catalog designation 2007 VN 84 . It quickly became apparent that the Rosetta space probe was actually being observed on its approach to the second swing-by maneuver on Earth. The designation was therefore withdrawn again.

In addition, in early November 2007, the research team discovered a body that Rosetta appeared to be following. The distance was reduced to a few 100,000 km when it flew past Earth on November 13th. After lost components of the probe itself had been ruled out, an Apollo asteroid was suspected to be crossing the Earth's orbit .

The shape of the comet is initially described in the media as a potato, later with a more precise picture as a bath duck . Philae landed on the smaller head of the comet, so to speak on the head of the duck.

The British physicist Matt Taylor, whose job as lead scientist of the project is to combine the demands of the researchers with the safe operation of the probe, offered - in order to confirm his job application - a bet: If he was Rosetta after years will be able to wake up again from the “hibernation”, he will - as another - get a Rosetta tattoo . He redeemed the bet on March 18, 2014. The motif on the right thigh shows the daughter probe that has landed, looking ahead optimistically - blue like Rosetta's awning.

As part of the ROSINA sub-project, the Swiss astrophysicist Kathrin Altwegg was  able to detect amino acids - the building blocks of life. This makes the theory that has been held up to now that the origins of life on earth may have arisen in a so-called primordial soup , questionable. The methyl chloride also found, which can be produced by trees, algae and other organisms, but also by industrial companies, is, according to the scientific community, unsuitable as an indication of life in space, as it was also found in the otherwise hostile interstellar space (cf. ALMA ). But his discovery on a comet like Churyumov-Gerasimenko shows that this molecule can survive “growing into a comet” - and could therefore have reached Earth through one.

Measurement data of the magnetic field of 67P / Tschurjumow-Gerassimenko obtained with instruments contributed by the TU Braunschweig were presented online by ESA as comet songs and accessed more than five million times. The dataset of 85,000 measurements was set to music by a Wolfenbüttel composer and sound designer.

On the day it landed, the Google Doodle showed a picture of the Philae lander.

About the landing of the daughter probe science.ORF.at quoted the single hit Rosetta from 1971 by Alan Price in the live ticker .

Nature chose Andrea Accomazzo, ESA's flight director, as one of the 10 researchers in 2014. At the start of the project 20 years ago, he got in trouble with his girlfriend, who found a note "Rosetta" with a phone number on his desk and a woman thought. Today Accomazzo is married to this friend, but also feels “totally connected” to Rosetta.

In honor of the successful arrival of the comet probe, the asteroid (16543) Rosetta was named on January 5, 2015 .

On September 23, 2016, the CD was released Rosetta by Vangelis , a music album with 13 pieces dedicated to the Rosetta mission.

With the initial issue date July 1, 2019 which gave German Post AG in the series Astrophysics a postage stamp in the denomination out of 60 euro cents for ESA's Rosetta mission. The design comes from the graphic designer Andrea Voß-Acker from Wuppertal.

literature

  • Dietrich Möhlmann, Stephan Ulamec: Rosetta space probe: The adventurous journey to the unknown comet . Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2014, ISBN 978-3-440-13083-4 .
  • Uwe Meierhenrich: Comets and Their Origin . Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2014, ISBN 978-3-527-41281-5 .
  • Berndt Feuerbacher: Mission Rosetta . GeraMond, Munich 2016, ISBN 978-3-86245-335-1 .

Web links

Commons : Rosetta  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

ESA

partner

Others

Video

Individual evidence

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  2. ↑ a b Mission "Rosetta": anxious waiting for the first comet landing. Spiegel online, May 30, 2014, accessed June 22, 2020 .
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  4. ↑ Kathrin Altwegg et al: Prebiotic chemicals - amino acid and phosphorus - in the coma of comet 67P / Churyumov-Gerasimenko. In: Science Advances. Volume 2, Number 5, May 2016, doi: 10.1126 / sciadv.1600285 .
  5. ↑ a b Thomas Kopietz: Rosetta is looking for primordial matter. In: Hessische / Niedersächsische Allgemeine . 7th August 2014.
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  7. ^ Jill Kamil: Aswan and Abu Simbel: History and Guide. American University in Cairo Press, 1993, ISBN 977-424-321-8 , p. 77, limited preview in Google book search.
  8. ^ How Philae got its name on YouTube . Report from Serena Olga Vismara, who chose the name Philae for the lander.
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  14. ^ MPS : OSIRIS: Optical, Spectroscopic, and Infrared Remote Imaging System. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
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  28. ↑ DLR: Mission into the Unknown II - The Comet Lander Philae. 2014. doi: 10.5446 / 14923 .
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  30. ↑ ESA: Rosetta's comet 'sweats' two glasses of water a second. June 30, 2014, accessed June 22, 2020.
  31. ^ ESA: The dual personality of comet 67P / CG. July 17, 2014, accessed June 22, 2020.
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  33. ↑ ESA: The Big Burns Part June 3-17, 2014, accessed June 22, 2020.
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  36. ↑ ESA: 'J' marks the spot for Rosetta's lander. September 15, 2014, accessed June 22, 2020 .
  37. ^ ESA Confirms Primary Landing Site for Rosetta. (No longer available online.) NASA Jet Propulion Laboratory, Oct. 15, 2014, archived from the original on Oct. 18, 2014 ; accessed on June 22, 2020 .
  38. ↑ Rosetta space probe visits comets. “Rosetta” will soon land on “Duck” in space. fr-online, October 15, 2014, accessed on June 22, 2020 .
  39. ↑ Philae will land on the smaller comet head. ( Memento from September 18, 2014 in the Internet Archive ). In: Kurier.at. September 15, 2014, accessed June 22, 2020.
  40. ↑ Philae Lander: Sunny landing site on the comet's head. (No longer available online.) DLR, September 15, 2014, archived from the original on October 7, 2014 ; accessed on June 22, 2020 .
  41. ^ Farewell J hello Agilkia. In: ESA.int. November 4, 2014, accessed June 22, 2020.
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  44. ↑ Philae's first touchdown seen by rosetta - before landing. ESA, accessed on June 22, 2020 .
  45. ↑ Live updates: Rosetta mission comet landing. ESA, November 12, 2014, accessed on June 22, 2020 .
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