Planck space telescope

Planck

Type:	Space telescope
Operator:	European space agency ESA
COSPAR-ID :	2009-026B
Mission dates
Dimensions:	1921 kg (takeoff weight) / 28 kg telescope weight
Size:	Height 4.2 m, diameter max. 4.2 m
Begin:	May 14, 2009, 13:12:02 UTC
Starting place:	CSG , ELA-3
Launcher:	Ariane 5 ECA
Flight duration:	4 years, 5 months and 9 days
Status:	out of service since October 23, 2013
Orbit data
Track height:	Lissajous orbit around the Lagrange point L _{2 of} the earth-sun system

Planck (also Planck Surveyor was called) a microwave - space telescope of ESA to explore the cosmic background radiation .

mission

The 1921 kg heavy Planck telescope was brought into space by an Ariane 5 ECA together with the Herschel infrared telescope. The launch took place after several postponements on May 14, 2009 at 13:12 UTC from the Center Spatial Guyanais near Kourou . After the upper stage had burned out, the Planck satellite was deployed at 13:40 UTC a few minutes after the Herschel telescope on a highly elliptical earth orbit between 270 and 1,197,080 km altitude, which is inclined 5.99 ° to the equator. From this orbit the satellite reached its Lissajous orbit around the Lagrange point L _{2 of} the earth-sun system after several orbital maneuvers .

On August 14, 2013, after 1554 days of operation, the telescope was withdrawn from the L2 point and placed in a heliocentric orbit, which ensures that it will not be trapped by the earth for the next 300 years. On October 23, 2013, Planck was finally shut down.

payload

The Low Frequency Instrument (LFI)

The high frequency instrument (HFI)

The satellite has two different instruments for observing the radiation, the “High Frequency Instrument” (HFI) for the higher and the “Low Frequency Instrument” (LFI) for the lower frequency range. Together with the two mirrors of the satellite, these instruments form a telescope that is built on a carbon fiber structure.

Underneath the telescope is the “Cryo Structure”, which essentially consists of three aluminum sandwich shields and glass fiber supports. It serves to optimize the heat radiation and to protect the telescope from the warm satellite body. A temperature of around 45 K is reached passively. The LFI is cooled to 20 K with a sorption cooler in a closed hydrogen circuit. The HFI is also cooled to 4 K by a closed helium circuit. By mixing liquid helium-4 and helium-3, the detectors of the HFI are finally cooled to only 0.1 K in order to suppress the noise. This cooling mechanism of the coldest part of Planck is open; H. the coolant is lost over time.

Low Frequency Instrument

Frequency (GHz)	Bandwidth (Δν / ν)	Resolution (arcmin)	Sensitivity (total intensity) Δ T / T , 14 months observation (10 ⁻⁶ )	Sensitivity (polarization) Δ T / T , 14 months observation (10 ⁻⁶ )
30th	0.2	33	2.0	2.8
44	0.2	24	2.7	3.9
70	0.2	14th	4.7	6.7

High Frequency Instrument

Frequency (GHz)	Bandwidth (Δν / ν)	Resolution (arcmin)	Sensitivity (total intensity) Δ T / T , 14 months observation (10 ⁻⁶ )	Sensitivity (polarization) Δ T / T , 14 months observation (10 ⁻⁶ )
100	0.33	10	2.5	4.0
143	0.33	7.1	2.2	4.2
217	0.33	5.5	4.8	9.8
353	0.33	5.0	14.7	29.8
545	0.33	5.0	147	-
857	0.33	5.0	6700	-

Technical specifications

Height: 4.2 m
Diameter: max. 4.2 m
Takeoff weight: 1.921 t
Main mirror diameter: 1.75 m
Telescope weight: 28 kg
Cooling liquid: 1500 l helium
Duration of use: 21 months (planned) , 29 months achieved (HFI), partial operation for a further 7 months
Orbit : Lissajous -Bahn, 0.28 million km × 0.28 million km around L2 earth-sun, now solar orbit
Total costs: 600 million euros

Scientific work

history


Matter or energy share of the universe at the current point in time (above) and at the time of decoupling (below), 380,000 years after the Big Bang. (Observations from the WMAP mission on the left, the more recent one from Planck on the right). The term “atoms” stands for “normal matter”.

The project of a satellite for the precise investigation of the cosmic background radiation was founded in 1996 and was created in cooperation of 40 European and 10 American institutes with the ESA. The satellite is to determine temperature fluctuations in the background radiation in the range of a millionth of a degree. It was originally evaluated under the name COBRAS / SAMBA and later renamed in honor of Max Planck .

Measurement and evaluation

Regular observation began on August 13, 2009. The first full image of the sky was completed in June 2010, but post-processing was necessary to achieve full accuracy. The first results were published in January 2011. The coolant required for cooling the HFI ran out on January 16, 2012, the LFI could be operated for months, which in particular enables better calibration of the high-frequency data. Instead of the planned two, Planck even managed five complete sky surveys. According to estimates by those involved, the evaluation of the data will take at least a year.

Planck's aim is to map the cosmic background radiation in parallel at nine frequencies between 30 and 857 GHz . Planck's angular resolution, with values between 4 arc minutes for the highest and 33 arc minutes for the lowest frequencies, is much better than in the comparable previous projects COBE and WMAP .

At the same time, observations of the foreground radiation of the Milky Way and galaxies are obtained. On the one hand, these interfering effects must be very well known to determine the background radiation, but are also of own scientific interest, e.g. B. for a deeper understanding of stellar evolution .

According to simulations by Gary Shiu and Bret Underwood from the University of Wisconsin – Madison , the measurements from the Planck satellite could be suitable for testing string theory .

Results

Comparison of the results of the background radiation measurements by COBE , WMAP and Planck

The first scientific result was the early-release compact source catalog , which was presented in January 2011 during the Planck conference in Paris.

On March 21, 2013, the first results of the Planck collaboration were published simultaneously in 24 publications. Accordingly, z. B. the age of the universe increased slightly from 13.7 billion years to 13.82 billion years. The new information on the composition of the universe ( dark matter , etc.) has also been changed quantitatively. What is striking, however, is a slight asymmetry in the distribution of matter.

On May 5, 2014, a map of the galactic magnetic field was published.

Cosmological parameters of the Planck measurements

The cosmological parameters of the telescope measurements are given in the following table.

parameter	Age of the Universe (Billion Years)	Hubble constant (km / (Mpc s))	Baryon density	Dense cold dark matter	Dense dark energy	Density fluctuation at 8h ⁻¹ Mpc	Scalar spectral index	Reionization Optical Depth
symbol	${\ displaystyle t_ {0}}$	${\ displaystyle H_ {0}}$	${\ displaystyle \ Omega _ {b} h ^ {2}}$	${\ displaystyle \ Omega _ {c} h ^ {2}}$	${\ displaystyle \ Omega _ {\ Lambda}}$	${\ displaystyle \ sigma _ {8}}$	${\ displaystyle n_ {s}}$	${\ displaystyle \ tau}$
Planck best fit	13,819	67.11	0.022068	0.12029	0.6825	0.8344	0.9624	0.0925
Planck 68% area	13.813 ± 0.058	67.4 ± 1.4	0.02207 ± 0.00033	0.1196 ± 0.0031	0.686 ± 0.020	0.834 ± 0.027	0.9616 ± 0.0094	0.097 ± 0.038
Planck + lensing Best fit	13.784	68.14	0.022242	0.11805	0.6964	0.8285	0.9675	0.0949
Planck + lensing 68% area	13.796 ± 0.058	67.9 ± 1.5	0.02217 ± 0.00033	0.1186 ± 0.0031	0.693 ± 0.019	0.823 ± 0.018	0.9635 ± 0.0094	0.089 ± 0.032
Planck + WP best fit	13.8242	67.04	0.022032	0.12038	0.6817	0.8347	0.9619	0.0925
Planck + WP 68% area	13.817 ± 0.048	67.3 ± 1.2	0.02205 ± 0.00028	0.1199 ± 0.0027	0.685 + 0.018 / -0.016	0.829 ± 0.012	0.9603 ± 0.0073	0.089 + 0.012 / -0.014
Planck + WP + HighL Best fit	13.8170	67.15	0.022069	0.12025	0.6830	0.8322	0.9582	0.0927
Planck + WP + HighL 68% range	13.813 ± 0.047	67.3 ± 1.2	0.02207 ± 0.00027	0.1198 ± 0.0026	0.685 + 0.017 / -0.016	0.828 ± 0.012	0.9585 ± 0.0070	0.091 + 0.013 / -0.014
Planck + lensing + WP + highL Best fit	13.7914	67.94	0.022199	0.11847	0.6939	0.8271	0.9624	0.0943
Planck + lensing + WP + highL 68% area	13.794 ± 0.044	67.9 ± 1.0	0.02218 ± 0.00026	0.1186 ± 0.0022	0.693 ± 0.013	0.8233 ± 0.0097	0.9614 ± 0.0063	0.090 + 0.013 / -0.014
Planck + WP + highL + BAO Best fit	13.7965	67.77	0.022161	0.11889	0.6914	0.8288	0.9611	0.0952
Planck + WP + highL + BAO 68% range	13.798 ± 0.037	67.80 ± 0.77	0.02214 ± 0.00024	0.1187 ± 0.0017	0.692 ± 0.010	0.826 ± 0.012	0.9608 ± 0.0054	0.092 ± 0.013

Swell:

literature

Martin Hechler: The orbits of the Herschel and Planck space telescopes. In: Stars and Space. Heidelberg 47.2008, No. 1 (Jan.), pp. 48-55. ISSN 0039-1263

Web links

Commons : Planck Space Telescope - collection of images, videos and audio files

Planck - ESA (English)
Planck - ESA Science & Technology (English)
Planck Science Team Home. ESA(English).; accessed on February 10, 2018
Planck at the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics (English)
Raumfahrer.net: Herschel and Planck: A look behind the scenes
Bernd Leitenberger: Bernd Leitenberger: Herschel and Planck
Herschel-Planck Launch Kit (PDF; 1 MB)
SpaceDaily: Coolest Spacecraft Ever In Orbit Around L2
ESA brochure: BR-275 Planck
Flight 188 - Ariane 5 - Satellites: HERSCHEL & PLANCK. EADS-Astrium, archived from the original on December 23, 2016 (English).; Retrieved January 1, 1970
Sky map of cosmic background radiation (JPEG file, 13 MB)
Sky map of microwave radiation: background radiation and foreground radiation (JPEG file, 0.9 MB)

annotation

↑ According to the data from the PLANCK space telescope ( ESA , March 21, 2013), the values are slightly corrected compared to WMAP: Visible matter: 4.9%, dark matter: 26.8%, dark energy: 68.3%, age of the universe: 13.82 billion years, Planck reveals an almost perfect Universe , accessed on Oct. 9, 2013

Individual evidence

↑ ARIANE 5 - Data relating to Flight 188 by Stéphane Leboucher

↑ ESA: Ariane 5 carrying Herschel and Planck lifts off. May 14, 2009, accessed on May 14, 2009 .

↑ Tweet - ESA Science, August 15, 2013

↑ ESA: Last Command sent to ESA's Planck Space Telescope. October 23, 2013. Retrieved October 23, 2013 .

↑ ^a ^b Dominik Schwarz: Superficial radiation. In: Physics Journal. Weinheim 2011, 10 (Oct.), pp. 20-21. ISSN 1617-9439

↑ Face the Big Bang. In: Flieger Revue . Berlin 2009, 4 (Apr.), pp. 61-64. ISSN 0941-889X

^ ESA: Planck Published Papers. August 8, 2011, accessed March 20, 2019 .

↑ ESA press release (accessed on February 6, 2012)

↑ World of Physics (accessed February 6, 2012)

^ Gary Shiu, Bret Underwood: Observing the Geometry of Warped Compactification via Cosmic Inflation. in: Physical Review Letters. New York 98,2007.5 (051301). ISSN 0031-9007 doi: 10.1103 / PhysRevLett.98.051301

↑ 2011 Planck Conference . Retrieved March 22, 2013.

↑ Planck Legacy Archive . European Space Agency. Archived from the original on October 7, 2012. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved January 16, 2015. @1@ 2

^ ESA: Planck Published Papers. March 21, 2013, accessed December 23, 2016 .

↑ Key results from March 21, 2013 (based on Spiegel.online/Wwissenschaft) , accessed on March 22, 2013.

↑ Christopher Crockett: Milky Way's magnetic field mapped . In: Science News , May 9, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2014.

↑ ^a ^b See Table 9 in Planck Collaboration: I. Overview of products and scientific results . (eprint: 1303.5062– class = astro-ph.CO) In: Planck 2013 Results Papers . 2013.

↑ Planck 2015 and 2013 Results Papers. European Space Agency, accessed December 23, 2016 .

↑ Planck Collaboration: XVI. Cosmological parameters . (eprint: 1303.5076 - class = astro-ph.CO) In: Planck 2013 Results Papers . 2013.

↑ Planck Mission Brings Universe Into Sharp Focus. Jet Propulsion Laboratory , March 21, 2013, accessed March 21, 2013 .

↑ Planck reveals an almost perfect universe. European Space Agency, March 21, 2013, accessed March 21, 2013 .

↑ D. Overbye: Universe as an Infant: Fatter Than Expected and Kind of Lumpy. The New York Times , March 21, 2013, accessed March 21, 2013 .

[6] According to the data from the PLANCK space telescope ( ESA , March 21, 2013), the values are slightly corrected compared to WMAP: Visible matter: 4.9%, dark matter: 26.8%, dark energy: 68.3%, age of the universe: 13.82 billion years, Planck reveals an almost perfect Universe , accessed on Oct. 9, 2013

[1] ARIANE 5 - Data relating to Flight 188 by Stéphane Leboucher

[2] ESA: Ariane 5 carrying Herschel and Planck lifts off. May 14, 2009, accessed on May 14, 2009 .

[3] Tweet - ESA Science, August 15, 2013

[4] ESA: Last Command sent to ESA's Planck Space Telescope. October 23, 2013. Retrieved October 23, 2013 .

[Physik_Journal-5] Dominik Schwarz: Superficial radiation. In: Physics Journal. Weinheim 2011, 10 (Oct.), pp. 20-21. ISSN 1617-9439

[7] Face the Big Bang. In: Flieger Revue . Berlin 2009, 4 (Apr.), pp. 61-64. ISSN 0941-889X

[8] ESA: Planck Published Papers. August 8, 2011, accessed March 20, 2019 .

[9] ESA press release (accessed on February 6, 2012)

[10] World of Physics (accessed February 6, 2012)

[11] Gary Shiu, Bret Underwood: Observing the Geometry of Warped Compactification via Cosmic Inflation. in: Physical Review Letters. New York 98,2007.5 (051301). ISSN 0031-9007 doi: 10.1103 / PhysRevLett.98.051301

[12] 2011 Planck Conference . Retrieved March 22, 2013.