Himalayan mandrake
| Himalayan mandrake | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Mandragora caulescens | ||||||||||||
| CBClarke |
The Himalayan Alraune ( Mandragora caulescens ) is a species of the genus of the mandrake ( Mandragora ) in the nightshade family (Solanaceae).
description
Vegetative characteristics
The Himalayan mandrake is a perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 20 to 60 centimeters. The 5 to 22 centimeter long rhizome is firm and fleshy. The above-ground parts of the plant are completely covered with simple or glandular hair. The sometimes present stems are sometimes branched and 10 to 40 centimeters high.
The leaves are mostly basal, but occasionally they are also along tall stems. The simple leaf blade is 3 to 20 centimeters long and 1.5 to 5 centimeters wide and obovate to obovate and lanceolate and narrow at the base.
Generative characteristics
The flowering period extends from May to July. The occasionally nodding single flowers stand on 1 to 20 centimeters long, strong flower stalks. The bracts are membranous and sessile.
The hermaphrodite flowers are five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five sepals fused to about half of their length in a bell-shaped manner and the calyx lobes are egg-shaped to triangular. The five deep purple or yellow petals are fused to about half of their length with broad, egg-shaped to triangular corolla lobes. The stamens are about 7 millimeters long and the anthers are 1.5 to 5 millimeters long. The stylus , which is up to 4 millimeters long, ends in a slightly bilobed scar .
The calyx enlarges until the fruit is ripe and can become larger than the fruit. With a diameter of 2 to 2.5 centimeters, the berry ripens in July to September. The yellow seeds are flattened kidney-shaped with a length of about 2 millimeters.
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 48.
Occurrence
The Himalayan mandrake is native to the Himalayas . It occurs in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh , in Sikkim , Nepal , Bhutan , Myanmar , in eastern Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of southeastern Qinghai , western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan . In China, it thrives on grass-covered slopes at altitudes of 2200 to 4200 meters.
Systematics
The first description of Mandragora caulescens was made in 1883 by Charles Baron Clarke in Joseph Dalton Hooker : The Flora of British India , 4, 10, page 242. The type material was collected by Joseph Dalton Hooker in Sikkim. Synonyms for Mandragora caulescens C.B.Clarke are: Anisodus caulescens (CBClarke) Diels , Anisodus mariae Pascher , Mairella yunnanensis H.Lév. , Mandragora chinghaiensis Kuang & AMLu , Mandragora tibetica Grubov .
AJC Grierson and DC Long have 1978 next to the nominate three subspecies originally described ( Mandragora caulescens subsp. Brevicalyx Grierson & DGLong , Mandragora caulescens subsp. Flavida Grierson & DGLong , Mandragora caulescens subsp. Purpurascens Grierson & DGLong ) already in the Flora of China 1994 and in Ungricht et al. 1998 are no longer recognized and are considered synonyms of the species.
Ingredients and usage
The subterranean plant parts contain scopolamine and anisodamine , both ingredients are used medicinally.
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literature
- Zhi-Yun Zhang, Anmin Lu, William G. D'Arcy: Mandragora. : Mandragora caulescens CB Clarke in JD Hooker. , P. 329 - online with the same text as the printed work In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 17: Verbenaceae through Solanaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1994, ISBN 0-915279-24-X .
- Stefan Ungricht, Sandra Knapp, John R. Press: A revision of the genus Mandragora (Solanaceae). In: Bulletin of the Natural History Museum. Botany series. Volume 28, No. 1, 1998, pp. 17-40. scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
- AJC Grierson, DG Long: Flora of Bhutan - including a record of plants from Sikkim and Darjeeling. , Volume 2, Part 3: Solanaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Acanthaceae, Gesneriaceae, Compositae. , Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh 2001, ISBN 9781872291932 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Zhi-Yun Zhang, Anmin Lu, William G. D'Arcy: Mandragora. : Mandragora caulescens CB Clarke in JD Hooker. , P. 329 - online with the same text as the printed work In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 17: Verbenaceae through Solanaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1994, ISBN 0-915279-24-X .
- ↑ a b Mandragora caulescens in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
- ↑ Mandragora caulescens at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ a b Mandragora caulescens at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed July 5, 2019.