List of wood species
This list of types of wood contains the most important properties of various woods that are used as material and firewood .
general characteristics
Softwoods
| Wood species | Botanical plant name | Abbreviation according to DIN EN 13556 | Wood colors | Properties, synonyms | hardness | Durability *) | use | image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Douglas fir | Pseudotsuga menziesii | PSMN | light brown, reddish | Pin de l'Oregon, Douglas; tough, durable, low resin content | soft | 3–4: moderately to less permanent | Construction timber (highly stressable), masts, railway sleepers, interior construction, furniture, wood in the garden |
|
| yew | Taxus baccata | TXBC | reddish brown | extremely elastic, toxic | hard | 2: permanent | historically for the construction of long bows |
|
| Spruce | Picea abies | PCAB | bright, yellowish | Norway spruce, red spruce, red spruce | soft | 4: not very durable; very difficult to drink | Furniture, timber, roof trusses, if necessary tonewood for musical instruments, windows |
|
| jaw | Pinus sylvestris | PNSY | bright, slightly yellowish | resinous | soft | 3–4: moderately to less permanent | Boxes / packaging, furniture, windows, doors, masts, lumber |
|
| European larch | Larix decidua | LADC | red | resinous, weatherproof | soft | 3–4: moderately permanent to slightly permanent | Windows, doors, floors, timber, furniture |
|
| Nootka cypress | Xanthocyparis nootkatensis | CHNT | light yellow | Yellow Cedar, Alaskan Cedar | 2–3: permanent to moderately permanent | Lumber, furniture, roof shingles | ||
| Giant tree of life | Thuja plicata | THPL | reddish brown | very easy; Western red cedar, red cedar, thuja | soft | 2: permanent | Furniture, paneling, veneers, roof shingles, pencils | |
| fir | Abies alba | ABAL | soft | 4: not very permanent | Furniture, lumber |
|
||
| White pine | Pinus strobus | PNST | white-yellowish to reddish brown | Strobe, white pine | soft | 3–4: moderately to less permanent | Boxes / packaging, furniture, utensils |
|
Hardwoods
| Wood species | Botanical plant name | Abbreviation according to DIN EN 13556 | Wood color | Properties synonyms | hardness | Durability *) | use | image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| African mahogany |
Khaya ivorensis Khaya anthotheca Khaya senegalensis Khaya grandifoliola |
KHXX | dark brown with a red shimmer | Khaya mahogany | hard | 3: moderately permanent | Furniture, timber, musical instruments |
|
| American mahogany | Swietenia macrophylla | SWMC | dark brown with a red shimmer | hard | 2: permanent | Lumber, boat building, musical instruments |
|
|
| maple |
Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer platanoides and, more rarely, Acer campestre |
ACPS ACPL ACCM |
light yellow-white, partly bolted | Sycamore maple, Norway maple, rare field maple | hard | 5: not permanent | Furniture, table tops, musical instruments |
|
| Azobé (Bongossi) | Lophira alata | LOAL | Light reddish brown | Bongossi, elegant look, inexpensive, wide range | extremely hard | 2: permanent | Furniture, weathered uses (terrace floors) | |
| Balau |
Shorea spp. Shorea laevis |
SHBL | reddish yellow | Bankirai, Yellow Balau | hard | 2: permanent | Terraces, garden furniture | |
| Balsa | Ochroma lagopus | OHLG | light yellow | very easy | very soft | 5: not permanent | Lightweight construction, model construction, aircraft construction |
|
| birch |
Betula pendula Betula pubescens |
BTXX | pretty hard | 5: not permanent | Furniture |
|
||
| beech | Fagus sylvatica | FASY | yellowish, reddish when steamed | heavy | very hard | 5: not permanent; easy to drink | Furniture, veneer, railway sleepers |
|
| African ebony | Diospyros , pr. Diospyros crassiflora | DSXX | black | extremely hard | 1: very durable | Furniture making, veneers |
|
|
| European oak |
Quercus petraea Quercus robur |
QCXE | yellow-brown-greenish | Sessile oak , English oak | very hard | 2: permanent | Furniture, parquet, timber in hydraulic engineering, railway sleepers, posts, veneer |
|
| alder | Alnus glutinosa | ALGL | brown-reddish | soft | 5: not permanent | Furniture |
|
|
| European ash | Fraxinus excelsior | FXEX | tough, elastic, resistant | hard | 5: not permanent | Furniture, tool handles, sailing pins, sports bows, formerly wheelwright |
|
|
| aspen | Populus tremula | POTL | Aspe, quivering aspen | 5: not permanent | ||||
| European cherry | Prunus avium | PRAV | reddish brown | hard | 4: not very permanent | Furniture making, veneers |
|
|
| Linden tree | Tilia spp. | TIXX | soft, very dimensionally stable | 5: not permanent | Carvings |
|
||
| poplar | Populus alba | POAL | European poplar, white poplar | soft | 5: not permanent | Packaging, matches, wooden shoes |
|
|
| plane | Platanus x hispanica | PLXH | 5: not permanent | Furniture |
|
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| Black locust | Robinia pseudoacacia | ROPS | light yellow to greenish | Robinia, false acacia, common pod thorn | hard | 1–2: very durable, most durable of the commercial timber species found in Central Europe, | Wooden paving, playgrounds (no impregnation necessary) | |
| teak | Tectona grandis | TEGR | reddish brown | hard | 1: very durable | Shipbuilding, outdoors, furniture |
|
|
| Elm ( elm ) |
Ulmus glabra Ulmus minor |
ULGL ULMI |
Mountain elm, field elm, the wood of the elm is called elm | pretty hard | 4: not very permanent | Furniture, veneer |
|
|
| walnut | Juglans regia | JGRG | light golden yellow to dark brown | pretty hard | 3: moderately permanent | Interior finishing, furniture, veneer |
|
|
| Hornbeam | Carpinus betulus | CPBT | yellow white | Hornbeam, hornbeam, hornbeam | very hard, tough | 5: not permanent | Plane soles, wheelwright |
|
| Whitewood | Liriodendron tulipifera | LITL | whitish-yellow with a brown or green core | American Whitewood, Tulip tree, Tulip tree , easy to work with | soft | 5: not permanent | Furniture construction, interior construction |
|
*) Durability class of the heartwood against wood-destroying fungi , according to DIN EN 350-2. The sapwood is generally classified as not permanent.
Specific codes for some types of timber
| Wood species | Density [kg / m³] at u = 15% | Tensile strength [N / mm²] | Compressive strength [N / mm²] | Flexural strength [N / mm²] | Modulus of elasticity [N / mm²] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maple (mountain) | 530-960 | 82 | 49 | 95 | 9400 |
| Maple | 560-810 | 100 | 62 | 137 | 11300 |
| Bongossi (Azobé) | 1120 | 170 | 109 | 250 | 17000 |
| birch | 510-830 | 137 | 60 | 120 | 14000 |
| beech | 540-910 | 135 | 60 | 120 | 14000 |
| Douglas fir | 350-770 | 100-105 | 50-53 | 80-99 | 12000 |
| Sweet chestnut | 570-660 | 135 | 41-50 | 64-77 | 9000 |
| Oak (stem) | 390-930 | 110 | 52 | 96 | 13000 |
| Service tree | 670-900 | - | 53 | 108 | 11700 |
| alder | 490-640 | 94 | 47-55 | 85-97 | 7700-11700 |
| Ash | 450-860 | 130 | 50 | 105 | 13000 |
| Spruce | 330-470 | 90 | 43-50 | 66-78 | 11000 |
| Hornbeam | 540-860 | 135 | 60 | 130 | 14500 |
| Forest pine | 330-520 | 104 | 47-55 | 87-100 | 12000 |
| White pine | 340-510 | 104 | 34 | 61-62 | 9000-10000 |
| Cherry tree | 490-670 | 98 | 45-55 | 85-110 | 10000-11000 |
| larch | 440-590 | 105-107 | 47-55 | 96-99 | 13800 |
| Linden tree | 350-600 | 85 | 44-52 | 90-106 | 7400 |
| African mahogany | 500-650 | 62 | 46 | 87 | 9500 |
| American mahogany | 500-600 | 50 | 85 | 9500 | |
| poplar | 410-560 | 69-77 | 30-36 | 55-65 | 8800 |
| Black locust | 580-900 | 148 | 60 | 130 | 13600 |
| buckeye | 500-590 | 81 | 31-38 | 64 | 5360 |
| fir | 350-450 | 84 | 40-47 | 62-73 | 13800 |
| elm | 480-860 | 80 | 45-56 | 72-89 | 11000 |
| walnut | 680 | 100 | 58-72 | 119-147 | 12500 |
| pasture | 360-630 | 46-64 | 28-34 | 31-37 | 7200 |
| Wild pear | 690-800 | 100 | 46-54 | 83-98 | 7900-8000 |
| Rowanberry | 440-780 | 96 | 40-56 | 83 | 12400 |
Fuel properties of some types of wood
| Type of wood air dry | Calorific value kWh / kg |
Calorific value MJ / kg |
Calorific value MWh / Rm |
Gross density kg / dm³ |
Commercial density kg / Rm |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| beech | 4.2 | 15th | 2.0 | 0.74 | 480 |
| Ash | 4.2 | 15th | 2.0 | 0.74 | 480 |
| Oak | 4.2 | 15th | 2.0 | 0.69 | 470 |
| birch | 4.2 | 15th | 1.9 | 0.68 | 450 |
| larch | 4.3 | 15.5 | 1.8 | 0.58 | 420 |
| jaw | 4.3 | 15.5 | 1.6 | 0.51 | 360 |
| Spruce | 4.3 | 15.5 | 1.4 | 0.44 | 330 |
| Heating oil * | 12 | 43 | 10 | 0.84 | 840 |
* only for comparison
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ Common pod thorn. In: Wood Lexicon. Retrieved October 29, 2017 .
- ↑ Horn tree , in: Meyers Encyclopedia, 1888
literature
- Gottfried Amann : Trees and bushes of the forest. Pocket picture book of needles and leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds, twigs in winter and seedlings of the most noteworthy trees and bushes of the Central European forest with text part about their construction and life. Melsungen 1954, ISBN 3-89440-558-9 (wood properties of the most important European wild and forest trees)
- D. Grosser, W. Teetz: Native timber. Loose-leaf collection, published by Arbeitsgemeinschaft Holz eV, Informationsdienst Holz, Holzabsatzfond - Sales Promotion Fund of the German Forestry and Wood Industry Bonn 1998, ISSN 0446-2114
Web links
- Timber database of the Technical University of Dresden .
- HG Richter and MJ Dallwitz: Handelshölzer , Universität Hamburg.
- Types of wood on holzwurm-page.de, accessed on November 16, 2016.
- What Wood? Wood Identification Database , Richard van der Leeden (English, very comprehensive).
- Determination of wood species with instructions (German) .
- Important commercial timbers from A to Z with lots of information .
- Directory of wood names (PDF; 2.62 MB), on beka-gruppe.de, accessed on November 16, 2016.
- Description and technical values of 100 types of wood on www.wl.ch, Wyss and Leuenberger AG