Henbane
| Henbane | ||||||||||||
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Black henbane ( Hyoscyamus niger ) |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Hyoscyamus | ||||||||||||
| L. |
The henbane ( Hyoscyamus ) is a genus of plants in the nightshade family (Solanaceae). The approximately 23 species are distributed in Eurasia and North Africa.
description
Vegetative characteristics
Henbane species are annual, biennial or perennial herbaceous plants that usually reach heights of 10 to 80 (3 to 150) centimeters. In the short-lived species, the root is thickened in the shape of a beet. The perennial species have a multi-headed, sometimes woody or fleshy rhizome . The stems are ascending or prostrate. Mostly they are covered with single or multicellular downy or glandular hairs, but hairless species also exist.
Occasionally the leaves form a rosette , usually the upper stem leaves are sessile, sometimes encompassing the stem, while the lower or sometimes all leaves are stalked 1.2 to 5.0 centimeters long. The leaf blades are usually 2 to 20 (0.8 to 30) centimeters in length ovate-elongated, elliptical or ovoid-rhombic and toothed or lobed, rarely also slashed.
Inflorescences and flowers
The lower flowers stand individually in the leaf axils, the upper flowers form a dense, leafy, racemose or spiky, zymous inflorescence . The flowers are sessile or stand on short, 5 to 10 millimeter long flower stalks, as an exception there are also flower stalks up to 50 mm long.
The hermaphrodite flowers are five-fold with a double flower envelope . The calyx is usually 10 to 16 (6 to 28) millimeters long, tubular-bell-shaped, urn-shaped, inverted-conical or rarely cup-shaped, the edge is serrated or lobed. The corolla tube of the zygomorphic crown is just as long or up to 2.5 times longer than the calyx, the crown is 8 to 15, rarely up to 20 millimeters long or in exceptional cases up to 45, even more rarely up to 50 millimeters long. The color is golden yellow, yellowish white, dirty violet or whitish, partly permeated by a dark network of veins. The corolla lobes are unevenly large, short and rounded.
The reproductive organs of the flower are protruding or just protruding, the stamens unevenly, the lower half is hairy, usually fused with this in the middle or slightly above the middle of the corolla tube. The 2.9 to 3.8 millimeter long anthers are attached to the back and are significantly shorter than the stamens. The medium-sized (37 to 42 µm) or large (67.5 to 73.5 µm) large pollen grains are almost spherical, three-fold and have a grooved exine (pollen grain wall). The nectaries are not or only cryptically present, the stylus is thread- shaped, glabrous or finely haired, the stigma is head-shaped, moist and papilose .
Fruits and seeds
The fruit is a special form of the capsule fruit called pyxidium (lid capsule) , which is elongated with a length of (5 to) 9 to 15 millimeters. The fruit is completely enclosed by the enlarging, then with a length of (1 to) 2 to 4 centimeters urn-shaped to inverted-cone-shaped calyx. In exceptional cases, the calyx tips are bent back so that the fruit is not necessarily completely enclosed by the calyx. The capsule lid is pointed, strongly convex, convex or flat. The capsule fruit contains between 200 and 500 seeds . These are usually 1.1 to 1.5 (0.8 to 1.8) millimeters long, only the species Hyoscyamus turcomanicus has larger seeds of 2.4 to 2.9 millimeters.
Chromosome number and ingredients
So far, at least seven of the 23 known species have been examined for their karyotype , with a basic chromosome number of x = 14 or x = 17 being determined.
Some species in the genus contain the alkaloids hyoscyamine and scopolamine . In the species black henbane ( Hyoscyamus niger ) two types of withanolides were also found.
Occurrence
Hyoscyamus species are originally found in Europe , in North Africa to China and India , on the Canary Islands and Madeira . As an introduced plant, some species occur in the north of the USA and Canada as well as in Australia . The plants can often be found on garbage dumps and on roads, in the Atlas Mountains at altitudes of up to 2000 meters, in the Himalayas also at up to 3000 meters.
Systematics
Within the genus, a distinction is made between around 23 species, which, depending on the author, are divided into different sub-genera, sections, subsections or series. The system presented here follows Flora Iranica 1972. The following species belong to it (selection):
- Subgenus Hyoscyamus
- Hyoscyamus section
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- Subsection Hyoscyamus
- Hyoscyamus reticulatus L .: The home is Western Asia and the Caucasus.
- Hyoscyamus pojarkovae Schönb.-Tem. : It occurs in Iran , Iraq , Syria and Egypt .
- Hyoscyamus kurdicus Bornm. : It only occurs in Syria.
- Hyoscyamus leucanthera Bornm. & Gauba : It only occurs in Iran.
- Hyoscyamus afghanicus Pojark. : It only occurs in Afghanistan .
- Hyoscyamus multicaulis Rech.f. & Edelb. : It only occurs in Afghanistan.
- Hyoscyamus squarrosus handle. : The homeland is Afghanistan, Iran, Turkmenistan and Pakistan.
- Hyoscyamus kotschyanus Pojark. : It only occurs in Iran.
- Hyoscyamus arachnoideus Pojark. : It only occurs in Iran.
- Hyoscyamus turcomanicus Pojark. : The homeland is the Middle East.
- Black henbane ( Hyoscyamus niger L. ): It is widespread in Eurasia and North Africa.
- Subsection Pusilli
- Hyoscyamus pusillus L .: Home is Asia, Russia and Egypt.
- Adictyi subsection
- White henbane ( Hyoscyamus albus L. ): It is native to southern and southeastern Europe, North Africa, Macaronesia and the Middle East.
- Hyoscyamus cylindrocalyx Rech. F. : The homeland is the Middle East.
- Hyoscyamus desertorum (Asch. Ex Boiss.) Täckh. : The homeland is Egypt, the Sinai Peninsula, Israel and Jordan.
- Section Chamaehyoscyamus
- Hyoscyamus aureus L .: Home is Egypt and Western Asia; it is naturalized in Crete.
- Hyoscyamus senecionis Willd.
- Section Pumilio
- Hyoscyamus leptocalyx Stapf ex Bornm. : It occurs in Turkey.
- Hyoscyamus longepedunculatus C.C. Towns. : It only occurs in Iraq.
- Subgenus Dendrotrichon Schönb.-Tem.
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- Hyoscyamus orthocarpus Schönb.-Tem. : It only occurs in Iran.
- Egyptian henbane ( Hyoscyamus muticus L. ): It is native to North Africa and the Middle East.
- Hyoscyamus boveanus Ash. & Schweinf. : The homeland is Egypt and the Sinai Peninsula .
- Hyoscyamus falezlez Coss. (Is also placed as a subspecies subsp. falezlez (Coss.) Maire to Hyoscyamus muticus ): The home is Africa.
- Hyoscyamus nutans Schönb.-Tem. : It only occurs in Iran.
- Hyoscyamus rosularis Schönb.-Tem. : It only occurs in Iran.
- Hyoscyamus tenuicaulis Schönb.-Tem. : It only occurs in Iran.
- Hyoscyamus insanus Stocks : The home is Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran.
use
Some types of hyoscyamus (formerly Bilsen , from Middle High German bilse called) as the black henbane ( Hyoscyamus niger ), or Hyoscyamus muticus , be due to the contained, parasympathikolytisch acting alkaloids ( hyoscyamine , scopolamine and atropine ) for a long time as a drug or as Intoxicants (see also the speculations about the " witch's ointment ") used.
swell
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Eva Schönbeck-Temesy : Solanaceae. In: Karl Heinz Rechinger (ed.): Flora Iranica - Flora of the Iranian highlands and the surrounding mountains. Volume 100, Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1972, pp. 49–79.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Solanaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
- ↑ Benito Valdés: Solanaceae. Data sheet Hyoscyamus. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2011.
- ↑ See for example Jürgen Martin: The 'Ulmer Wundarznei'. Introduction - Text - Glossary on a monument to German specialist prose from the 15th century. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1991 (= Würzburg medical-historical research. Volume 52), ISBN 3-88479-801-4 (also medical dissertation Würzburg 1990), p. 118.
- ↑ Franz Köcher : The Babylonian and Assyrian medicine in texts and studies. I-VI, Berlin 1963-1980, BAM 574: I 1-3.
- ↑ Martha Haussperger : Did empirical medicine exist in the Near East before Hippocrates? In: Würzburg medical history reports, Volume 17, 1998, pp. 113–128; here p. 121 ( úŠAKIRA : henbane ).
literature
- Armando T. Hunziker: Genera Solanacearum: the genera of Solanaceae illustrated, arranged according to a new system. ARG Gantner Verlag KG, Ruggell, Liechtenstein 2001, ISBN 3-904144-77-4 .
