Illiteracy
The term illiteracy (from the Latin littera - "letter") literally denotes a lack of writing and reading skills ( illiteracy ) and is the negation of literacy .
The English term illiteracy or illiterate is also often translated as "lack of education", "uneducated". Illiteracy is also widespread in this meaning in German, it includes a lack of text comprehension and understanding of the meaning, poor linguistic abstraction ability , lack of familiarity with books, texts and stories, more generally the lack of media skills .
Non-scripted cultures usually have (complex) oral traditions , oral literature and stories . Likewise, in today's literate cultures, illiterate people have knowledge and education in the form of stories (e.g. modern sagas ) and literature, which they learn through film and television , through social contacts, etc., despite their lack of or hardly any writing skills . received mediated and mediate yourself.
A distinction must be made between illiteracy and illetrism , which is more narrowly defined in education as functional illiteracy . The lack of literacy anchored in a culture is called illiteracy.
backgrounds
Language can be realized in two main ways . From the perspective of its modes of expression, language can be expressed in a spoken ( speech ) and in a written ( text ) manner. A linguistic sign can be implemented as an acoustic ( speaking ) or graphical sign ( writing , reading ) and received by the recipient in a media communication process.
| Verbs | spoken language | written language |
|---|---|---|
| Shape or form | Phonie | Graphics |
| meaning | Semantics (meaning, e.g. hearing ) | Semantics (meaning, e.g. reading ) |
Both modes of expression enable special communicative tasks in human interaction , which can be seen in the context of their historical and cultural development. Generally speaking, verbal content of consciousness and utterances can potentially be stored for a longer period of time and repeated regardless of the place of their production and their time ( pictogram , writing , writing utensil , hieroglyphic writing , clay tablet , quipu , wax tablet , book , publication , etc.) if they have been written down. The written language is the medium of indirect communication.
The spoken language requires contact with the interaction partner. This generally results in a common reference to the situation ( context ) that enables immediate feedback . It is the means of direct communication . While the language communicative means to spoken expression of emotions , emotions in the sense of emotions has, for example in the manner of intonation , the word and intonation, the accent which is in contrast to an emotion recognition can decipher, are in written language such Expressing properties only through secondary means, such as punctuation marks , narrative style, etc. Ä. m.
In the written language there is no direct contact between those communicating, and in general there is no direct common context or situation reference, so that in the written language what is to be communicated has to be formulated differently or verbalized according to the special form; the texts are usually more complicated, they are characterized by a higher degree of intentionality and anticipation . As a result, the range within a culture is greater, the degree of conservation and reproduction more pronounced and the possibility of mapping reality in specific realities with greater precision, completeness and clarity. The cultural advantage lies in the fact that the written language can be understood independently of the time and that the content can be read several times.
The writing of the spoken language is one of the earliest cultural techniques which - apart from the development of "language" on the basis of human language ability as such - humanity developed. As a medium for communication or as a means of communication , it maintains the process of transmission ( oral transmission vs. written transmission ) and archiving of knowledge (see also History of Scripture ).
See also
- Grammatology
- Phonography (linguistics) (sound-letter mapping)
- Writing process
- Script linguistics
literature
- Ivan Illich : In the vineyard of the text. When the modern typeface came into being. A comment on Hugo's “Didascalicon” . Luchterhand, Frankfurt am Main 1991, ISBN 3-630-87105-4 .
- John Allen Paulos : Beyond Numeracy . Ruminations of a Numbers Man. Knopf, New York NY 1991, ISBN 0-394-58640-9 , ( Borzoi book ).
- John Allen Paulos: Innumeracy. Mathematical Illiteracy and its Consequences. Hill and Wang, New York NY 1989, ISBN 0-8090-7447-8 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Mihai Nadin: Beyond the written culture. 1999.
- ↑ Compare also spoken language vs. Written language .
- ↑ For the communication process, the sensual- perceptual experience ( sensory physiology ) is fundamental ; so then the cognitive - emotional processing and evaluation, e.g. B. Theory of Mind .
- ^ Karl-Ernst Sommerfeldt , Günter Starke, Dieter Nerius (eds.): Introduction to the grammar and orthography of contemporary German. Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig 1981, p. 23 f.
- ↑ modified from Dieter Nerius, Jürgen Scharnhorst: Linguistic foundations of a reform of German orthography. Linguistic studies of the Central Institute for Linguistics of the Academy of Sciences of the GDR , Series A, Berlin 1975, p. 7
- ↑ Georgi Schischkoff (Ed.): Dictionary of Philosophy. 22nd edition. Kröner, Stuttgart 1991.
- ^ Dieter Nerius, Jürgen Scharnhorst: Linguistic foundations of a reform of the German orthography. Linguistic studies of the Central Institute for Linguistics of the Academy of Sciences of the GDR , Series A, Berlin 1975, p. 11