Intelligent power consumption
Intelligent power consumption is the load control of power grids by temporarily switching off or switching off electricity consumers that are flexible in terms of time in order to shift the demand for electrical energy away from load peaks in order to maintain security of supply . This is mainly possible through the spread of intelligent building automation .
The control of consumption is determined by the consumer, where in the case of intelligent power grids the providers control consumption with load shedding for industrial consumers. In contrast to energy savings , not less energy is consumed overall, but the consumption is postponed.
The larger share of renewable energies makes it more important to match the fluctuations in energy generation with fluctuations in energy consumption. In addition to the possibility of storing electrical energy by means of energy storage devices or storage power plants, demand-based electricity generation z. B. through hydropower plants or bioenergy , the expansion of power grids for rapid distribution over a large area, there is also the possibility of adapting the power consumption to the electricity supply.
Time-variable electricity tariffs
The consumer's motivation to consume electricity with a delay can be based on environmental awareness or economic advantages. Through time-variable electricity rates the price is lowered during a power glut, raised in case of power shortage, however. In this way, for example, extreme consumption peaks can be avoided and great savings can be achieved for the electricity system, because expensive peak load power plants do not have to be activated. The tariffs are either rigidly dependent on the time of day or load-variable, ie depending on the current electricity supply. Since the end of 2010, energy providers in Germany have had to offer time-variable electricity tariffs according to the Energy Industry Act, which, however, are not yet available to the broad spectrum of consumers. When there are different time-varying tariffs to choose from, households must choose the most suitable tariff, as different tariffs can mean large differences in electricity bills.
In addition to manually controlled consumption behavior based on times of day or information services, intelligent electricity consumers, such as appropriately equipped washing machines, dishwashers, refrigerators, etc., can switch them on when the electricity price is low and off when the electricity price is high. Such intelligent household devices are already available (2014). The aim is to provide incentives for better control of energy consumption.
The prerequisite for this is an intelligent electricity meter that can measure electricity consumption as a function of time and draws the current electricity price from the energy supplier and makes it available to a household. The installation of such meters is mandatory for new buildings and conversions in Germany. By 2020, all "old" meters must be replaced. Such meters display the current tariff or pass this tariff on to household appliances and measure the electricity consumption as a function of time. The data is transmitted directly via the power grid. By means of load-variable tariffs (load profile modification), additional effects such as the economic optimization of the power plant park and the power grids , the reaction to extraordinary market events, the integration of fluctuating generation and network protection can be achieved.
With fluctuating electricity generation by wind and sun, the excess electricity can be used in heat pumps or industrial plants, e.g. B. can be used with power-to-heat , with which consumption and generation can be better synchronized. At the same time, this could reduce the “must-run” capacities of conventional power plants. This development could also be stimulated by making certain electricity price elements dynamic.
Operators of a photovoltaic system can use intelligent self-consumption , e.g. B. using your own battery and a battery management system to cover their electricity needs cheaper.
activities
Heating systems
In private households, heat pump heating systems can also be used to intelligently link the electricity and heating markets. If there is an excess of electricity, the heat pumps or conventional electrical heating systems are switched on, if there is an insufficient supply of electricity, they are switched off. This is done with relays that are remotely controlled by the utility. The thermal energy can also be temporarily stored in heat storage systems (similar to an insulating jug ). The stored thermal energy cannot be converted back into electrical energy, but is fed into the heating system. The costs for useful heat can currently (6/2014) be reduced from around 8 cents / kWh to around 4 cents / kWh compared to oil and gas heating (see operating costs of heat pump heating ).
The Karlsruher Stadtwerke offer an electricity tariff for heat pumps. This is around 30 percent cheaper than the normal rate. However, there are interruption times with this tariff, i. H. the electricity is only available intermittently during the course of a day.
Cold stores
If there is an oversupply of electricity, cold stores could lower the temperature by a few degrees as part of load management . If there is a shortage of electricity, no further cooling is needed, which means that electricity demand can be delayed for many hours.
In Cuxhaven, this is done by two deep-freeze warehouses in cooperation with the local energy supplier EWE. The systems are controlled by the short-term price signals from the electricity exchange. In this way, low electricity prices are used in a targeted manner. The operators of the cold stores were able to reduce their electricity costs by around 8 percent. According to a study by the German energy agency dena, the German food industry could provide up to 1.5 GW of negative control energy in this way and thus make a major contribution to security of supply in Germany. So far, this potential has hardly been exploited.
Charging accumulators
Charging accumulators requires a large amount of current and is often time-variable.
Pedelecs , electric bicycles , electric wheelchairs or electric cars could charge in times when there is an oversupply of electricity. You should know that Germany lags far behind other countries when it comes to selling electric cars. In Denmark, a project was carried out to determine how electric cars are suitable for intelligent power consumption. The electric car owner also indicated when he would need the vehicle again when he connected his electric car to the power grid. An intelligent charger then controlled the charging process according to the current supply of electricity. Vehicle to Grid uses the storage capacity of electric cars to feed cheaply charged energy back into the grid and thus to buffer electricity.
Commercial consumers charge electric forklifts or pallet trucks outside of business hours and can also postpone this charging process to times with excess electricity. Household batteries, such as cell phones, laptops, cordless screwdrivers, etc., can also be charged in the best possible time, but due to their very low capacity they have little potential for displacement.
Pumping processes in water management
The dike and Hauptsielverbands Dithmarschen (DHSV) operates close to Heide in Schleswig-Holstein, the pumping station Kudensee , the large amounts of water from time to time out of the country pumped behind the dike in the North Sea. This is necessary to keep the marshland and pasture habitable, as the rainwater cannot seep away due to the high groundwater level . However, the pumps in the pumping station only run when sufficient rainwater has accumulated. That is why the DHSV decided in 2015 for an intelligent electricity tariff from Cologne-based energy provider Next Kraftwerke.
Price signals from the electricity exchange are continuously transmitted to DHSV via the control center of the energy supplier . If the electricity is cheap for the duration of the pumping process, for example if there is a lot of wind power in the networks, the pumps are started. If the electricity prices are above average, the storage capacities of the Kudensee are first used. According to the managing director of DHSV, Matthias Reimers, 30 percent of energy costs could be saved.
Control energy
In the power grid, the supply of electricity must always exactly match the demand for electricity. In the event of unpredictable events, e.g. B. in addition, a power supply can be created. This is done by starting appropriate energy generators. But it can also be achieved by temporarily removing certain consumers, so-called “ load shedding customers ” from the network using demand side management . In Germany there is an exchange for this type of control energy.
research
As part of the E-Energy initiative of the federal government, the E-DeMa project tested the intelligent power consumption in around 700 households in a field test. For this purpose, the households were equipped with intelligent meters .
The Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Mathematics is using the mySmartGrid project to measure electricity consumption in 200 households in order to enable intelligent electricity consumption.
With the Smart Watts pilot project , private consumers can monitor and control their energy consumption.
American studies on Critical Peak Pricing (CPP) have shown that variable electricity tariffs enable short-term load reductions of up to 30 percent.
The study "The flexible consumer - potential for load shifting in the household sector" was prepared by the Scientific Institute for Infrastructure and Communication Services (WIK, Bad Honnef) in 2015 and by the Ministry for Rural Areas and Consumer Protection Baden-Württemberg and the Ministry for Environment, Climate and Energy Industry Baden-Württemberg jointly published. The study sees potential in the private sector, particularly in the areas of electromobility, heat pumps, storage heating, photovoltaics with storage and small combined heat and power plants. In order to be able to use this potential, there must be financial incentives for private consumers. B. via variable retail tariffs. The federal government must create the conditions for this.
Individual evidence
- ↑ http://netzentlaster.de/oekologie.htm
- ↑ Ahmad Faruqui, Sanem Sergici, Cody Warner: Arcturus 2.0: A meta-analysis of time-varying rates for electricity . Elsevier, 2017 ( sciencedirect.com ).
- ↑ Ahmad Faruqui, Dan Harris, Ryan Hledik: Unlocking the € 53 billion savings from smart meters in the EU: How increasing the adoption of dynamic tariffs could make or break the EU's smart grid investment . Elsevier ( sciencedirect.com ).
- ↑ a b test.de Time-variable electricity tariffs.
- ^ Frederik vom Scheidt, Philipp Staudt, Christof Weinhardt: Assessing the Economics of Residential Electricity Tariff Selection . Ed .: 2019 International Conference on Smart Energy Systems and Technologies. 2019 ( researchgate.net ).
- ↑ Green electricity index
- ↑ http://netzentlaster.de/
- ↑ vattenfall.de Saving with intelligent household appliances
- ↑ stadtwerke-bielefeld.de ( Memento of the original from June 5, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. EnerBest Electricity Smart.
- ↑ sw-gmhuette.de ( Memento of the original from June 5, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Tariff: Hütter strom smart meter , see time there .
- ↑ strompreisentwicklung.net ( Memento of the original dated November 12, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Smart electricity meters help save energy.
- ^ Brian Vad Mathiesen et al., Smart Energy Systems for coherent 100% renewable energy and transport solutions . In: Applied Energy 145, (2015), 139–154, doi : 10.1016 / j.apenergy.2015.01.075 .
- ↑ Jansen, Malte et al .: Electricity market flexibilization. Obstacles and solution concepts. Berlin, 2015
- ↑ a b Renews Special: Intelligent linking of electricity and heating markets. The heat pump as a key technology for load management in the household. Nov. 2012 (PDF file; 2.25 MB).
- ↑ https://www.zpa.cz/files/files/FMX-500-05-06-2015-TS.0007.01.EN-final-web.pdf Data sheet of a remote control relay used in the Czech Republic
- ↑ bmwi.de ( Memento of the original from December 24, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Potentials of the heat pump for load management in the electricity market and for grid integration of renewable energies, accessed on June 3, 2014.
- ↑ stadtwerke-karlsruhe.de ( memento of the original from August 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Prices in the heat pump special contract.
- ↑ Technology Review magazine, June 2014, page 95 Copy of the article on the web: "On ice" ( Memento of the original from June 5, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ wallstreet-online.de: "In no other car production country are there fewer electric cars on the streets than in this country, according to the result of the latest electric car index."
- ↑ euronews.com: Smart electricity consumption in Denmark
- ↑ http://netzentlaster.de/tipps_und_tricks.htm
- ↑ Project report Next Kraftwerke online: DHSV | Dithmarschen dyke and main sewer association. (No longer available online.) In: www.dhsv-dithmarschen.de. Archived from the original on October 14, 2016 ; accessed on October 14, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Of wind and water. In: www.next-kraftwerke.de. Retrieved October 14, 2016 .
- ↑ nrw.de ( Memento of the original from June 23, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Intelligent power consumption in private households.
- ↑ e-dema.de field test on intelligent power consumption in households on the home straight.
- ↑ The aim is to consume as much energy as possible in the event of an oversupply of electricity (e.g. a lot of wind energy) so that correspondingly less electricity is required later.
- ↑ http://www.smartwatts.de
- ↑ vz-nrw.de ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Time and load variable tariffs, page 5
- ↑ consumer portal-bw.de The flexible consumer - potential for load shifting in the household sector
- ↑ regiotrends.de published study on load shifting potential in the household
