Violet bushes
| Violet bushes | ||||||||||||
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Red violet bush ( Iochroma fuchsioides ) |
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| Iochroma | ||||||||||||
| Benth. |
Violet bushes ( Iochroma Benth. , Syn .: Chaenesthes Miers , Cleochroma Miers , Diplukion Raf. , Valta Raf. ) Are a genus of plants from the nightshade family (Solanaceae). The botanical name comes from the Greek and means "violet color", so it refers to the violet color of many species like the German name Veilchenstrauch. Their home is the Neotropical Forests .
description
They are shrubs , some of which are splayers or trees . Young twigs and leaves are downy to woolly hairy. The alternate leaves are simple and have entire margins, ovate to lanceolate and sit on a stem. The hermaphrodite, five-fold flowers are large and usually bright colors. The color spectrum of most species goes from red to bluish red and purple to blue, and the shape of the flowers also suggests that the pollinators are birds ( ornithophilia ). But some species also have orange, white or greenish flowers. They are either in multi-flowered, up to 120-fold inflorescences near the tip of the shoot or in 1 to 15-flowered inflorescences in the axils of the lower leaves or along the entire branches. The five-fold chalice is cup-shaped with large teeth, two columns or bell-shaped. The petals are fused into a long, narrow or bell-shaped tube, which is often slightly curved and widened in the middle. The tube has five or ten tooth or lobed tips. The five stamens start near the base of the corolla tube. The stylus is thin and longer than the stamens. A fleshy, multi-seeded berry is formed as the fruit, which is surrounded by the calyx, which enlarges until the fruit is ripe.
Systematics
About 25 species are distinguished within the violet bushes. Phylogenetic studies classified most species in one of four closely related clades (clades A, C, F and L in the following cladogram ). Another clade U out of five species could not be placed exactly, is in some studies as a basal clade opposite the others, but in other studies also further away within the Iochrominae.
The following cladogram shows a possible relationship between the species and genera of the Iochrominae:
| Iochrominae |
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The species are assigned to the individual clades as follows:
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The species excluded from the genus are more closely related to the species of other genera: Iochroma parvifolium is more closely related to Dunalia , Iochroma australe is more closely related to Eriolarynx than to Iochroma . Iochroma cardenasianum seems to be only very distantly related to other Iochroma species; the species is likely to be assigned to the Datureae.
use
Some species and some cultivars are used as ornamental plants . The red violet bush is used by South American Indians for medicinal purposes and it has hallucinogenic effects.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ The European Garden Flora Editorial Committee, J. Cullen: The European Garden Flora: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated in Europe, Both Out-of-Doors and Under Glass . tape 6 . Cambridge University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-521-42097-0 , pp. 242 .
- ↑ a b Stacey DeWitt Smith and David A. Baum: Phylogenetics of the Florally Diverse Andean Clade Iochrominae (Solanaceae) . In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 93, Number 8, 2006. pp. 1140-1153.
- ↑ a b Stacey DeWitt Smith and Segundo Leiva Gonzales: A New Species of Iochroma (Solanaceae) from Ecuador . In: Novon , Volume 21, Number 4, 2011. pp. 491-495. doi : 10.3417 / 2010061
- ↑ Timothy Johnson: 13879: Iochroma fuchsioides . In: CRC Ethnobotany Desk Reference , CRC Press, 1998, ISBN 0-8493-1187-X .