Isidore of Kiev

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Patriarch Isidore (painting)

Isidore of Kiev (* between 1380 and 1390 in Thessaloniki , Byzantine Empire ; † April 27, 1463 in Rome , Papal States ) or Isidoros , also known as Isidore of Thessaloniki in southern and western Europe , was a Greek bishop , scholar and ecclesiastical politician in 15th century as well as supporters of the Church Union of Florence.

Isidore of Thessaloniki

When Isidore was born towards the end of the 14th century, his native city of Thessaloniki was under the rule of the Ottoman Turks for the first time for the first time (1387-1391, 1394-1402, finally 1430-1912). The son of Greek or Hellenized Bulgarian parents received extensive classical training in Constantinople, became a priest monk and from 1433–1436 abbot of the Constantinople Demetrioskloster. In 1434 he was sent as a member and spokesman of a Greek embassy by Emperor John VIII to the Council of Basel to prepare for union with the Latins and to win the support of the West in the fight against the Turks.

Isidore of Moscow

In 1437 Isidore was appointed Metropolitan of Kiev and all of Russia by the Ecumenical Patriarch Joseph II (with his seat in Moscow ). His opponent, who was defeated in 1437, was the Russian Jona, bishop of Ryazan (from 1448 Metropolitan of Moscow), sponsored by Grand Duke Vasily II . Isidore took office in Moscow on April 2, 1437. On September 8, 1437 he left to take part in the Council of Ferrara-Florence . With Emperor John VIII, Patriarch Joseph II, numerous Orthodox bishops, including Metropolitan Bessarion of Nikaia , a Greek and a Russian delegation led by Isidore, the Metropolitan took part in the work of the council in 1438. There he soon fell out with his Russian travel companions because of his partisanship for the ecclesiastical union desired and brought about by the Byzantine emperor, which was finally signed by the council that had moved to Florence on July 5, 1439 and proclaimed the following day. Isidore's respect for Latin culture and the Roman Church did not find a majority among Orthodox Greek or Slavic believers. In the west, the supporters of the Council of Basel (active until 1449), including the Catholic bishops in Poland-Lithuania, rejected the Florentine Union.

Pope Eugene IV appointed Isidore on August 17, 1439, Legate a latere for Lithuania, Livonia, Poland and all of Russia and on December 18, 1439, Cardinal of the Roman Church. From Budapest, Isidore, as papal legate, wrote in 1440 a message to Russians, Serbs and Wallachians in favor of the Union of Florence, which was based on the principle of equality between Latin and Greek beliefs and rites and was supposed to put it into practice. In the western part of the Russian metropolis, including Kiev, Isidore introduced the Union with some resistance. On his arrival in Moscow (March 19, 1441), he proclaimed ecclesiastical union in the Kremlin , was then deposed as metropolitan by Grand Duke Vasily II and imprisoned, but was allowed to flee on September 15, 1441, and was again imprisoned in Tver for a few months and was able to reach Rome in 1443 after working in Poland in the meantime. As early as August 1443, Pope Nicholas V sent him back to the East as a legacy for the Greeks and Slavs. In Constantinople, Isidore took part in the elaborate liturgical proclamation of the church union in the Hagia Sophia on December 12, 1452 and then in 1453 in the military defense of the city against the Ottoman siege.

Isidore was the last Greek metropolitan in the Grand Duchy of Moscow , who went ecclesiastically independent from the patriarchate in Constantinople from 1448 with the appointment of the Russian Jona as the new metropolitan. In the Polish-Lithuanian part of the traditional Kiev metropolis, the "Metropolitans of Kiev and All Russia" commissioned by Constantinople for a long time, such as 1459 to 1472 the Isidore pupil Gregorios, previously abbot of the Demetrioskloster in Constantinople, and 1633–1647 Petro Mohyla .

Isidore of Constantinople

After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Isidore was able to escape capture and return to Rome, allegedly by swapping clothes. As early as 1451 he had been appointed Cardinal Bishop of Sabina by Pope Nicholas . From 1451 to 1457 he was also the administrator of the Russian metropolitan area. Pope Pius II raised him in 1459/60 to the Latin Archbishop of Cyprus and Negroponte and as the successor to Gregory III. Mammas to the Greek Catholic (exile) Patriarch of Constantinople (not to be confused with the Latin Patriarch of the same title). Isidore died on April 23, 1463. In the conquered Constantinople, the Turks had already appointed opponents of the Union of Florence as Ecumenical Patriarchs from Gennadios Scholarios (in office from 1454 to 1456). Seen as a whole, the union promoted by Isidore was extinguished between 1470 and 1500.

Works

  • G. Mercati: Scritti d'Isidore il Cardinale Ruteno, e codici a lui appartenuti che si conservano nella biblioteca apostolica Vaticana (Studi e Testi 46) (Studi e Testi 46). BAV, Rome 1926.
  • O. Kresten: A collection of council acts from the possession of Cardinal Isidore of Kiev (Austrian Academy of Sciences, Philosophical-Historical Class. Memoranda, Volume 123). Vienna 1976.
  • Luigi Silvano: Per l'epistolario di Isidoro di Kiev (II): la lettera al Doge Francesco Foscari dell'8 luglio 1453 . In: Orientalia Christiana Periodica 84 (2018) 99–132.

literature

Web links

Remarks

  1. According to others on the Peloponnese , closer to Monembasia .
  2. V. Pryymych: Union Talks at the Councils of the 15th Century Regensburg 2018, 221-231.
predecessor Office successor
Photius Metropolitan of Moscow
1437–1441
Jonas