Ivan Nikolayevich Kramskoi

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Self-portrait from 1867.
Christ in the Desert (1872)

Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoi ( Russian Иван Николаевич Крамской , scientific. Transliteration Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoy ; May * 27 . Jul / 8. June  1837 greg. In Ostrogozhsk , † March 24 jul. / 5. April  1887 greg. In Saint Petersburg ) was a Russian painter , educator, and art critic. He was the intellectual leader of the Democratic Art Movement of Russia from the 1860s to 1880s.

Life

He came from an impoverished middle-class family. From 1857 to 1863 he studied at the Petersburg Art Academy . He soon began to rebel against the academic art style and find supporters. He initiated the uprising of the Fourteen (восстание четырнадцати), which resulted in his expulsion from the academy.

Under the influence of the Russian revolutionary democrats, he campaigned for the responsibility of artists towards their audience, for the principle of realism in art, as well as for morality and for art with a nationality reference. He became the founder and intellectual head of the Peredwischniki movement .

In the years from 1863 to 1868 he worked as a drawing teacher. In the following years he created a series of portraits with the images of the most important Russian writers, scientists, artists and people of contemporary history of this time. That were u. a. Leo Tolstoy , Iwan Iwanowitsch Schischkin and Pawel Michailowitsch Tretyakov . These paintings are exhibited today in the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow . One of his most famous portraits is The Unknown .

In addition, Kramskoi created paintings that, in addition to his understanding of democracy and humanism, also reflect his religion . His main work is the painting Christ in the Desert (Христос в пустыне) from 1872 , which is also exhibited in the Tretyakov Gallery. In the following years, too, Kramskoi gave biblical themes a large space in his works.

His style of painting and his current critical positions on the art of his time influenced many artists in Russia in the last third of the 19th century.

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personal data
SURNAME Kramskoi, Ivan Nikolayevich
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Крамской, Иван Николаевич (Russian); Kramskoj, Ivan Nikolaevič
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Russian painter, educator and art critic
DATE OF BIRTH June 8, 1837
PLACE OF BIRTH Ostrogoshsk
DATE OF DEATH April 5, 1887
Place of death St. Petersburg