Prichsenstadt Jewish community

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The Jewish community of Prichsenstadt was an Israelite religious community in the Lower Franconian town of Prichsenstadt in the Kitzingen district . As early as the 14th century, Jews are recorded in the place. The community was persecuted by the National Socialists and the last members were deported in 1942 .

history

List of teachers (selection)
Surname Mentioned
Moses bear 1799
Isaac Falk 1801
Löw Reichmann 1815
Nathan Reichmann 1853
Heumann almond tree 1861
Abraham Black 1894
Moses heart 1894
Bernhard Oppenheimer 1897
Salomon beer shield 1902
Alfred Grünebaum 1935

Settlement and establishment (until 1933)

A Jewish community in Prichsenstadt can be proven in the 14th century at the latest. In 1368, a year after the city survey by Charles IV. , The Jews were granted a residence permit, but had to give up civil liberties. From 1381 at the latest they were obliged to pay some taxes to the city lords, the crown of Bohemia . The residence permit was confirmed in 1413 and the taxes were re-established.

In 1434 the Jews of Prichsenstadt paid a total of nine guilders imperial tax. After the city was conquered by the troops of the Würzburg Monastery in 1462, Bishop Johann III. von Grumbach took the Jews hostage out of the city. He managed to get protection money. A total of eight employed Jews with their families in Prichsenstadt are recorded for the year 1469. They reappeared as lenders in a Nuremberg spring in 1489.

The Margraves of Ansbach , who had become the new masters of Prichsenstadt, in turn issued several letters of protection for the Jews. Margrave Friedrich V and his successor obtained such letters in 1511, 1529, 1530, 1532 and 1537. In the following period, the Jews were also allowed to buy buildings, so in 1699 Jakob junior, Jakob senior and Salomon can be found as garden and house owners in the small town.

Between 1713 and 1722 the city received 22 Reichstaler annually from the Jews as protection money. In 1734, Säckel, David, Lämmel and Falck are mentioned as house owners. At the beginning of the 19th century there were 42 Jews living in Prichsenstadt, six families were recognized as margravial guardian Jews , while five families, as so-called tolerance Jews , had only limited residence permits. The Jews were relatively poor and had to pay very little protection money.

When creating the so-called register lists in the Kingdom of Bavaria , Prichsenstadt was initially awarded nine Jewish families in 1817. An addendum from 1821 allowed the settlement of another family. The Jews carried out various activities, including cuddling, plumber, farmer or landlord. Around 1800 the community built a first synagogue , previously a private house had probably served as a prayer hall. The new building was first mentioned in 1835.

In the course of the 19th century, the economic situation and the legal position of the Jews living in Prichsenstadt gradually improved . At the same time, they were also increasingly accepted socially. The gymnastics club from 1861 had a Jewish board of directors with Bernhard Frank between 1899 and 1903, and the Jews were also involved in the smoking club and the bicycle club. In the First World War were three Jewish men from Prichsenstadt. All three were immortalized on the 1932 war memorial in the cemetery.

In the Weimar Republic , some community members also went into local politics . In 1919 Bernhard Frank and Moriz Hahn were elected to the city ​​council of Prichsenstadt. However, the number of parishioners has been falling steadily since the 19th century. In 1932, teacher Salomon Bierschild only taught five Jewish children in the new synagogue, which was inaugurated in 1912.

During National Socialism (1933–1942)

At the time of the National Socialist seizure of power in 1933, around 60 people of Jewish faith were still living in Prichsenstadt. There was repression against the Jews as early as 1934, and the first arrests were made. A Jewish fellow citizen was admitted to the Dachau concentration camp and committed suicide after just a few weeks due to the torture by the SS guards. By 1938 the community had decimated further. Many families left Prichsenstadt and tried to emigrate. Preferred emigration destinations were the USA and Palestine .

The November pogroms of 1938 began in Prichsenstadt in the morning hours of November 10th. First of all, SA men and party functionaries searched the Jewish houses for weapons and forbidden literature. In the early afternoon, SS men broke into the synagogue and destroyed the facility. They also tried to set fire to the building, but were stopped by the mayor because he wanted to prevent the flames from spreading to other buildings, but was also thinking of using the building as a HJ home in the future.

The Stolpersteine ​​at Karlsplatz 9 commemorate the Jewish victims of National Socialism

The classroom for religious instruction and the apartment of the religious teacher Alfred Grünebaum in the synagogue building were demolished, furniture and food supplies were thrown on the street. The synagogue's prayer books were even burned in the street. The wife of the teacher Grünebaum was even forced to throw the Torah from the synagogue into the fire herself. Several Jewish people were arrested in the course of the pogroms, teachers Alfred Grünebaum and Berthold Frank were taken to the Dachau concentration camp . The SS men moved on to Altenschönbach .

From 1939 the Jews had to sell their houses, mostly below their actual value. The Prichsenstadt Jews were then housed in the Freihof . At the end of September 1939 it was decreed that Jews should only shop in selected shops. Trude Fleischmann, the last girl to attend school in Prichsenstadt, was excluded from attending the elementary school in Prichsenstadt and had to drive to Kitzingen every day to attend the Jewish elementary school there. Under the pressure of this repression, emigration increased further, so that in 1942 ten people of Jewish faith were still living in Prichsenstadt.

On April 20, 1942, seven people received the information that they should be "evacuated". On April 22, the train went to Würzburg , before the transport to Izbica took place on April 25 . The three remaining old people stayed in Prichsenstadt until September 1942, before they were deported to the Theresienstadt ghetto . Klara Grünlaub was also brought from a nursing home in Würzburg to deport her as well.

In January and February 1950, 20 people involved in the November pogroms were indicted by the Schweinfurt Regional Court . The main defendant S. received two years' imprisonment, while K. received eight months probation. Another three cases were dropped, while the remaining 15 defendants were acquitted for lack of evidence. The synagogue is now a residential building. In 2016, an association in Prichsenstadt began laying stumbling blocks to commemorate the Jewish fellow citizens.

Community development

From 1839, the religious community was assigned to the Bavarian district rabbinate Niederwerrn , which was converted into the district rabbinate Schweinfurt from 1864 .

year Members year Members year Members year Members year Members year Members year Members year Members year Members
1813 42 1830 46 1875 59 1880 74 1895 68 1900 54 1910 72 1925 55 1933 53

See also

literature

  • Werner Steinhauser: Jews in and around Prichsenstadt . Prichsenstadt 2002.

Web links

Commons : Prichsenstadt Jewish Community  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Steinhauser, Werner: Jews in and around Prichsenstadt . P. 75.
  2. ↑ Alemannica Judaica: Jewish History in Prichsenstadt , accessed on May 25, 2020.
  3. ↑ Steinhauser, Werner: Jews in and around Prichsenstadt . P. 24.
  4. ↑ Alemannica Judaica: Jewish History in Prichsenstadt , accessed on May 25, 2020.
  5. ↑ Steinhauser, Werner: Jews in and around Prichsenstadt . P. 101.
  6. ↑ Alemannica Judaica: Jewish History in Prichsenstadt , accessed on May 25, 2020.
  7. ↑ Steinhauser, Werner: Jews in and around Prichsenstadt . P. 118.
  8. ↑ Steinhauser, Werner: Jews in and around Prichsenstadt . P. 131.
  9. ↑ Steinhauser, Werner: Jews in and around Prichsenstadt . P. 12.
  10. ↑ Steinhauser, Werner: Jews in and around Prichsenstadt . P. 23.