Izbica
| Izbica | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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| Basic data | |||
| State : | Poland | ||
| Voivodeship : | Lublin | ||
| Powiat : | Krasnostawski | ||
| Gmina : | Izbica | ||
| Geographic location : | 50 ° 54 ' N , 23 ° 9' E | ||
| Residents : | 1933 (2008) | ||
| Postal code : | 22-375 | ||
| Telephone code : | (+48) 82 | ||
| License plate : | LKS | ||
| Economy and Transport | |||
| Street : | DK17 | ||
| Next international airport : | Rzeszów Airport | ||
| Gmina | |||
| Gminatype: | Rural community | ||
| Residents: | |||
Izbica ( Yiddish איזשביצא, Izbitz ) is a village in the powiat Krasnostawski in the Lublin Voivodeship in Poland . It is the seat of the rural community of the same name .
geography
Izbica is located between Zamość and Krasnystaw , about 55 km southeast of Lublin . The Wieprz River flows west of the village.
history
Early history
The grave mound of the Strzyżów culture dates back to the Bronze Age.
Until 1939
It was first mentioned in a document in 1419 . It was the subject of clashes after the January uprising against Russia. It lost its town charter and was assigned to the municipality of Tarnogóra .
In 1921 about 3,000 inhabitants are counted, which increased to 6,000 by 1939, the beginning of the German occupation . With a share of over 90 percent of the total population, the local Jews were formative for the shtetl Izbica.
1939 to 1945
From March 1942, during the Second World War , Izbica became a German concentration camp that served as a transit camp ( Ghetto Izbica ) for a few months when Jews were deported from Łódź to Bełżec , Sobibór and Treblinka . Around 8,000 German Jews from Bad Cannstatt , Franconia , Aachen , Koblenz , Frankfurt am Main , Wiesbaden , Düsseldorf , Essen , Duisburg and the Rhineland, as well as from Vienna, were also deported to this ghetto in 1942. There were also 2,600 Czech Jews from Theresienstadt and around 2,000 Slovak Jews.
At times over 19,000 people were penned in this place, which had only 4,500 inhabitants before the war. There were only wooden houses, without running water and without sewers, mostly without electricity.
Only a few of these deportees were able to set up workshops in the ghetto, which was separated by a wooden fence. Most of them were left without permanent work. 400 young men were used to regulate the river in the nearby Augustówka labor camp. Anyone who was unable to provide for their own food through gainful employment, through barter of clothes they had brought with them or food parcels from the Reich - this was permitted until May 15, 1942 - was dependent on the soup of the people's kitchen:
“... from total exhaustion, more precisely from hunger, twenty to thirty people died here every day, who were emaciated to perfect skeletons. We got a bitter, black drink for breakfast from the communal kitchen, [...] for lunch a gray, salted, otherwise tasteless 'soup' that was always the same, with a few pearl barley in it ... and one or two pieces of potatoes or beets. .. the whole thing was without a trace of fat ... bread five decagrams a day "
The reports of the surviving Polish and German ghetto residents show: The common fate of persecution of the Polish and German Jews did not contribute to solidarity, but increased prejudice, distrust and envy. The demeanor of German Jews was often seen as discriminatory, arrogant and presumptuous; the German-speaking Jews in the Judenrat and in the Jewish police were suspected of placing primarily Polish Jews on the deportation lists to the extermination camps. The comparatively wealthy German Jews met many Orthodox Jewish families who lived in poor conditions without running water, electricity and toilets.
In late autumn 1942 the ghetto was dissolved and most of the Jews were taken to the extermination camps. Stronger men and women, including probably 3000 German-speaking Jews, were sent to labor camps or the Majdanek concentration camp . The Jewish cemetery was desecrated, and the deportees had to use tombstones to build the local prison by hand.
After the murder of the Jews of Izbica, who made up almost the entire population, the place was depopulated after the Second World War - Izbica never reached the pre-war population. The few survivors, for example Thomas Blatt , who had lost his entire family, fled the country.
1945 until today
From 1975 to 1998 the village belonged to the Zamość Voivodeship .
local community
The rural community (gmina wiejska) Izbica has an area of 138.66 km². 75% of the municipal area is used for agriculture, 18% is covered with forest.
Partnerships
Izbica has had a community partnership with Winterlingen in Baden-Württemberg since August 24, 2008 .
Economy and Transport
Droga krajowa 17 , state road 17, runs through Izbica. Until the S17 is completed, it will be part of European route 372 . Droga krajowa 17 runs from Warsaw to the Polish-Ukrainian border.
Personalities
- Mordechai Josef Leiner (* 1802 in Tomaschov; † 1854 in Izbica), Polish rabbi Hasidic scholar and founder of Izhbitza-Radzyn Dynasty of hasidism
- Thomas Blatt (* 1927 in Izbica; † 2015 in the USA), author and survivor of the uprising in the Sobibór extermination camp. He was born in Ul. Stukowa No. 13 was born.
- Philip Bialowitz (* 1929 in Izbica, Poland, † 2016 in Florida), jeweler and survivor of the uprising in the Sobibór extermination camp.
media
literature
- Thomas Blatt: Only the shadows remain. The uprising in the Sobibór extermination camp. Berlin 2000, ISBN 978-3-7466-8068-2 .
- Robert Kuwałek: The Short Life 'in the East'. In: Birthe Kundrus, Beate Meyer (ed.): The deportation of the Jews from Germany. Göttingen 2004, ISBN 3-89244-792-6 , pp. 112-134.
Documentaries
- The transformation of the good neighbor. (Thomas Blatt visits Izbica and Sobibor), director: Peter Nestler , 85 minutes, Germany 2002.
- Izbica - the turnstile of death. (also about the bricked up tombstones), directed by Wolfgang Schoen, Frank Gutermuth, Germany 2006.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Waltraud Schwarz: A former inmate of the Nazi extermination camp tells of his difficult fate in St. Georgen. The survivor of Sobibór . In: Südkurier from June 12, 2009
- ↑ Robert Kuwalek: The short life 'in the east'. In: Birthe Kundrus, Beate Meyer (ed.): The deportation of the Jews from Germany. Göttingen 2004, ISBN 3-89244-792-6 , p. 120, note 24
- ↑ Stephan Lehnstaedt: The core of the Holocaust. Belzec, Sobibór, Treblinka and Aktion Reinhardt. Munich 2017, ISBN 9783406707025 , p. 71.
- ↑ on this Robert Kuwalek: The short life ... p. 125f and p. 118f
- ↑ 3sat broadcast Isbiza February 8, 2009 9:45 p.m.
- ↑ Dz.U. 1975 no 17 poz. 92 (Polish) (PDF; 802 kB)
- ↑ regioset.pl (pl / en)
- ↑ [1] "Guided Tour" through Izbica - In front of the birthplace of Thomas Blatt (photos)