Jan Rubens
Jan Rubens (born March 13, 1530 in Antwerp , † March 1, 1587 in Cologne ) was a lay judge and councilor in Antwerp. After fleeing from the Blood Council , he first settled in Cologne in 1568 as a freelance lawyer, where he also advised Anna of Saxony , the second wife of William of Orange .
Jan Rubens was imprisoned in Dillenburg from 1571 to 1573 because of an affair with Anna . He then lived in Siegen and from 1578 back in Cologne. Rubens is considered to be the father of Christine von Diez , the daughter of Anna von Sachsen who was born in Siegen in 1571.
He was best known as the father of the famous painter Peter Paul Rubens, who was also born in Siegen in 1577 . No portrait of Jan Rubens himself has survived.
Parents and childhood
Jan Rubens' parents married in 1529. Both belonged to the wealthy and self-confident urban patriciate of the city of Antwerp , which at that time was three times the size of Cologne and ten times the size of Hamburg with around 100,000 inhabitants . The family of his father Bartholomäus (1501–1538) had worked their way up from the fur and leather trade to the profitable area of medicines and spices. Bartholomäus was officially allowed to call himself a “pharmacist”. Jan's mother Barbara b. Arents gen. Spieringk (1503 - unknown) also came from a noble family of the urban upper class.
Both parents were from the eminent painter Jacob Claesz. van Utrecht portrayed.
Jan Rubens was the only child in this marriage, as Bartholomew died unexpectedly in 1538. The still young and attractive Barbara married again. Her second husband, the widowed spice trader and chemist Jan de Landmeter treated and promoted Jan like his own children.
Studies, marriage and joining the city council
Apparently the young Jan Rubens was ambitious and eager to learn because his parents enabled him to study at the renowned universities of Leuven near Brussels as well as in Pavia and Rome . At the age of just 20 he received his doctorate in law in Rome.
Rubens then undertook extensive trips through Europe, where he came into close contact with the latest cultural and intellectual trends of his time: humanism, freedom and tolerance.
After returning to Antwerp, the multilingual, highly educated lawyer quickly made a career for himself. On May 7, 1562, at the age of only 32, Jan Rubens was appointed councilor and aldermen. He was probably the youngest member of the city council, which consisted of two mayors and 16 aldermen.
Rubens must therefore not only have had extraordinary intelligence and eloquence, but must also have belonged to the absolute upper class of the metropolis of Antwerp. This is also supported by the fact that his half-brother Philip de Lantmeter had also been a lay judge since 1579.
In November 1561 Jan married the 23-year-old Maria Pypelinckx , who also came from a respected Antwerp merchant family with extensive wealth in property in the best Antwerp locations.
Persecution and escape from Antwerp
Nothing seemed to be able to stop the happiness of the young family, which had four children in five years. But in the city, whose liberal, humanistically minded bourgeoisie fought against religious intolerance and centralization efforts of Philip II , it was seething. In the iconoclasm of August 1566, radical Calvinist groups destroyed paintings, sculptures and other valuable inventory that they called idols in Antwerp and other cities and in many monasteries .
The iconoclasm as an “outbreak of popular anger” ( Klaus Vetter ) was directed not only against the clerical art treasures, which were viewed as symbols of oppression and exploitation, but also against the imminent stationing of Spanish troops, which was feared to enforce the Inquisition . Philip II had unequivocally announced that he wanted to physically destroy all Protestant tendencies and deprive the Netherlands of their privileges.
The atmosphere in political life came to a head. Spaniards' spies carefully mapped all of Antwerp's residential areas and wrote detailed reports on the denominations, interactions and religious customs of the residents. Jan Rubens also came into their focus and a trial against him was already being prepared because he was suspected of being in Calvinist circles. He spends a lot of time in the house of the “rich Calvinist” Madame Inquefort, according to Duke Alba’s agents .
In May 1568 Rubens was no longer nominated for the city council, which according to the Spaniards, besides Calvinists, was a further third "Martinist", ie followers of Martin Luther . There was also a rumor that Jan Rubens was behind a petition to maintain the rights of participation of Antwerp citizens.
In the summer of 1568, when both his colleague and friend Antoon van Stralen and the two Counts Egmond and Hoorn were executed by the Blood Council , the Rubens family decided just in time to move to Germany. On October 1, 1568, Jan Rubens and Maria Pypelinckx left for Cologne with their children.
A year earlier, another leader of the aristocratic opposition, Wilhelm von Oranien , and his wife Anna von Sachsen had fled the Netherlands to Germany. The Prince of Orange and Jan Rubens had met several times on legal occasions.
Cologne. Encounter with Anna of Saxony.
Jan quickly established himself as a successful lawyer and asset manager in Cologne, which the Rubens family reached via several intermediate stops probably around the turn of the year 1568/69. In particular, he, now called "Herr von Rubens", took care of the other refugees' property that had been left behind and confiscated.
His best-known client was Anna of Saxony, the Princess of Orange, who had left the family of her husband Wilhelm von Oranien in Dillenburg in October 1568 and had since then also lived in Cologne. At the same time, her husband gathered 20,000 men near Bonn, who set out against Duke Alba, but were quickly wiped out by the Spanish elite troops.
Anna also played a role when Jan Rubens defended himself against being expelled from Cologne by the city council. The many refugees in the Catholic city were not welcome. They did bring money, but also problems that the Calvinists in particular feared. Duke Alba had already written an unfriendly letter from Brussels.
Rubens was able to argue, however, that he held high office in Antwerp and was neither accused nor convicted. He also gave the required testimony of his Catholic sentiments. He was also able to refer to his important work as an advisor to the “noble, high-born princess, the Princess of Orange”, who had entrusted him with the care of her children and their servants. The Dutch legal scholar was allowed to stay.
Unimpressed by these affairs with the Cologne authorities, business went so well that Rubens was able to look for a new, larger place to stay. In August 1570 he moved with his wife, four children, two servants and two maids into the representative Rinkenhof, which consists of several wings and a residential tower.
Anna von Sachsen and her two children also moved in with the Rubens family.
The relationships between Jan and Anna, who were in a daily, initially business-motivated exchange, now became increasingly personal and private. The lawyer was invited to dinner with his client every day. Then "out of pure friendship", as Anna later asserted, came to "meaningful looks" and "signs of natural love". Jan was allowed to kiss her, too, and she blushed.
Legal advisor to Anna von Sachsen
Rubens was hired by Anna in a situation when her efforts to receive an annuity or an early widow's pension either from Duke Alba from the Netherlands or from the Nassauers had come to nothing. Nor was he Anna's first legal advisor. Johann Betz from Mechelen had already worked for them, who received a considerable fee but had given up after only two months. Nothing is known about the amount of Rubens' fee.
Meanwhile Anna's financial situation became more and more precarious, so Rubens also took care of the sale of her jewelry. Nevertheless, Anna had to give up her own household in Cologne in the summer of 1570 and move to the Nassau residence of Schloss Siegen.
During 1570 the Princess of Orange and "her shadow" Rubens made many trips again, including to Frankfurt, Bad Ems and Kassel. Rubens also visited the princess several times at Siegen Castle from Cologne - while his wife took care of Anna's children who had remained in Cologne.
The couple's very close relationship was increasingly noticed. Around the turn of the year 1570/71, the Counts of Nassau began to intercept letters from the two of them.
Detention, confession and internment
Finally, around March 10, 1571, when Jan Rubens was on his way to Siegen again, near Netphen, he was pulled from his horse by the local mayor Johann Braunfels and some companions with the words:
"You rascal, you are co-sleeping with the princess, give yourself up or you must die!"
First, Rubens was brought to the then still existing Liebenscheid Castle in the Westerwald, only to be moved to Dillenburg after a few days.
During a "sharp interrogation" Rubens confessed to having had a sexual relationship with Anna von Sachsen. Some time later he repeated a detailed confession in the presence of Hessian and Saxon councilors, the "Beilstein Protocol". He and Anna would have had sex about 12 to 14 times. He only refused statements about the exact nature of the physical get-together ("weidter particulariteten") and asked that he be spared this "humiliation".
The Princess of Saxony wished the rope around his neck for his confession.
Anna was placed under house arrest and Jan Rubens was imprisoned - and he could assume: forever or for a very long time, if he was not threatened with worse. Because adultery was considered a capital crime at the time. Rubens himself had pronounced the death penalty in many comparable cases during his time as judge in Antwerp.
Even a short period of imprisonment could lead to severe physical damage. It was not until 1561 that a woman who was imprisoned in Siegen prison for inbreeding had both feet frozen and her toes fallen off.
The Antwerp lay judge, however, was housed in the notorious “Kappeskeller”, a dark dungeon, in the so-called “Stockhaus”, apart from a few days or weeks of intensified detention. In the building at the foot of Dillenburg Castle, which still stands today, he lived for around two years in a cell that was about 2.5 m by 3.5 m and 2.2 m high. His detention conditions were comparatively bearable. Rubens could look down on the church and the town through the window of the room. There was enough daylight for reading and writing and candles were provided for him in the evenings. Rubens reported several times to his wife that he was “still in good physical condition”.
During renovation work in the 1970s, wall paintings were discovered in one room of the house. Conservationists and local historians consider it possible, given the assumed age of these decorations, that it was the father of the famous painter Peter Paul Rubens who worked there, especially since his wife mentioned his artistic abilities in a letter.
Maria Pypelinckx
Maria Pypelinckx, “the true heroine of this story” (according to the US historian Ingrun Mann), set off from Cologne to Siegen and Dillenburg as soon as she found out about her husband's fate.
Maria sparked intense activities to get her husband free. In addition to constant written submissions, this also included a visit to Anna of Saxony on April 19, 1571, whom her husband had impregnated. For the princess this was “a particularly difficult hour” in her life. Anna later wrote to Count Johann that she wanted to speak to “Rubens' housewife”. She received Mary with “an ashamed face and a sad heart”.
Jan Rubens was also full of guilt. In his letters he deeply regretted her apology to Maria. In one of the letters, reproduced here in abbreviated form, he wrote:
“Guilt divides us, action divides us, we only have suffering. I have gambled away, I have lost my grace. Memory burns in the moonlight, guilt burns forever. The traitor's word is of no value, we only have suffering. My God, I am rightly dishonored! The last hope is for the sword and mercy. Your unworthy man. "
Among other arguments , historian Ingrun Mann believes that these letters were also intended to dispel the doubts that Anna's uncle, Landgrave Wilhelm IV of Hesse , later raised about whether Jan Rubens was actually Anna's lover. After Wilhelm IV everything was a Nassau plot and Rubens only testified under torture what people wanted to hear from him. Wilhelm and Anna's Saxon uncle, Elector August , also had an enormous financial interest in questioning the adultery of Anna and Rubens, because since Wilhelm of Orange remarried in 1575, they wanted to reclaim Anna's dowry of 100,000 thalers.
The letters from Maria Pypelinckx to her husband are considered by historians to be among the most beautiful letters to women. They are full of depth of feeling and strength of character.
In a letter she wrote, also abbreviated:
“I would not have believed that you would have doubted my willingness to forgive. How could I have been so hard to refuse my forgiveness when you are in such great fear and anxiety, from which I would like to free you with my own blood.
How could such a hatred arise after such long lasting harmony that I should not forgive you for a misstep against myself? Don't write 'Your unworthy husband' in the future, because everything is forgiven.
May God pour compassion into their hearts for the Counts of Nassau, so that they may have mercy on us and our need, otherwise your death will also be mine. My heart will break over it. Your wife."
The personality of Maria Pypelinckx can also be seen in the fact that she apparently forgave Anna von Sachsen and wrote to her:
“Out of the torment that once clawed through my heart in the fear of hatred and sin, a strange power silently led me, a proud, humble figure. In the hand of the serious angel I find the strength to comfort and to love; Tears remained as a gentle greeting for the sister in the night of the dungeon. "
Maria also wanted to meet Count Johann in order to personally stand up for her husband. It is not known whether the meeting came about, but others also pressed for Rubens to be released. A delegation of Anna's relatives from Saxony and Hesse demanded “harsh treatment” of the princess and the release of the legal scholar from Cologne - “to put an end to the talk” because the prisoner's affair with Anna from Saxony was not secret either The determination of the accused has become the talk of the day in Germany and beyond.
Johann had to report, however, that Wilhelm of Orange had not given his consent because he had received letters from various places and from “prominent people”, “indicating that the mistreatment (misstep) committed by the young princess was unfortunately too much revealed, vnnd hochermellen Herr Printzen would reach the highest level of contempt, where so-called (if His grace) the execution (release) of the prisoner was allowed. "
But Maria did not let up in her efforts. It was impossible to visit her husband in custody. But Rubens asked Count Johann if his wife could not approach the castle so far that he could wave to her from the window of his prison cell.
After two years things changed.
In addition to Maria's tenacity, the following factors also contributed:
After a few catastrophic defeats in which three of his four brothers were killed, William of Orange made great strides in the struggle for the liberation of the Netherlands with the support of the Wassergeusen . Philip II had to dismiss Duke Alba, Wilhelm's mortal enemy. Thereupon the Prince of Orange was also tempered against Rubens.
Maria was able to raise a deposit of 6,000 thalers, which from Nassau to her had an annual interest rate of 5%. As security for this, she was contractually guaranteed the income from the Netphen office near Siegen.
And so Jan Rubens was released on Pentecost Sunday, May 10, 1573. He was allowed to move to Siegen with his family and go into house arrest there.
Wins
Initially, a place to stay in Herborn was actually planned for the Rubens family. There was space here in the house of the late mayor Friedrich von Muderspach. Before that, Dutch refugees were already housed there. However, von Muderspach's widow was persistently reluctant to take a “released prisoner” with this background into her house, not even against a good rent.
Finally, Count Johann agreed that Rubens could move with his wife and children to Siegen, “a good city” (Maria Pypelinckx), where Maria Rubens had already spent her household, which had been dissolved in Cologne.
Jan Rubens was required to live “as if he were still locked in a prison”, that is, under strict house arrest.
In Siegen, there was a house in Burgstrasse owned by the von Brambach family from Nassau. The building was only about 100 m below the castle in the aristocratic district between Höhstraße and Bickenerwende.
It was a representative and spacious house with its own garden. The building, first mentioned around 1400, originally served as a residence for Count Johann I von Nassau . From 1484 it came as a fief to the respected Counts of Hatzfeld and from 1536 to the Brambachs. They tore down the house and rebuilt it from scratch. It suffered badly in the Thirty Years War, but was repaired again. In a bombing raid in February 1945 the building was finally destroyed and not rebuilt. Today the property belongs to the Oberes Schloss secondary school, the former mountain school . A memorial plaque was erected roughly at the point where the house stood.
The Rubens family lived in the Brambach House from May 1573 to May 1578. At first they only rented one room. Over the years, several other rooms were added, as well as the lease of a stable and barn as well as the neighbor's garden.
All of this was only possible through Maria Pypelinckx, because Rubens was banned from working and was completely dependent on his wife. But Maria was the daughter of an Antwerp trader and she, too, proved to be extraordinarily energetic and enterprising in the difficult situation for the family.
Since there was no other income besides the small monetary payments Maria received from the Netherlands and the interest on the deposit, which was often delayed and partly in the form of payments in kind, Maria imported seeds from the Netherlands and used them to grow vegetables and fruits sold in the market. Something could also be redeemed for the natural items sent by Count Johann such as slaughter cattle and wood. However, there were also citizens in Siegen who boycotted Maria.
Other efforts to support the growing family were in vain. Despite Maria's personal journey to Antwerp, neither an inheritance nor payments for the buildings still owned by the family could apparently not be collected or only to a small extent.
Not only the financial situation remained strained. The Brambach estate was under constant surveillance. Jan was allowed to take occasional walks, even outside the city walls. But above all, he was denied the much-requested attendance at the service. And it also happened that Jan was denounced by a Siegen citizen of having forbidden social intercourse.
But in the autumn of 1575 Jan Rubens faced mortal danger from a completely different direction, without his probably realizing it. In November 1575, Prince Elector August von Sachsen, Anna's uncle, decided to bring his niece, the “whore of the lay judge”, who was also under house arrest at Beilstein Castle, back to Saxony in order to “wall” her up there permanently. that is, to lock up in walled up and barred chambers.
And in order to finally put an end to the "Fama" with Anna's lover and thereby also have the opportunity to get Anna's widow's pension, Jan Rubens was to be kidnapped in order to bring him "to a secret end". That was the directive from Elector August to his councilor Erich von Berlepsch . However, for reasons unknown, the instructions were not implemented.
Two children were born under these circumstances. Philip was born in 1574 and on June 28, 1577 a child was born who would make the name Rubens known all over the world to this day: Peter Paul Rubens . Little Peter Paul was the sixth child of his parents. Another was to follow four years later in Cologne.
The family's greatest wish was finally fulfilled in 1578. Maria had written again to the Prince of Orange in the Netherlands. She pointed out that her husband - like Wilhelm himself - had to leave the Netherlands because of his denomination, that he was of distinguished origin, was highly qualified and had filled his office as aldermen with praise and honor (“met lov en eer het ambt von schepen heeft vervuld ”).
Wilhelm allowed them to move out of Siegen and lifted house arrest. His second wife, Jan's ex-girlfriend Anna von Sachsen, died in 1577, and Wilhelm himself divorced and remarried in 1575. Jan had to keep himself available and was not allowed to settle with his family near William of Orange.
Back in Cologne
The Rubens family moved back to Cologne in the summer of 1578, ten years after they first got there and seven years after Jan was imprisoned. It can be assumed that the contacts to the refugee scene in Cologne were never lost during the seven years of absence and so Jan was already the godfather of a Calvinist baptism in November 1578.
At first the family lived in the Ronsfelder Hof on Breitenstrasse. Jan was allowed to work again and primarily looked after the interests of refugees from the Netherlands, who have recently been joined by Catholics.
Peter Paul Rubens later described the time in Cologne as beautiful. But times were still tough. In 1580 the daughter Clara and Maria's father died. In 1581 Mary gave birth to her son Bartholomew, who died soon after his baptism. In 1583 the 16-year-old son Hendrik also died.
Looting and destruction caused by the ongoing chaos of war in the Netherlands robbed the family of some of their last possessions, so that Maria turned to Count Johann for help again.
He could not and probably did not have to intervene, because Maria inherited an inheritance from her deceased father in October 1581. Another inheritance followed in 1583. Nevertheless, the family had to keep borrowing money and “work day and night” (Maria).
A serious crisis came again when Jan Rubens was asked several times to come back to Siegen to settle inheritance matters in connection with his illegitimate daughter Christine von Diez, apparently permanently. The Hessian Landgrave Wilhelm was behind this operation. This acted as Johann VI. was in the Netherlands, as the administrator of Nassau-Dillenburg and was known to have always demanded severe punishment from Jan and Anna.
Maria wrote several desperate letters to John VI. and urged him not to insist on this subpoena:
"Gracious Sir! (...) For the sake of the body of our common Lord Jesus Christ (...) we ask to be allowed to stay in Cologne. We are so poor and have a heavy burden to bear that we have to work day and night in order to be able to survive to some extent. (...) Ew. Graces should consider how often my husband tasted death (...) All this fear and misery against the dying out of our days while our children are growing up are unbearable. Your very humble and sad servant, Marie Rubens. ”“
Rubens himself wrote incessantly after victories.
Johann gave in and Jan could stay in Cologne. However, it cost the family half of the deposit and a high "administration fee". Jan had secretly negotiated this “deal” (money for freedom) with the Nassau councilors and asked them not to let his wife know about it.
In addition, Rubens should report to Flanders about tax debts.
In 1583 Rubens moved with his wife and children to 10 Sternengasse, a house in Cologne's old town called "Zum Raben". Maria “Maayken” Pypelinckx opened a vegetable shop here and ran a small guesthouse.
death
Jan Rubens died on March 1, 1587.
The fact that he was buried in a prominent place in the Catholic Church of St. Peter and not in the Geusenfriedhof outside the city walls, which was set up for the Calvinists , is taken as evidence that he had converted back to Catholicism. The sustainable protection of his residence and work permit in Catholic Cologne, which is possible through a conversion, should also speak in favor of it. The two children born in Cologne were also baptized in St. Peter's Church.
From an exchange of letters between Jan Rubens and the Dutch nobleman Charles de Croy, it can be concluded that Jan was still in affluent Calvinist circles in 1580, but was inclined to Catholicism again in March 1583 at the latest.
Maria moved to Antwerp with the remaining children in 1587, where she died in 1608.
She had an inscription put on her husband's tombstone, which is no longer in existence. It said, among other things, that they had lived together "on a cordial basis without any problems":
"Concorditer sine ulla querela"
progeny
With Maria Pypelinckx :
- Jan-Baptist (* 1562)
- Blandina (* 1564)
- Clara (* 1565-1580)
- Hendrik (1567–1583)
- Philipp (* 1574)
- Peter Paul (1577-1640)
- Bartholomew (* 1581)
With Anna of Saxony :
- Christine (1571-1638)
literature
Monographs
- Femke Deen: Anna van Saksen. Dead bruid van Willem van Oranje . Atlas Contact, Amsterdam 2018. ISBN 978-9045024721 .
- Ingrun Mann: Anna of Saxony. The Scarlet Lady of Orange . Winged Hussar Publishing, Point Pleasant, New Jersey 2016. ISBN 978-0996365727 .
- Hans-Joachim Böttcher : Princess Anna of Saxony 1544–1577 - A life tragedy , Dresdner Buchverlag, Dresden 2013, ISBN 978-3-941757-39-4 .
- Rosine De Dijn : love, burden and passion. Women in the Life of Rubens. DVA, Stuttgart and Munich 2002. (Title deals with Jan and Peter Paul Rubens.)
- Klaus Vetter : Wilhelm of Orange. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1987.
Journal articles
- Jens Friedhoff : Municipal court of aristocracy and "permanent castle". In: Siegerland Volume 76 Issue 1/1999. Pp. 49-66.
- Gustav Siebel: The noble castle seats in Siegen. In: Siegerland Volume 65 Issue 3–4 / 1988. Pp. 85-92.
- Hans-Jürgen Pletz-Krehahn: The capture of Dr. Jan Rubens. In: Heimatjahrbuch für das Land an der Dill 1981. pp. 186–188.
- Hans-Jürgen Pletz-Krehahn: Rubenskerker and Rubenszelle in Dillenburg. In: Heimatjahrbuch für das Land an der Dill 1981. pp. 197–201.
- Hans-Jürgen Pletz-Krehahn: A contribution to the spelling of the names Rubens and Pypelinck. In: Heimatjahrbuch für das Land an der Dill 1981. P. 213–216.
- Gustav Siebel: Rubens' birthplace. In: In: Siegerland Volume 57 Issue 1/1980. Pp. 22-23.
- Hans-Jürgen Pletz: Peter Paul Rubens and the land on the dill. In: Heimatjahrbuch für den Dillkreis 1977. pp. 183–188.
- Hans-Jürgen Pletz: Why was Peter Paul Rubens born in Siegen. In: Siegerland Volume 54 Issue 1–2 / 1977. Pp. 12-14.
- Ilse-Marie Barton: Maria Rubens. In: Siegerland Volume 54 Issue 5–6 / 1977. Pp. 190-191.
- Robert van Roosbroeck: The judge Jan Rubens. In: Siegerland Volume 53 Issue 34/1976. Pp. 60-68.
- Hans Kruse : Wilhelm of Orange and Anna of Saxony. A princely marriage tragedy of the 16th century. In: Nassauische Annalen , 54, 1934, pp. 1–134.
- August Spieß: An episode from the life of PP Rubens' parents . In: Nassauische Annalen , 12, 1873, pp. 265–285.
Other sources
- Friedhelm Menk: Peter Paul Rubens. His birthplace in Siegen. Siegerland Museum. Unpublished memorandum. Siegen undated (between 1978 and 1993).
Individual evidence
- ↑ For other spellings of the name, see Pletz-Krehahn: spelling. Jan Rubens himself used two different forms of writing his own name once in one day.
- ↑ Roosbroeck, p. 61
- ↑ De Dijn, pp. 14-15; Mann, p. 183.
- ^ Mann, p. 183
- ↑ Roosbroeck, p. 60. At a time when there was still no consistent separation of powers, the magistrate was responsible for administration and jurisdiction by its lay judges. New lay judges were co-opted by those already in office.
- ^ De Dijn, p. 16.
- ↑ De Dijn, p. 21; Mann, p. 184
- ↑ Another child, Peter Paul Rubens , was born later in Siegen.
- ↑ Beaufort, pp. 93-97; De Dijn, pp. 34-35
- ^ Vetter, pp. 76-80
- ↑ Roosbroeck, pp. 62-63; Mann, p. 185
- ↑ De Dijn, pp. 36-37
- ↑ De Dijn, p. 38; Mann, p. 185
- ↑ De Dijn, p. 50; Mann, p. 187
- ^ De Dijn, p. 51
- ↑ Spieß, pp. 266-267; De Dijn, p. 50; Mann, p. 187
- ↑ The building on Rinkenpful 24, about 200 m from Neumarkt, was demolished in 1911.
- ↑ Kruse, p. 77
- ↑ Kruse, p. 56
- ^ De Dijn, 61
- ^ Mann, p. 197
- ↑ De Dijn, p. 61; Mann, pp. 190-191
- ↑ Kruse, p. 75
- ↑ Pletz-Krehan, Capture, pp. 187-188. The unsuspecting servant was also attacked: "You are the matchmaker!"
- ↑ Kruse, pp. 76-77; Mann, pp. 199-200
- ↑ Kruse, p. 77
- ↑ Kruse, pp. 77-78, 110-113; Mann, p. 200
- ↑ "Do you itch in your throat if you want to call Ime that Ime sollches ballde will be rifled" (Kruse, p. 110)
- ^ Mann, p. 201
- ↑ It was about Grete Flöcker. The relatives then asked to be admitted to the hospital instead of the actually ordered expulsion from the country. Sebastian Schmidt: Faith - Rule - Discipline. Schöningh Verlag, Paderborn 2005, p. 196.
- ↑ Pletz-Krehan 1981, pp. 198-201; Mann, pp. 209, 211-212
- ↑ Pletz-Krehan 1981, p. 200; Mann, pp. 209, 212
- ↑ Kruse, p. 79
- ↑ Mann, pp. 209-211
- ↑ Barton, p. 190
- ^ Mann, p. 209
- ^ The allegations of a Nassau conspiracy against Anna of Saxony and the innocent Jan Rubens, which hardly match the sources, were taken up again after more than 400 years by the German-Australian author Maike Vogt-Lüerssen : Anna von Sachsen. Wife of Wilhelm von Oranien Book on Demand. 2008.
- ↑ Spieß, pp. 268-269, De Dijn, p. 64, Mann, pp. 209-211; Barton, pp. 190-191.
- ↑ Barton, p. 191. That Maria and Anna became best friends, as Maike Vogt-Lüerssen concludes, cannot be deduced from this.
- ↑ Kruse, pp. 106-107
- ↑ That would have been possible if Maria had been on the footpath from the church to the castle. Pletz-Krehan 1981, p. 200.
- ↑ Spieß, p. 272; De Dijn, pp. 74-75; Mann, pp. 238-239
- ↑ Pletz, Dillkreis 1977, p. 187; Pletz, Siegerland, p. 13. Today the city of Herborn would certainly have been happy because of its popularity and tourism income if it had become the birthplace of the famous painter Peter Paul Rubens.
- ↑ Pletz, Siegerland, p. 13
- ↑ ibid.
- ↑ Siebel, Birthplace, p. 23
- ^ According to Friedhelm Menk, the long-time director of the Siegen City Archives (see literature). Other research suggests the house was demolished sometime between 1708 and 1826 or 1911. Menk, p. 2; Friedhoff, pp. 50-54; Siebel, Burgsitze, pp. 88–90; De Dijn, p. 85.
- ↑ De Dijn, pp. 78-79
- ↑ De Dijn, pp. 78-79; Spieß, p. 274.
- ^ Mann, pp. 239-242.
- ↑ Kruse, p. 130; Mann, p. 268
- ↑ Or on June 29, 1577, for which the name day of Peter and Paul would speak.
- ↑ Roosbroeck, p. 64.
- ↑ De Dijn, p. 84; Mann, p. 243.
- ^ Mann, p. 243
- ↑ De Dijn, pp. 99-101
- ↑ Roosbroeck, p. 66
- ↑ De Dijn, p. 100
- ↑ Roosbroeck, p. 66
- ^ De Dijn, p. 102
- ↑ De Dijn, p. 103. Detailed, multi-page text in Spieß, pp. 280–283, which had already shortened the original French text. Roosbroeck, pp. 67-68, resorts to the Spieß text.
- ↑ Spieß, pp. 276-277, 294; De Dijn, p. 84.
- ↑ Roosbroeck, p. 66
- ↑ The twin house was destroyed in the Second World War.
- ↑ Roosbroeck, p. 66
- ^ De Dijn, p. 104
- ↑ Roosbroeck, pp. 64-65
- ↑ Full Latin and German text in De Dijn, p. 106. August Spieß called this “a pious untruth” (p. 285).
Web links
- Ingrun Mann: The Scarlet Lady of Orange . Accessible only in parts.
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Rubens, Jan |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Rubens, Johan |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Legal scholar |
| DATE OF BIRTH | March 13, 1530 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Antwerp |
| DATE OF DEATH | March 1, 1587 |
| Place of death | Cologne |