Iodina rhombifolia

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Iodina rhombifolia
Branch of Iodina rhombifolia with younger leaves, some with still reddish spike tips

Branch of Iodina rhombifolia with younger leaves, some with still reddish spike tips

Systematics
Eudicotyledons
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order : Sandalwoods (Santalales)
Family : Sandalwood family (Santalaceae)
Genre : Iodina
Type : Iodina rhombifolia
Scientific name of the  genus
Iodina
Hook. & Arn. ex Meisn.
Scientific name of the  species
Iodina rhombifolia
( Hook. & Arn. ) Hook. & Arn. ex rice sec

Iodina rhombifolia is a species from the sandalwood family(Santalaceae) and the only member of the genus Iodina . The species is one of many known in its native South America as Quebracho flojo or Quebrachillo . It is also known as Sombra de Toro in Argentina.

It is mainly native to Argentina , Paraguay , Bolivia in the Gran Chaco and the southern tip of Brazil, as well as Uruguay and Chile .

description

Vegetative characteristics

Iodina rhombifolia is a small, hemiparasitic tree up to 7–8 meters high with a thick, coarse, furrowed and brownish, slightly porous bark .

It has alternate, thick, leathery, shiny, diamond- shaped, kite-shaped, almost sessile and prickly-pointed leaves. The blade is often slightly folded. The leaves are smooth, waxy, dark green and have entire margins with spines on the three outer leaf tips, corners. The spike at the top is much longer than the very small two on the side. The leaves are up to 7 centimeters long. The stipules are missing. The younger leaves are dull dark green, papillose and the sting spiers are red.

Generative characteristics

The ball-shaped, short, dense zymous inflorescences, with up to 15 flowers, are axially and almost sessile. The small greenish-yellowish, hermaphrodite and aromatic flowers are four or five-fold with a simple flower envelope and short stalked. There is a dark green, fleshy disc with four or five small, thick and upright lobes, alternating with the tepals . The fleshy, egg-shaped tepals are fine-haired on the outside. The four or five short, curved stamens opposite the tepals have a tuft of hair. The semi-underneath, single-chamber ovary is fused with the flower base. There are two anatropic, unitegmic ovules . The plump stylus is short, with a small, heady and lobed, funnel-shaped scar .

The orange to red tepals and the fleshy, whitish discus lobes surround the hardened, blackish mesocarp and thus form the fleshy, round, four to five-part and lonely pseudo stone fruit . The wrinkled and finely haired tepals then fall off at maturity. The fleshy and whitish disc lobes adhere to the hard mesocarp. The exocarp dissolves and the endocarp is greatly reduced. The hard, round, flattened mesocarp (pyrene) is up to 7 millimeters in size and sometimes divides into two or three parts. The seeds are rounded.

In Argentina it blooms in March to August and the fruit ripens in November.

The seeds are difficult to germinate, reproduction also occurs through vegetative reproduction .

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 72.

Taxonomy

The Basionym was by Hooker and Arnott in 1833 as Celastrus rhombifolius Hook. & Arn. in Bot. Misc. III, 171 set up and poorly described, at the same time he put the genus Iodina Hook on p. 172 . & Arn. on. In 1836 Meissner described the genus Jodina Hook. & Arn. first in Plantarum vascularium genera I, 68. In 1840 Endlicher presented the genus Jodina Hook. & Arn. in Genera plantarum 1093, (5710) in the Ilicinea family , also Meissner Pl. gen. II, 48, 1840. Because Hooker and Arnott wrote the genus Iodina first with an "I" in 1833 , however, the valid genus name is therefore Iodina (Hook. & Arn.) Ex Meisn.

The species was first described by Siegfried Reissek in 1861 in Flora Brasiliensis 11 (1), 78 as Jodina rhombifolia Hook. & Arn. , at the same time he placed her in the family of the Santalaceae. He took over the wrong spelling with a "J" instead of "I" from Meissner and Endlicher. The valid species name is therefore Iodina rhombifolia (Hook. & Arn.) Hook. & Arn. ex Reissek , because Reissek was the first description and the species was transferred to another genus.

Several other synonyms are known, Jodina rhombifolia (Hook. & Arn.) Hook. & Arn. ex Reissek , Jodina rhombifolia (Hook. & Arn.) ex Reissek , Jodina rhombifolia (Hook. & Arn.) Reissek , Iodina rhombifolia (Hook. & Arn.) Reissek , Iodina rhombifolia Hook. & Arn. , Iodina rhombifolia Hook. & Arn. ex Reissek , Jodina bonariensis (DC.) Kuntze , Ilex cuneifolia var. bonariensis DC. , Jodina ruscifolia Hook. & Arn. , Celastrus jodina Steud. and Jodina cuneifolia (L.) Miers .

use

The bark and leaves are used medicinally. The wood and the bark are very tannic .
The light wood is often used as firewood or made into charcoal . But it can also be used for various processing.

literature

Web links

Commons : Jodina rhombifolia  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b K. Kubitzki, J. Kuijt, B. Hansen: The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. XII, Springer, 2015, ISBN 978-3-319-09295-9 , p. 156 f.
  2. ^ Ana Inés Ruiz, María I. Mercado, Graciela I. Ponessa: Morfología y anatomía foliar de Jodina rhombifolia (Hook. Y Arn.) Reissek [Santalaceae]. In: Lilloa. Volume 44, No. 1-2, 2008, p. 75.
  3. ↑ a b Sombra de Toro on churqui.org, accessed October 12, 2018.
  4. ↑ ML Luna, G. Guidici, MA Grossi, DG Gutiérrez: Development and morphology of the fruit and seed of the hemiparasite genus Jodina (Cervantesiaceae). In: Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid. Volume 74, No. 1, 2016, doi: 10.3989 / ajbm.2444 .
  5. ↑ Sombra de Toro at herbotecnia.com.ar, accessed October 12, 2018.
  6. ^ Cervantesiaceae from Parasitic Plant Connection, accessed October 13, 2018.
  7. ^ Iodina rhombifolia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  8. ↑ Jodina rhombifolia at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  9. ↑ Plant List
  10. ↑ IPNI