John I (Utrecht)

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Johann possibly depicted on two Utrecht city seals
Coat of arms of the diocese of Utrecht
The Lebuinus Church in Deventer

Johann von Nassau († Deventer , July 13, 1309 ) was a clergyman from the Nassau house . From 1267 to 1290 he was Johann I Elekt of the Utrecht Monastery . He did not care much about his spiritual functions, and his national government also failed because of his weak political and poor financial management. During his reign, the influence of the County of Holland in the monastery increased strongly. John's government was one of the worst that the pen had to put up with; Without talent and energy, slavishly devoted to all sensual pleasures, it was never possible for him to maintain inner peace, from which Niederstift in particular suffered a lot.

Life

Johann was the sixth son of Count Heinrich II. Von Nassau and Mathilde von Geldern and Zütphen , the youngest daughter of Count Otto I. von Geldern and Zütphen and Richardis von Scheyern-Wittelsbach . Johann is mentioned for the first time in a document from 1247. From 1262 to 1265 he was archdeacon of the Condroz .

Under the influence of his cousin Count Otto II von Geldern , Johann was elected to succeed Heinrich von Vianden as bishop of Utrecht Monastery in 1267 . Since Pope Clement IV. (At the request of the Archbishop of Cologne did not agree) this election, John was never a bishop ordained and remained elect. That is why he also joined Otto II von Geldern when he was fighting against the Archbishop of Cologne, but was unable to provide his cousin with any essential assistance. Just a year after his election, numerous North Holland gangs, who had revolted against their noble masters, flooded the monastery, destroyed many castles and finally appeared before Utrecht , which they seized with the help of the Poorter, so that Johann was forced to go first to flee to Geldern and then to the Oberstift. Amersfoort also fell away from him, and when the aforementioned gangs from North Holland evacuated Utrecht in 1268, the citizens of the city, which he besieged with Geldrian help, refused to let him in again, which is why he felt compelled to move his seat to Deventer until 1270 relocate. With the help of Otto II and Zweders van Boesichem, he again seized Amersfoort and Utrecht, but needed the help of Count Florens V of Holland to restore order in the interior , who made use of this opportunity to exert a decisive influence from then on to exercise the pen. With the death of Otto II von Geldern in 1271, Johann lost his most important supporters.

To the west of the monastery, the Lords of Amstel and the Lords of Woerden sought an autonomous position between Holland and the monastery, and they opportunistically accepted any help. In 1274, Gijsbrecht IV of Amstel saw the opportunity to finally settle Johann in the uprising of the Kennemers , Waterlanders and West Frisians . He placed himself at the head of the rebels and went with them to Utrecht, where they brought guilds to power. Then the rebels withdrew. Johann asked Florens V to retake the city and restore the previous form of government. Marshal Zweder van Boesichem's attempt to conquer the city was successful in September 1276. He attacked at dawn, whereupon the city fell into his hands after fierce street fighting. Johann had fled to Deventer and was able to return to Utrecht. Two years later it was restless again in the city, whereupon the Zeeland nobleman Nicolaas van Kats took the city again at the request of Florens V.

In the meantime, however, Johann was so indebted that in 1276 he had to pledge the castles Vreeland, Montfoort and Ter Horst - which actually had to defend the boundaries of the monastery - to his feudal men , Vreeland Castle to Gijsbrecht IV of Amstel, Montfoort Castle to Hermann VI . von Woerden, and Ter Horst Castle to Johann I von Cuijk. This made the Elekt powerless and he urgently needed money. In 1278 he received the proceeds of the tithe for the crusade from the Dominican monastery in Utrecht, which earned him the eternal hatred of the church authorities.

Johann got help from Florens V, who came to the rescue of the Elekt financially in 1278 in order to be able to repay the deposit. Florens agreed on September 5, 1278 with the city council of Utrecht that he would rule the city with a mixed council.

When it was pledged in 1276, Gijsbrecht von Amstel had stipulated that he would not have to return Vreeland Castle until one year after the pledge had been repaid. However, when Gijsbrecht refused to transfer Vreeland Castle to Johann in early 1280, the Elekt tried, initially in vain, to take Vreeland Castle by military means. Florens V then besieged Vreeland Castle in May 1280 and took Gijsbrecht prisoner. Florens then moved to Montfoort Castle and conquered it too. In January 1281, Florens submitted the bill for the war to the Elekt: 4000 pounds for Amstelland and 2000 pounds for Woerden. Since Johann did not have this amount at his disposal, he pledged these areas to Florens, who thereby considerably expanded his control in Utrecht. Johann retained a certain power in the Oberstift because Count Rainald I von Geldern was mainly concerned with the Limburg succession dispute.

When Johann started to rebuild the cathedral that burned down in Utrecht in 1288 , he gave visitors a 180-day indulgence .

John was deposed by Pope Nicholas IV in 1290 on the basis of a whole list of allegations; they do not appear to have been moral in nature. Johann settled in Deventer, where he died on July 13, 1309. He was buried there in the Lebuinus Church.

progeny

Jan had four children with an unknown woman:

  1. Johann von Nassau (fell in front of the Nordenberghepoort in Zwolle, June 4, 1352); ⚭ (1) Frieda von Appeldoorn († July 4, 1350); ⚭ (2) Ermgard ter Oy (mentioned June 4, 1352).
  2. Jacob of Nassau († March 21 after 1340); ⚭ Nenta (mentioned as a widow in 1350). From this marriage was born:
    1. Eberhard von Nassau († December 7, 1390). He was a canon in Deventer 1350 and vicar in the Lebuinus Church in Deventer.
  3. Otto (mentions Deventer 1320).
  4. Mechteld († Deventer, 1350); ⚭ J. Vrijherte.

literature

  • AH Bredero: Het godsdienstig leven circa 1050-1384 . In: Algemene Geschiedenis der Nederlanden . tape 3 . Fibula-Van Dishoeck, Haarlem 1982, ISBN 90-228-3804-8 , pp. 212-248 (Dutch).
  • EHP Cordfunke: Floris V. Een politieke moord in 1296 . 2nd Edition. Walburg Pers, Zutphen 2013, ISBN 978-90-5730-926-7 (Dutch).
  • AWE Dek: Genealogy van het Vorstenhuis Nassau . Europese Bibliotheek, Zaltbommel 1970 (Dutch).
  • Ronald P. de Graaf: Oorlog om Holland 1000-1375 . Uitgeverij Verloren, Hilversum 1996, ISBN 90-6550-278-5 (Dutch).
  • HPH Jansen: Holland, Zeeland en het Sticht 1100-1433 . In: Algemene Geschiedenis der Nederlanden . tape 2 . Fibula-Van Dishoeck, Haarlem 1982, ISBN 90-228-3802-1 , pp. 281-323 (Dutch).
  • L. Milis: De Kerk tussen de Gregoriaanse great in Avignon . In: Algemene Geschiedenis der Nederlanden . tape 3 . Fibula-Van Dishoeck, Haarlem 1982, ISBN 90-228-3804-8 , pp. 165-211 (Dutch).
  • Liek Mulder (Ed.): Lexicon geschiedenis van Nederland en België . Kosmos - Z&K Uitgevers, Utrecht / Antwerp 1994, ISBN 90-215-2357-4 (Dutch).
  • AP van Schilfgaarde: Zegels en genealogische Gegevens van de graven en hertogen van Gelre, graven van Zutphen . S. Gouda Quint - D. Brouwer en Zoon, Arnhem 1967 (Dutch).
  • AA Vorsterman van Oyen: Het vorstenhuis Oranje-Nassau. Van de vroegste tijden dead . AW Sijthoff & JL Beijers, Leiden & Utrecht 1882 (Dutch).
  • Karl Theodor Wenzelburger:  Johann I. von Nassau . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 14, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1881, p. 430.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Cawley.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Dek (1970).
  3. ↑ a b Wenzelburger (1881).
  4. ^ Vorsterman van Oyen (1882).
  5. ↑ Van Schilfgaarde (1967).
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g Jansen (1982).
  7. ↑ a b De Graaf (1996), pp. 85-87.
  8. ↑ a b c Cordfunke (2013), p. 51.
  9. ^ Johann I. von Cuijk was married to Jutta von Nassau, the sister of Johann von Nassau.
  10. ^ Bredero (1982).
  11. ↑ Milis (1982).
predecessor Office successor
Heinrich von Vianden Bishop of Utrecht
1267–1290 		Johann II of Sierck
personal data
SURNAME Johann I.
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Nassau, Johann von
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Prince-Bishop of Utrecht
DATE OF BIRTH 13th Century
DATE OF DEATH July 13, 1309
Place of death Deventer