Kennemerland
Kennemerland is a region ( Dutch streek ) in the Dutch province of North Holland . It borders on the regions of West Friesland in the north, Amstelland and Waterland in the east and the Bollenstreek in the south. In the west of the region, the North Sea forms a natural border. About 600,000 people live in Kennemerland.
etymology
The term Kennemerland is probably derived from the West Frisian , but the exact origin and meaning of the word are unknown. An alternative derivation uses the Germanic tribe of the Cananefats as the base word . In earlier times the area was also known as Kennehim , Kinnin or Kinheim . At least until the Middle Ages , however, the term very likely meant an area a little further south.
geography
The region is located on the Dutch west coast around the North Holland provincial capital, Haarlem , which is also by far the largest city in Kennemerland. The region is often further divided into the areas of Noord-Kennemerland and Zuid-Kennemerland. Kennemerland also owns Amsterdam Schiphol Airport , the most important air traffic hub in the Netherlands. An important tourist destination is the Zuid-Kennemerland National Park , located directly on the coast , where bison also live. The landscape of the area is mainly characterized by the dune sections on the coast and by the extensive polders behind .
history
Archaeological excavations show that the region around today's cities of Heiloo and Velsen was already settled during the Bronze Age . From Roman records it is known that the region of today's Kennemerland was already relatively densely populated in the first century AD. The inhabitants of the swampy areas north of the Rhine, referred to by the Romans as Frisii , traded with the Roman garrisons until the third century. The goods traded included, for example, lawn iron stone , wool and hides, which were exchanged for Roman goods such as bronze , ceramics or glass. The most significant Roman presence in the area was the Flevum military camp in what is now the municipality of Velsen, which was built around 14-16 AD. About 450 legionaries are said to have been stationed here. Flevum was destroyed in the year 28 AD in the course of a Frisian uprising, which was probably triggered by the introduction of higher taxes.
In the early Middle Ages , Kennemerland belonged to the Greater Frisian Empire and was mainly characterized by agriculture. Among other things, the remains of several farms and a large ruling estate near Velsen from this time were uncovered on the coast. During this time the region was part of an extensive trading network of the Frisians, which stretched from the North Sea to southern France and eastern Sweden . The annals of the Benedictine monastery in Fulda contain a record of the transfer of land in the region by the East Franconian King Charles III. to the Viking ruler Gottfried , which took place in 882. A large part of today's towns and villages has its origins in this time, and the extensive moors in the east of Beverwijk began to be exploited to extract peat in the early Middle Ages . The typical form of settlement were small places with surrounding fields in elevated areas behind low dykes in order to be protected from the regular flooding by the North Sea.
In the 13th century, Kennemerland became part of the county of Holland under the rule of Florens V , and in the following decades it was subdivided into about 20 smaller administrative units, so-called lordships . Following an unsuccessful campaign by Florens against the West Frisians, there was an uprising of the Kennemerland population in 1274, who, in an attempt to gain more self-government, turned against the Count together with the residents of Waterland. After initial successes, Floren's troops were able to put down the uprising, using sometimes brutal methods: Among other things, the resistance of the peasants was to be broken by setting their houses and fields on fire.
Large-scale land reclamation projects began in Kennemerland in the 15th century. The polders typical of the Dutch landscape were first diked and then drained with the help of windmills . The first of these mills was built in 1408 south of Alkmaar and thus in today's Kennemerland. However, the new technology did not become widely used until around 1450. In 1491 the region experienced another peasant uprising , which became known as the “ Revolt of the Cheese and Bread People ” (Dutch: Opstand van het Kaas- en Broodvolk ). This unrest was triggered primarily by an economic crisis, the high taxation of the population and the governor Johann III's policy, which was perceived as unjust . from Egmond . The insurgents occupied several cities in the region and killed the mayor Claes van Ruyven before the riots were put down the following year.
During the Eighty Years' War and the subsequent Golden Age of the Netherlands, Kennemerland formed part of the newly established administrative unit West-Friesland en het Noorderkwartier , which was run from the city of Hoorn . At that time, the term Kennemerland almost exclusively meant the area around Haarlem and the adjacent coastal area. After the end of the French era and the subsequent division of the province of Holland, Haarlem became the capital of the new province of North Holland.
On November 1, 1876, the North Sea Canal was completed after around 15 years of construction. It flows into the North Sea at IJmuiden and previously runs from Amsterdam through Kennemerland. The opening ceremony was carried out by King Wilhelm III. The canal divided Kennemerland into a north and a south part, which now increasingly developed differently. In the north of the canal, factories and industry settled more and more, including the Van Gelder paper mill and various blast furnaces . The southern part of the area was better known for its bathing and climatic health resorts such as Zandvoort and Bloemendaal .
During the Second World War , the German occupiers integrated the coast of Kennemerland into the Atlantic Wall . One of the most important positions in the Dutch part of the defenses was the "IJmuiden Fortress", which was greatly expanded by the Germans due to its outstanding strategic location. Many stretches of coast were cleared and mined, and the Atlantic Wall was a frequent target of Allied air raids. After the end of the war, large parts of the wall were either torn down or preserved as a museum. In the vicinity of Zandvoort, some of the bunkers have been converted into holiday apartments.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Kasper Van Vogelpoel: Kennemerland. In: sieplex.com. June 26, 2016, accessed October 31, 2018 (Dutch).
- ↑ ARK Natuurontwikkeling (2013). Wisentengroep Kraansvlak in vijf jaar tijd verviervoudigd. Geraadpleegd op 26 July 2013.
- ↑ a b A.J. Haarsen: Naam regio: Kennemerland. In: cultureelerfgoed.nl. Ministerie van Landbouw, Natuur en Voedselkwaliteit, Bureau Lantschap, accessed on November 5, 2018 (Dutch).
- ↑ a b Rolf Roos: Kennemerland . In: Duinen en mensen . 1st edition. Samenwerkende Uitgevers Vof, 2009, ISBN 978-90-808158-3-4 , p. 16-17 .
- ↑ Romeinen in Velsen. In: entoen.nu. Retrieved November 5, 2018 (Dutch).
- ↑ Kennemerland: middeleeuwers in de Kennemer-duinen. In: onh.nl. Oneindig Noord-Holland, accessed November 5, 2018 (Dutch).
- ^ Maria-Charlotte le Bailly: Recht voor de Raad: Rechtsspraak voor het Hof van Holland, Zeeland en West-Friesland in het midden van de vijftiende eeuw . 1st edition. Lost, Hilversum 2001, ISBN 978-90-70403-50-8 , pp. 37 .
- ↑ Kennemer's own journey. In: entoen.nu. Retrieved November 5, 2018 (Dutch).
- ↑ De eerste molen. In: entoen.nu. Retrieved November 5, 2018 (Dutch).
- ↑ Josephine Vollbehr: De opstand van het Kaas- en Broodvolk. In: lichtoplegend.nl. March 4, 2015, accessed November 5, 2018 (Dutch).
- ^ Geschiedenis Noordzeekanaal. In: pnmolenaar.nl. May 21, 2001, accessed November 5, 2018 (Dutch).
- ↑ Noordzeekanaal Fabrieken. In: pnmolenaar.nl. Retrieved November 5, 2018 (Dutch).
- ↑ Kennemerland: de Atlantic Wall. In: onh.nl. Oneindig Noord-Holland, accessed November 5, 2018 (Dutch).