Johann Jacob Schübler
Johann Jacob Schübler (baptized February 21, 1689 in Nuremberg ; † September 11, 1741 in Nuremberg) was a German baroque master builder , architectural theorist and writer, and mathematician, who had a wide range of training .
Life
Schübler's father Johann Jacob was a braid maker and language teacher, and he also had medical knowledge, which he also used for a fee. He came to Nuremberg from Strasbourg and settled there by marrying Maria Elisabeth Hengel, the daughter of an independent braid maker. The future builder Johann Jacob Schübler was the fourth of eight children of the couple. Through his father and private tutors, he received careful training, mainly in artistic subjects and in old and new languages. The architectural painter Johann Andreas Graff gave him his first drawing lessons . In 1698 his apprenticeship began as a draftsman in the studio of the portraitist, copper engraver and art dealer Jacob von Sandrart (1630–1708), he was also taught by Georg Christoph Eimmart (1638–1705), the long-time director of the important Nuremberg Academy of Painting , a representative of the mathematically oriented Artist of the time and founder of the observatory at Nuremberg Castle .
At the time, extensive study trips were common for budding artists to complete their training. Schübler's years of wandering took him between 1705 and 1713 through Germany, Denmark and Norway, the Netherlands and France - with a stopover in 1711 with his parents in Nuremberg. Around 1700 years of particularly intensive secular and ecclesiastical building activity in Europe, numerous elaborate, representative buildings were built. Schübler's travel destinations were mainly places where the current construction activity was concentrated. However, Italy was not included in this program. He made long stays for “learned studies” in Leipzig and Copenhagen .
After his return in 1713, Schübler settled down in Nuremberg. Prominent colleagues such as Balthasar Neumann (1687–1753) visited him and he corresponded with well-known artists and scientists. He turned down various offers from foreign employers because they did not seem attractive enough to him. In 1717 he was commissioned to build a gate of honor, which was erected on the main square of the residential town of Sulzbach to celebrate a princely wedding . Schübler had a sweeping triumphal arch built with three stacked orders of columns and niches for allegorical figures, which was widely praised. However , this did not result in permanent employment at the court of the Sulzbach Count Palatine . So he remained the "prevented builder". Great vocations reached him towards the end of his life. In 1740 the Danish king invited him to Copenhagen, in 1741 negotiations followed to move to Berlin to the court of the Prussian king Friedrich II. Both offers came too late for Schübler. He died in September 1741 as a result of a Ruhr-like disease.
Schübler only started his own family at an advanced age. In 1727 he married Margareta Maria Hemme, the daughter of a respected art dealer. At around 40, the bride was even a little older than Schübler himself; she died two years after the marriage, the marriage had remained childless. In 1733, Schübler married the 26-year-old Margaretha Setzmair. She too came from a long-established, wealthy middle-class family. The couple had two daughters, one of whom died very early, and a son who was not born until several months after Schübler's death.
In 1734 Schübler was accepted as a foreign member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin. The small Schüblerstrasse in Nuremberg reminds of him.
plant
Schübler's actual lifetime achievement consisted of a large number of writings, which he began to publish around 1715. With his later works in particular, he pursued the intention of scientifically investigating questions of building construction based on proportion and perspective and thus making them "teachable" and "learnable" for building theorists and practitioners of his time.
Initially, Schübler published smaller master works that appeared in deliveries of six to twelve copperplate engravings and contained hardly any text. In it he showed architectural details (e.g. chimneys , attic windows , pulpits, altars, confessionals), furniture (beds, desks, clocks, night chairs) and technical objects such as pumping stations and fountains. He drew the templates himself, often lightly colored, but hardly ever transferred them to the printing plates, although he had mastered this technique. For this he employed a large number of copper engravers, including Johann August Corvinus , Johann Matthias Steidlin, Georg Lichtensteger and his own brother Georg Andreas. The objects shown often appear grotesquely overloaded with decorative elements such as flower threads, sphinxes and the like, but were not intended for direct implementation. Rather, the craftsmen who carried out the work were able to take very different suggestions from a single template. The templates were published by the renowned European publisher Jeremias Wolff in Augsburg .
The more scientifically and literarily oriented works of Schüblers were mostly published by Johann Christoph Weigel in Nuremberg. In 1719/20 Perspectiva Pes Picturae appeared in two parts , a large-format masterpiece that was supposed to convey the basics for architectural painting . 1723/24 came out, again in two parts, a textbook on the column arrangements with practical help for difficult problems, which was reprinted several times. This was followed by publications on sundial art (1726) and on the Holtz-saving Stuben-Oefen (1728). Schübler's main works then appeared within five years. With them he wanted to deliver a new, in-depth representation of the entire art of architecture, with the main areas of Architectura Civilis and Architectura Militaris . The five illustrated volumes of a Synopsis Architecturae Civilis eclecticae from the years 1732–35 , to which the theoretical work Ars inveniendi from 1734 on civil architecture can be assigned in terms of content, are from the years 1732–35 . The two volumes of carpentry (“Ars Tignaria”) date from 1731 and 1736 . Finally, one of the main works is the Perspectiva Geometrica Practica .
Schübler's works were widespread, with individual writings having up to 20 editions. The last known new edition dates from 1786. The popularity of his practically applicable proposals ended with the predominance of Baroque and Rococo in architecture. The Neue Allgemeine Künstler-Lexicon by the art historian Georg Kaspar Nagler (1801–1866) already discusses Schübler's works as examples of the aesthetic aberrations of an epoch that has been overcome and describes them as "senseless spawns of an unregulated imagination".
A portal with a sundial
A wood-saving room stove
Summer house in a pleasure garden
literature
- Heinrich Gürsching: Johann Jacob Schübler, A Nuremberg Builder of the Baroque Age , in: Communications of the Association for the History of the City of Nuremberg, Vol. 35, Nuremberg 1937, pp. 19–57.
- Gregor Martin Lechner (Red.): Theory of Architecture - Baroque Architectural Theory in Göttweig Abbey . Göttweig Abbey, Graphisches Kabinett, annual exhibition 1975, catalog, pp. 57–63. Göttweig 1975.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Heinrich Gürsching: Johann Jacob Schübler, A Nuremberg Builder of the Baroque Age, in: Mitteilungen des Verein für die Geschichte der Stadt Nürnberg, Vol. 35, Nürnberg 1937, p. 25.
- ^ Heinrich Gürsching: Johann Jacob Schübler, A Nuremberg Builder of the Baroque Age, in: Communications of the Association for the History of the City of Nuremberg, Vol. 35, Nuremberg 1937, p. 27
- ^ Heinrich Gürsching: Johann Jacob Schübler, A Nuremberg Builder of the Baroque Age, in: Communications of the Association for the History of the City of Nuremberg, Vol. 35, Nuremberg 1937, p. 40.
- ^ Heinrich Gürsching: Johann Jacob Schübler, A Nuremberg Builder of the Baroque Age, in: Communications of the Association for the History of the City of Nuremberg, Vol. 35, Nuremberg 1937, p. 46
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Schübler, Johann Jacob |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | German baroque master builder, architectural theorist and writer and mathematician |
| DATE OF BIRTH | baptized February 21, 1689 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Nuremberg |
| DATE OF DEATH | September 11, 1741 |
| Place of death | Nuremberg |