John sandal

John Sandale (also Sandal ) (* around 1274, † November 2, 1319 in Southwark ) was an English official and clergyman. After serving as royal treasurer and chancellor , he became Bishop of Winchester in 1316 .

origin

John Sandal was possibly a son of William of Wheatley , lord of the Wheatley estate at Long Sandall, near Doncaster , Yorkshire . He had three younger brothers: William , Robert , who later served him as administrator of the episcopal household, and Thomas , who accompanied him to Scotland from 1306 to 1307 and whom he appointed commandant of Farnham Castle . He bequeathed his Wheatley estate to his sister Margery . His brother William had two sons, William and John, who became ministers. John became Sandale's heir and one of his executors . A Gilbert sandal , probably another nephew of his, was a canon in Auckland from 1313 to 1315 . Two other unnamed nephews were captured by the Scots at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 , whereupon Sandale received a Scottish prisoner from King Edward II to exchange them. Sandale inherited his father's estate, for which he later received various privileges, including the right to fortify it in 1311. He also owned the Great Coates estate near Grimsby in Lincolnshire .

Promotion as a civil servant in the service of Edward I.

Sandal was an official of Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln , after whose death in 1311 he was one of the executors. However, he began his career in the service of Edward I in the royal wardrobe , which at that time was not only responsible for the royal apartments, but also handled a large part of the king's finances and took on a variety of other tasks. During the Welsh Rebellion from 1294 , he served as paymaster in Wales before becoming controller of the wardrobe in 1295 . A little later, however, he served in the royal treasury. During the Franco-English War in May 1297 he supervised accounts in Gascony , where he had accompanied Edmund, 1st Earl of Lancaster . Back in England, he was appointed administrator of the royal mint on October 15, 1298 . During the parliament of 1305 he received inspiration from Gascony. In addition, as Chamberlain of Scotland, he was one of the heads of administration in English-occupied Scotland. Before John of Brittany was appointed as a new governor for Scotland, Sandale was appointed one of the four Deputy Guardians of Scotland in February 1306 . On October 26, 1305, the King had given him the administration of Berwick Castle , for which he received £ 40 a year. For this he should collect taxes from the citizens of the city. In 1306, Sandale also served as Aymer de Valence's paymaster .

Service as Chancellor of the Exchequer, Treasurer and Chancellor of Edward II.

After Edward II inherited the throne from his father in 1307, Sandale became Chancellor of the Exchequer on August 20 . To carry out his duties, he rented a house in Aldgate , London. But already on May 20, 1308 he was dismissed, allegedly because of the conflict between the king and the Earl of Lincoln, in whose service Sandale continued. After Treasurer Walter Reynolds was made Chancellor, Sandale was made Treasurer on July 6, 1310. He held this office until October 23, 1311, when he was probably dismissed because of a serious illness. Because of his alleged death, his possessions were supposed to be placed under royal administration, but Sandale recovered. From October 4, 1312 to September 26, 1314, Sandale was deputy treasurer. Together with Hugh le Despenser d. Ä. and Aymer de Valence he was commissioned in 1312 to reform the administration of the royal household, which they did not carry out. After Chancellor Walter Reynolds was named Archbishop of Canterbury in early 1314 , Sandale became the King's new Chancellor as an apparently capable administrator and loyal supporter of the King. In this office he was embroiled in the political unrest over the observance of the ordinances of 1311. In January 1315 he attended the funeral of the royal favorite Piers Gaveston , who was executed in 1312 by a noble opposition . In April 1318 he is said to have participated in a parliamentary assembly in Leicester, at which Sandale swore to keep the ordinances. On June 9, 1318, he was replaced as Chancellor, but since then he has been elected bishop. He was one of the bishops who worked towards an agreement between the king and his adversary Thomas of Lancaster . He took an active part in the negotiations that led to the Treaty of Leake on August 9, 1318 . In September 1318 he took part in the trial of the Scottish King Robert I in St Paul's Cathedral in London. In October 1318 he took part in Parliament in York, where he heard petitions and was admitted to the Council of State, which, according to the Leake Agreement, was to oversee the government. On November 16, 1318 he was reappointed treasurer. He kept the office until his death. His duties as treasurer included the collection of the papal tithe , the proceeds of which were divided between the pope and the king. In March 1319 he was supposed to mediate a dispute between Hamo Chigwell , the Mayor and the citizens of London together with the Earl of Pembroke and the Earl of Norfolk .

The records of John Sandale's tenure as bishop have been preserved

Rise to Bishop of Winchester

A well-known beneficiary , John Sandale was also Chancellor of St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin, Treasurer of Lichfield Cathedral and Dean of St Paul's Cathedral in London. His benefices included canon positions in Dublin, Beverley , Wells , Lincoln , London, York and Glasgow . Like other royal officials like Walter Langton or John Droxford , Sandale had also accepted a benefice from Richard Hoton , the prior of Durham's cathedral priory . When it came to a dispute between Hoton and Bishop Antony Bek in 1300 , Hoton hoped for the support of his influential friends. Sandale has also held rectorates with annual income ranging from £ 20 from Chalk in Kent to £ 240 from the Dunbar rectorate in Scotland. Allegedly Pope John XXII tolerated . this accumulation of offices , which clearly contradicted the provisions of the 1317 Bull Execrabilis , according to which clergymen were only allowed to hold two benefices at the same time. Finally, at the urging of the king and thanks to the personal intervention of the Earl of Pembroke, Sandale was elected Bishop of the Diocese of Winchester by the Cathedral Priory of Winchester on July 26, 1316 . On September 23rd he was given the diocesan temporalities and on October 31st he was ordained a bishop in Canterbury by Archbishop Reynolds. Despite his office as bishop, Sandale continued to remain royal chancellor with interruptions. When he made a pilgrimage to Canterbury in February 1318, he gave up the keeping of the great seal for this time, as well as when he fulfilled his duties as bishop in Winchester.

Sandale's tenure as bishop was too short and his stays in his diocese too seldom to evaluate his activities as bishop. It was not until August 30, 1319 that he made a visit to the cathedral priory, but apparently he himself carried out all the recorded ordinations and appointments. Probably because of an illness or because of his age, the Pope had already allowed him on March 17, 1317 to appoint a confessor for himself. He died in his residence in Southwark, near London, and was buried in St Mary Overie in Southwark on November 11, 1319 . The king allowed the cost of his lavish burial to be paid from his estate, but then confiscated Sandale's goods. This resulted in his executors litigating the inheritance for more than twenty years.

Web links

• Roy Martin Haines: Sandal, John (c. 1274-1319). In: Henry Colin Gray Matthew, Brian Harrison (Eds.): Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , from the earliest times to the year 2000 (ODNB). Oxford University Press, Oxford 2004, ISBN 0-19-861411-X , ( oxforddnb.com license required ), as of 2004

Individual evidence

1. ^ K. Edwards: The social origins and provenance of the English bishops during the reign of Edward II . In: Transactions of the Royal Historical Society , 9 (1959), p. 61.
2. ^ Michael Prestwich: Edward I. University of California, Berkeley 1988, ISBN 0-520-06266-3 , p. 142.
3. ^ Geoffrey WS Barrow: Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland . Eyre & Spottiswoode, London 1965, p. 197.
4. ^ Michael Prestwich: Edward I. University of California, Berkeley 1988, ISBN 0-520-06266-3 , p. 506.
5. ↑ John Robert Maddicott: Thomas of Lancaster, 1307-1322: a. Study in the reign of Edward II Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1970, p.214.
6. ^ Michael Prestwich: Edward I. University of California, Berkeley 1988, ISBN 0-520-06266-3 , p. 541.
7. ^ Mark Buck: Politics, finance and the church in the reign of Edward II: Walter Stapeldon, treasurer of England . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1983, ISBN 0-521-25025-0 , p. 180.

predecessor	Office	successor
Walter Reynolds	Lord High Treasurer 1310-1311	Walter Norwich
Walter Reynolds	Lord Chancellor of England 1318–1319	John Holtham
John Walwayn	Lord High Treasurer 1318-1319	Walter Norwich
Henry Woodlock	Bishop of Winchester 1316–1319	Rigaud de Asserio