Jules Toutain

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Jules François Toutain (born November 20, 1865 in Vincennes ; died January 18, 1961 in Paris ) was a French classical archaeologist and religious historian , excavator from Alesia , translator, textbook author and professor at the École pratique des hautes études .

Studies and first job in North Africa

After attending the Lycée Charlemagne in Paris in 1885, Jules Toutain began studying at the école normal supérieure, an elite university , from which he graduated in 1888 with an agrégation in history and geography. In the same year he joined the antiquities service of the French protectorate in Tunisia , which René du Coudray de La Blanchère , personally responsible for appointing the inspectors, had set up in 1885. La Blanchère entrusted Jules Toutain with the processing of the collection in the Musée Aloui , later the National Museum of Bardo . At the same time he commissioned him with the archaeological investigation of the island of Tabarca off the Tunisian coast. The first scientific fruit of the museum's work was the annotated edition of the inscription by the otherwise unknown procurator P. Licinius Papirianus from El Kef , the ancient Sicca Veneria .

Member of the École française de Rome

In 1890 Jules Toutain became a member of the École française de Rome, knowing North Africa . This made him the first of a series of members of the École, who until the 1960s hired and turned off one of their members for the exploration of North Africa. Jules Toutain therefore explored the Kabylia in the spring of 1891 , in particular the places Tigzirt - the ancient Iomnium - and Taksabt in Algeria , then the north of Tunisia. He found a Roman milestone near Zaouia Gdima (pagus Maercurialis) . In May and June of the same year he examined Djebel Boukornine , where he discovered the sanctuary of Saturnus Balcaranensis. It became the subject of his dissertation . This was followed by trips to Uthina and Bab Khalled near Zaghouan .

The year 1892 was mainly devoted to the excavation of Simitthu , the modern Chemtou. However, neither he nor the École française had chosen the place for an investigation, but rather the Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres at the suggestion of the epigrapher René Cagnat . Cagnat expected extensive inscription finds after some pieces had been discovered and made known during quarry work. The excavation conditions were difficult and did not produce the inscription finds Cagnat expected. Although the investigation was productive and uncovered the city's forum, a theater and a necropolis, the École française decided to stop the excavation of Simitthu - it was not until 1965 that research resumed in the form of German-Tunisian excavations at this site. Disappointed, Jules Toutain withdrew from North Africa and only dealt with topics in this area as part of his doctoral thesis. Both with his first doctoral thesis Les cités romaines de Tunisie. Essai sur l'histoire de la colonization romaine dans l'Afrique du Nord as well as his second work, De Saturni dei in Africa romana cultu, which was planned in the French system of the time, he stimulated the scientific discussion of North Africa in antiquity.

Historian of religion

After leaving the École française de Rome, Jules Toutain became Maître de conférences at the humanities faculty at the University of Caen , and in 1895 received his doctorate from the École normal supérieure in Paris. Based on his preoccupation with the sanctuary of Saturn in Djebel Boukornine, Jules Toutain, initially appointed Maître de conférences at the École pratique des hautes études in 1898, turned to the Roman religion as a focus of his research. This was first reflected in a few contributions to the Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et Romaines , for the first time in volume 3.1 from 1900, for which he edited the keyword Ianus , among other things . From the beginning, Toutain competed sharply with the Belgian historian of religion Franz Cumont . The dispute between the two developed over the influence of Eastern cults on religious life in the Roman Empire. While Cumont noted a comprehensive penetration, Toutain saw the influence as limited and only locally stronger. Most of the scientific contemporaries gathered behind Cumont, who was also to write the relevant contributions for the Dictionnaire des Antiquités , while Toutain dealt with purely Roman deities. Nevertheless, between 1907 and 1920 Jules Toutain published his three-volume Les Cultes païens dans l'Empire romain on the Roman cults. In 1908 he became professor at the 5th section of the École pratique des hautes études, where he then taught until his retirement in 1934 as a professor of Roman religion. Research on Toutain and Cumont ultimately tends to support Toutain's position, who also referred to the inscriptions on the cults and, in his own words, found himself on a “terrain solid”.

Alesia

As a professor at the École pratique des hautes études, Jules Toutain found a new field of activity: the excavations of Alesia . Toutain, president of the scientific society of Semur-en-Auxois , attacked the excavator Émile Espérandieu , who had been responsible until then . Émile Espérandieu then retired and Toutain became head of the excavations in 1910. Until 1958 he was to dominate the field of archaeological excavations in Alesia, but with his interpretations of the findings and views, for example against Jérôme Carcopino, he did not prevail. The results of his research include the excavation of the theater and forum in Alesia.

Author and translator

In addition to his scientific work, Jules Toutain found time to take part in the translation of scientifically important works or to do it himself. In addition, he was involved in the creation of no fewer than 17 books for secondary school history, all in collaboration with the historian, teacher and textbook author Désiré Blanchet , who at the time of Toutain's school attendance was still a teacher at the Lycée Charlemagne between 1897 and 1897 Created in 1931 and experienced numerous editions. His involvement in the translation of Theodor Mommsen's Roman History , which he enriched in many volumes, goes back even further . In addition, as early as 1893 he translated Wolfgang Helbig's guide to the public collections of classical antiquities in Rome , the first edition of which was published in 1892. Between 1893 and 1911 he also broadcast James George Frazer's The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion .

Publications (selection)

Scientific monographs (selection)

Major articles by Jules Toutain were often printed as separate monographs, but are not included here.

  • De Saturni dei in Africa romana cultu. Belin Frères, Paris 1894 ( digitized version ).
  • Les cités romaines de la Tunisie. Essai sur l'histoire dela Colonization romaine dans l'Afrique du Nord. Ernest Thorin, Paris 1895 ( digitized ).
  • Alesia. Son histoire, sa résurrection (= Revue Pro Alésia. Supplement 2). Armand Colin, Paris 1912.
  • Les cultes païens dans l'Empire romain. 3 volumes. Leroux, Paris 1907–1920 ( digitized volume 1 ).
  • L'économie antique (= L'Évolution de l'humanité . Volume 20). La Renaissance du Livre, Paris 1927.
  • La Gaule antique vue in Alésia. Delayance, La Charité-sur-Loire 1932.
  • Un grand héros national: Vercingétorix. La Charité, La Charité-sur-Loire 1934.

school books

Together with the historian, teacher and textbook author Désiré Blanchet - only 1st edition with the participation of Jules Toutain:

  • Cours complet d'histoire rédigé d'après les programs de 1890 et 1891 à l'usage de l'enseignement secondaire classique et de l'enseignement secondaire modern. Part 2: Histoire de l'Europe et particulièrement de la France de 1270 à 1610. Belin Frères, Paris 1897.
  • Cours complet d'histoire rédigé d'après les programs de 1890 et 1891 à l'usage de l'enseignement secondaire classique et de l'enseignement secondaire modern. Part 1: Histoire de l'Europe et particulièrement de la France de 395 à 1270. 2nd edition. Belin Frères, Paris 1898.
  • Histoire de l'Orient et de la Grèce. Belin Frères, Paris 1902.
  • Histoire contemporaine de 1815 à nos jours. Belin Frères, Paris 1904.
  • Histoire de l'antiquité. Belin Frères, Paris 1904.
  • Histoire du Moyen Âge. 3. Edition. Belin Frères, Paris 1904.
  • Histoire modern. Belin Frères, Paris 1904.
  • Histoire romaine et histoire du Moyen Âge jusqu'au dixième siècle. Belin Frères, Paris 1904.
  • Histoire de France depuis le début du seizième siècle jusqu'en 1789. Belin Frères, Paris 1910.
  • Histoire de France et histoire générale de 1789 à nos jours. 2nd Edition. Belin Frères, Paris 1910.
  • L'histoire de France à l'école. Belin Frères, Paris 1915.
  • Histoire générale et notions sommaires de révision de l'histoire de France. 37th edition. Belin Frères, Paris 1919.
  • Histoire de l'Europe et particulièrement de la France depuis la fin du Ve jusqu'à la guerre de Cent ans Belin Frères, Paris 1925.
  • Histoire de l'Europe et particulièrement de la France pendant les XIVe, XVe et XVIe siècles. Belin Frères, Saint-Cloud 1926.
  • Histoire de l'Europe. Le Dix-septième et le Dix-huitième Siècle. Belin Frères, Saint-Cloud 1927.
  • Histoire contemporaine jusqu'au milieu du XIXe siècle. Belin Frères, Paris 1929.
  • Histoire contemporaine, depuis le milieu du XIXe siècle. Belin Frères, Saint-Cloud 1931.

literature

  • Julien Cazenave: The "mystère Toutain" à la lumière de sa contribution au Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines. In: Anabases. Traditions et réceptions de l'Antiquité. Volume 4, 2006, pp. 197-203 ( Open Edition ).
  • Monique Dondin-Payre: Jules Toutain et Stéphane Gsell à l'École française de Rome (1886-1891). Une étape décisive pour l'étude du Maghreb. In: Michel Gras, Olivier Poncet (ed.): Construire l'institution. L'École française de Rome, 1873–1895. École française de Rome, Rome 2014 ( Open Edition ).
  • Gilbert-Charles Picard : Jules Toutain (1865-1961). In: Revue archéologique . 1962, pp. 95-97
  • Aurélie Rodes: Jules Toutain et l'éloge de la colonization. In: Anabases. Traditions et réceptions de l'Antiquité. Volume 15, 2012 pp. 59-69 ( Open Edition ).
  • Robert Schilling: Jules Toutain (1865-1961). In: Annuaires de l'École pratique des hautes études. Volume 69, 1960, pp. 33-35 ( digitized version ).

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ CIL 08, 01641 ; Jules Toutain: L'inscription alimentaire de Sicca (Le Kef). In: René Marie du Coudray de La Blanchère (Ed.): Collections du Musée Alaoui. Firmin-Didot, Paris 1890, pp. 69-84.
  2. ↑ Monique Dondin-Payre: Jules Toutain et Stéphane Gsell à l'École française de Rome (1886-1891). Une étape décisive pour l'étude du Maghreb. In: Michel Gras, Olivier Poncet (ed.): Construire l'institution. L'École française de Rome, 1873–1895. École française de Rome, Rome 2014 ( Open Edition )
  3. ^ Jules Toutain: Inscriptions de Tunisie. In: Mélanges de l'école française de Rome. Volume 13, 1893, pp. 419-459, here pp. 419-421 No. 1 ( digitized version ).
  4. ^ Jules Toutain: Le Sanctuaire de Saturnus Balcaranensis au Djebel Bou-Kourneïn (Tunisie). In: Mélanges de l'école française de Rome. Volume 12, 1892, pp. 3–124 No. 1 ( digitized version ).
  5. ^ Jules Toutain: Fouilles à Chemtou (Tunisie), September - November 1892. In: Mémoires de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres. Volume 10, 1893, pp. 453-473 ( digitized version ); the same: Le théâtre romain de Simitthu (Schemtou). In: Mélanges de l'école française de Rome. Volume 12, 1892, pp. 359-377 ( digitized version ).
  6. ↑ On Jules Toutain's collaboration on the Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et Romaines, see Julien Cazenave: Le “mystère Toutain” à la lumière de sa contribution au Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines. In: Anabases. Traditions et réceptions de l'Antiquité. Volume 4, 2006, pp. 197-203 ( Open Edition ).
  7. ^ Gilbert-Charles Picard : Jules Toutain (1865-1961). In: Revue archéologique . 1962, p. 96; Corinne Bonnet (ed.): La correspondance scientifique de Franz Cumont conservée à l'Academia Belgica de Rome (= Études de philologie, d'archéologie et d'histoire anciennes. Volume 35). Institut historique belge de Rome, Brussels / Rome 1997, pp. 457–459.
  8. ^ Robert Schilling: Jules Toutain (1865-1961). In: Annuaires de l'École pratique des hautes études. Volume 69, 1960, pp. 33-35, here p. 34.
  9. ↑ See, for example, Ramsay Macmullen: Paganism in the Roman Empire. Yale University Press, New Haven 1981, pp. 116-117; Corinne Bonnet (ed.): La correspondance scientifique de Franz Cumont conservée à l'Academia Belgica de Rome (= Études de philologie, d'archéologie et d'histoire anciennes. Volume 35). Institut historique belge de Rome, Brussels / Rome 1997, p. 458.
  10. ^ Gilbert-Charles Picard: Jules Toutain (1865-1961). In: Revue archéologique . 1962, p. 96.
  11. ↑ Jérôme Carcopino : Alésia et les ruses de César. Flammarion, Paris 1958.
  12. ^ Robert Schilling: Jules Toutain (1865-1961). In: Annuaires de l'École pratique des hautes études. Volume 69, 1960, pp. 33-35, here p. 34.
personal data
SURNAME Toutain, Jules
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Toutain, Jules François (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION French classical archaeologist and historian of religion
DATE OF BIRTH November 20, 1865
PLACE OF BIRTH Vincennes
DATE OF DEATH January 18, 1961
Place of death Paris