Pumpkin seed oil

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Pumpkin seed oil
Styrian pumpkin seed oil PGI
Raw material plant (noun)

Garden pumpkin ( Cucurbita pepo ), giant pumpkin ( Cucurbita maxima )

origin

Seeds (kernels)

colour

green to red-brown

ingredients
Oleic acid 17.0-39.5%
Linoleic acid 18.1-62.8%
Linolenic acid 0.34-0.82%
Palmitic acid 12.6-18.4%
Myristic acid 0.09-0.27%
More fatty acids Arachidic acid (0.26–1.12%), behenic acid (0.12–0.58%)
Σ saturated fat approx. 18%
Σ monounsaturated fatty acids approx. 36%
Σ polyunsaturated fatty acids approx. 46%
Other ingredients Vitamin K , vitamin E.
properties
density 0.918-0.927 at 15 ° C
Melting point −16 ° C
Smoke point 120 ° C
Flash point 302 ° C
Iodine number 113-134
Saponification number 188-197
Calorific value 39 MJ / kg
Manufacturing and Consumption
Most important production countries Austria , Romania , Hungary , Ukraine

Styrian oil pumpkin
Extraction of the pumpkin seeds in the field
pumpkin seed
General chemical structure of pumpkin seed oil, a triglyceride : (R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are alkyl or alkenyl radicals with mostly an odd number of carbon atoms), depending on the type of fatty acid bound (oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, palmitic acid, myristic acid etc.) )

Pumpkin seed oil is from the roasted seeds (nuclei) of pumpkins produced vegetable oil . The oil is suitable as a salad oil, it can also be used in cold and warm starters, main courses and desserts.

As a Styrian pumpkin seed oil PGI , it has a recognized designation of origin with regional protection.

General and characteristics

The color of pumpkin seed oil mainly depends on the layer thickness considered and also varies with the intensity of the roasting. Thin layers (<0.7 mm) appear green to green-brown, thicker layers (> 0.7 mm) appear red to red-brown. The effect is due to the special color composition and the type of perception in the sensory cells of the eyes and therefore cannot be photographed with the same color impression.

The smell of the oil is described as intensely nutty, green, herbaceous, roasted and mildly spicy. In terms of taste, pumpkin seed oil is nutty, sweet, highly aromatic and with an intense taste of its own.

In folk medicine it is said to have a beneficial influence on benign prostatic hyperplasia . First experimental studies on rats from 2006 seem to confirm this property of the favorable influence on testosterone-induced prostatic hyperplasia .

The Styrian oil pumpkin

In Styria , the culinary specialty is made from the Styrian oil pumpkin ( Cucurbita pepo var. Styriaca ). This variety differs from the numerous other pumpkin forms through a unique feature: it lost the woody seed coat through a mutation about 100 years ago, so that the seed core is only protected by a thin silver membrane. The soft consistency of the kernels enables the oil to be pressed efficiently. The intense green, red fluorescent color is due to the peel pigments dissolved in the oil ( chlorophyll a and b and pheophytin ).

The oil is in the lipid droplets of the cotyledon cells.

history

The history of pumpkin seed oil began in 1735 when it was still made from thick-skinned seeds. The naked-skinned variety used today was bred by selecting the mutations, the cultivation of which spread across Styria between 1870 and 1880. Up until the 1970s, pumpkinseed oil was only known within Austria in southern Styria . It wasn't until the 1980s that it began to spread in the large and small kitchens of many countries.

Extraction

Special procedure in Styria

The oil pumpkin is grown in the traditional area of ​​southern Styria and southern Burgenland and the neighboring areas of Hungary and Slovenia as well as in Russia . The fruits, which weigh around 8 to 10 kilograms, ripen on the sandy-loamy soil in a special climate of warmth and moisture.

Usually two thirds of the pumpkins come from Styria, from which the Styrian pumpkin seed oil is pressed. Lower Austria supplied the remaining third of pumpkins, but around half in 2014. The contract growing areas for the Styrian oil pumpkin in Lower Austria are in the Weinviertel and in the districts of Horn and Melk and covered 7,000 hectares in 2013, 8,000 hectares in 2014 and will increase to 10,000 hectares in 2015 to meet the needs of the oil mills .

When the color of the pumpkin fruits has changed from green to yellow-orange in autumn, the up to 1000 seeds are extracted from the pulp by machine or, in small businesses, by hand.

This so-called pumpkin cleaning is traditionally done mainly by women, often sitting on armchairs, right in the field. From the halved fruit, which is held by the knees, the apron fabric on it and one hand, the inner, soft zone of the pulp containing the kernels is torn out with the fingers and falls into a collecting vat. By far the largest part of the roughly spherical fruit (diameter around 30 cm) remains, like all other parts of the plant, i.e. shoots and leaves, on the field and is later plowed under. Tractors with harvesters are more dependent on sufficiently dry fields for the soil to support the wheels, and they leave behind typically linear, narrow piles of plant debris.

The seeds are washed and dried at 50 ° C, making them storable. Then they can be ground. The advantage over olive oil production is that pumpkin seed oil is pressed from the stored kernels all year round as required.

To get the oil from the dry flour, the ground seeds are mixed with water and salt and roasted until the water has evaporated; the dough is constantly stirred. Roasting is necessary to separate the protein contained in the kernels from the oil. The finished porridge - also called oil cake - is now pressed. In the past, the pulp was pressed in a massive wooden device ("Styrian oil cow") by pressing two special wooden inserts together. The pressing took place by hitting a wooden wedge ("knocking out oil"), which is how the job title of oil hammer came about.

The freshly squeezed oil is left to stand for a few days so that the suspended matter settles. The oil will keep for at least 9 months if stored in a cool and dark place. To obtain one liter of oil, you need three kilograms of seeds or about 35 pumpkins.

General oil extraction

Pumpkin seed oil is obtained from the chopped and roasted seeds of the garden pumpkins, which are pressed while warm under high pressure using a hydraulic press .

Such a pumpkin can contain up to 1000 seeds. These can be processed peeled or unpeeled.

The pressed out residues, the so-called press cake (also known as Ölkaas ), is used as protein-rich feed for cattle and pigs.

Pumpkin seed oil (exhibited here at the MESAP 2013 fair in Nedelišće ) is also produced in Međimurje County , Northern Croatia , and is widely used as a salad oil

use

In pharmacy and medicine

Due to the selenium and vitamin E contained in the pumpkin seed , its oil has an antioxidant effect and can protect the organism from free radicals. The high proportion of linoleic acid and phytosterols is said to have a cholesterol-lowering effect. It has anti-inflammatory properties and is used as an adjunct in therapy against rheumatoid arthritis . The high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids has a vasodilatory effect, can thus lower blood pressure and in this way help to prevent cardiovascular weaknesses and bladder problems. In addition, the pumpkin seed oil is a beneficial effect on prostate - adenomas reputed in the early stages, but this oil as well as some other alleged medicinal effects are not yet through clinical trials is occupied. However, positive effects on benign prostate enlargement were observed in experimental animals . The particularly high proportion of (semi) essential arginine should also be mentioned .

In cosmetics

In cosmetics, pumpkin seed oil is often used as a carrier oil, as it contains many active ingredients such as vitamin A , vitamin E and carotenoids , which have good skin-care properties and which would otherwise have to be added to cosmetic products in other ways. This oil is intended for drying of the skin wrinkles and wrinkles, skin aging, stretch marks help and scaly and cracked skin.

In the kitchen

Here the pumpkin seed oil can be used in many ways, for example in connection with salad, beef, aspic, soups, the Styrian egg dish or desserts (in ice cream). However, since it should not be heated, it is not suitable for cooking, frying or deep-frying.

Trademark protection

In order to protect regional specialties from improper imitation, the EU has created protection systems. "Styrian pumpkin seed oil" has been geographically protected by the EU and is allowed to use the name Styrian pumpkin seed oil PGI ( protected geographical indication ) and is organized in the producer ring of Styrian pumpkin seed oil PGI . The area protection region has also been anchored as a pleasure region since 2006 .

Only certified manufacturers - around 1700 - are allowed to stick a white-green banderole with a test number on every bottle of Styrian pumpkin seed oil PGI . Only these bottles are guaranteed to contain local seed oil. A strict control system from the field to retail ensures that production and processing takes place in Austria .

"In 2006 the Chamber of Agriculture authorized the Association of Styrian Pumpkin Seed Oil to market pumpkin seed oil." Annually, a large number of producers produce an average of 2.6 million liters of Styrian pumpkin seed oil PGI. In response to a lawsuit by a seed oil producer, the Vienna Supreme Court ruled in July 2018 that the brand "is not being used seriously. On July 24, 2017, the brand owner, the Chamber of Agriculture, announced that it would appeal the judgment to the European Court of Justice within a period of 8 August 2018.

literature

Web links

Commons : Pumpkin Seed Oil  - Collection of Images
Wiktionary: Pumpkin seed oil  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Gerhard Eisenbrand, Peter Schreier: Römpp food lexicon. 2nd edition, Thieme, 2006.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f , DG Stevenson, FJ Eller et al: Oil and Tocopherol Content and Composition of Pumpkin Seed Oil in 12 Cultivars. In: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 55, 2007, pp. 4005-4013, doi: 10.1021 / jf0706979 , PMID 17439238 .
  3. ↑ a b c d Valuable Pumpkin Seed Oil ( Memento from December 17, 2015 in the Internet Archive ).
  4. ↑ a b c E. Bames, A. Bömer et al.: Handbuch der Lebensmittelchemie. 4th volume: Fette and Oele , Springer, 1939, ISBN 978-3-642-88819-9 , p. 463.
  5. ↑ a b Emil Abderhalden (Ed.): Biochemisches Handlexikon. Volume 3, Springer, 1911, ISBN 978-3-642-88965-3 , p. 46 f.
  6. ^ Jan CJ Bart, Emanuele Gucciardi, Stefano Cavallaro: Biolubricants: Science and Technology. Woodhead, 2013, ISBN 978-0-85709-263-2 , p. 150.
  7. ^ Lijun Wang: Sustainable Bioenergy Production. CRC Press, 2014, ISBN 978-1-4665-0552-0 , p. 329.
  8. ↑ a b Samo Kreft, Marko Kreft: Physicochemical and Physiological Basis of Dichromatic Color . In: Natural Sciences . 94, No. 11, 2007, pp. 935-939. doi : 10.1007 / s00114-007-0272-9 . PMID 17534588 .
  9. ↑ M. Gossell-Williams, A. Davis, N. O'Connor: Inhibition of testosterone-induced hyperplasia of the prostate of sprague-dawley rats by pumpkin seed oil. In: J. Med. Food. 9 (2), 2006, pp. 284-286, PMID 16822218 .
  10. ↑ C. Kaernbach, C. Dörre: On the color of transparent substances. In: B. Gula, O. Vitouch u. a .: Perspectives on psychological research in Austria. Pabst, 2006 ( Memento of April 22, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) ISBN 978-3-89967-325-8 , (PDF; 1.6 MB).
  11. ↑ M. Kreft, R. Zorec, D. Janeš, S. Kreft: Histolocalization of the oil and pigments in the pumpkin seed. In: Annals of Applied Biology. 154, 2009, pp. 413-418, doi: 10.1111 / j.1744-7348.2008.00312.x .
  12. ^ KU Heyland, H. Hanus, ER Keller: Oil fruits, fiber plants, medicinal plants and special crops. In: Handbuch des Pflanzenbaues. Vol. 4, Ulmer, 2006, ISBN 978-3-8001-3203-4 , p. 164.
  13. ↑ Lower Austria secures pumpkin seed oil on noe.orf.at, 23 November 2014.
  14. ^ H. Hong, CS Kim, S. Maeng: Effects of pumpkin seed oil and saw palmetto oil in Korean men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. In: Nutrition research and practice. Volume 3, number 4, 2009, pp. 323-327, ISSN  2005-6168 , doi: 10.4162 / nrp.2009.3.4.323 , PMID 20098586 , PMC 2809240 (free full text).
  15. ↑ CE Ejike, LU Ezeanyika: Inhibition of the experimental induction of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a possible role for fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis Hook f.) Seeds. In: Urologia internationalis. Volume 87, number 2, 2011, pp. 218-224, ISSN  1423-0399 , doi: 10.1159 / 000327018 , PMID 21709398 .
  16. ↑ M. Gossell-Williams, A. Davis, N. O'Connor: Inhibition of testosterone-induced hyperplasia of the prostate of sprague-dawley rats by pumpkin seed oil. In: Journal of medicinal food. Volume 9, Number 2, 2006, pp. 284-286, ISSN  1096-620X , doi: 10.1089 / jmf.2006.9.284 . PMID 16822218 .
  17. ↑ Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management: Styrian Pumpkin Seed Oil PGI ( Memento from June 23, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) May 20, 2008.
  18. ↑ Styrian Chamber of Agriculture: Pumpkin seed oil: Stop misleading labeling . June 10, 2009, accessed May 1, 2017 .
  19. ↑ Brand dispute over Styrian pumpkin seed oil orf.at, July 24, 2018, called July 25, 2018.