Kalkadoon (language)

Kalkadoon language
Spoken in	Mount Isa , Queensland , Australia
speaker	unknown
Linguistic classification	Australian languages Pama Nyunga languages Kalkatungu languages Kalkadoon (language)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	ktg

The Kalkadoon language (u. A. Also Kalkutungu , Galgadungu , Kalkutung , Kalkatungu , Galgaduun ) is probably extinct , Australian language of Kalkadoon Aboriginal which the region of Mount Isa in Queensland lived.

classification

Kalkadoon is, in addition to the closely related Aboriginal language Wakabunga, often classified with the Yalarnnga language as a Kalkatungu language subgroup of the Pama-Nyunga language family. O'Grady et al., On the other hand, classifies the language as the only member of the "Kalkatungu language subgroup" of the Pama Nyunga language family, and Dixon (2002) describes the Kalkatungu language subgroup as an areal group .

Phonology

Vowels

	front	back
high	i iː	u uː
deep	a aː

Consonants

	peripheral		laminal		apical
	bilabial	velar	palatal	dental	alveolar	retroflex
Plosive	​p​	​k​	​c​	t̪	​t​	​ʈ​
nasal	​m​	​ŋ​	​ɲ​	n̪	​n​	​ɳ​
Lateral			​ʎ​	l̪	​l​	​ɭ​
Vibrant					r 1
Approximant	​w​		​j​		​ɻ​

¹ = It is not clear whether the attacks are unique or multiple.

Emphasis

In the Kalkadoon language, stress is expressed in the form of volume. Sentence stress is organized in a similar way to English , with the first syllable in the last word of a phonological phrase receiving most of the stress. In addition, if there are more than two words in a phrase, the first syllable of the first word is given more emphasis than the word that does not come at the end.

Sign language

Kendon (1988) shows in his work that the Kalkadoon have also developed a sign language form of their language.

grammar

noun

cases

The Kalkadoon language has 6 cases.

Surname	use	example	German translation
Nominative	who or what	maa	eat
Ergative	The acting word in the sentence or with what (see instrumental )	maathu	the food or with the food
locative	where or with whom / what together	maatha	in the meal or together with the meal
dative	whose for whom / what	maatji	of eating; for the food
ablative	where from	maathangu	from the food
Allative	where	maatjinha	to eat

Formation of the cases

A case will be in Kalkatungu by appending a suffix ( suffix formed).

Ergative : The ergative is the most complex case.

• Family members ending in u: -yu (e.g. martu (mother) → martu yu )
• Family members that end in a or i: -i (e.g. kurla (father) → kurla i )
• Two-syllable nouns with a nasal (m, n, ng), stop (p, t, k) and a vowel at the end: -ku (e.g. kunka (stick) → kunka ku )
• other two-syllable nouns that end in a vowel: -ngku (e.g. kupu (spider) → kupu ngku )
• Nouns with more than two syllables: -thu (e.g. matjumpa (kangaroo) → matjuma thu )
• Nouns that end in n: -tu (e.g. kalpin (young man) → Kalpin tu )
• Nouns that end in t: t is replaced by -rtu (e.g. Utingat (Emu) → Utinga rtu )
• Nouns that end in yn: yn is replaced by ntju (e.g. Mulpiyn (parrot) → Mulpi ntju )

Locative :

• Nouns with more than two syllables and a vowel ending: -thi (e.g. Paimarra ( Cloncurry ) → Paimarra thi )
• all other nouns: -pia (e.g. Nhaut (child) → Nhaut pia )

Dative :

• Nouns that end in a consonant: -ku (e.g. Kalpin (young man) → Kalpin ku )
• Nouns that end in a vowel: repetition of the vowel at the end (e.g. Kurla (father) → Kurla a )

Allative :
-NHA is appended to the dative form of the noun (e.g., Taun (city) → Taun. Ku (see dative) → Taunku ppe )

Ablative :
-ngu is added to the locative form of the noun (e.g. Paimarra (Cloncurry) → Paimarra thi (see locative) → Paimarrathi ngu )

All remaining shapes are formed as in the table above.

Transcriptions

Some nouns had no names before the arrival of the British, e.g. B. for living beings that did not live in their area. For this reason, words have been adopted from the English language that correspond to the Kalkatungu pronunciation.

Examples:
"thuku" ( dog ) from the English "dog"
"kiki" ( cake ) from the English "cake"
"taun" ( city ) from the English "town"

Verbs

A distinction is made in the Kalkadoon between transitive and intransitive verbs. With intransitive verbs, it is obvious who is doing the action, which is why no ergative conjugation of the actor is necessary. The verbs are formed using suffixes. Only modus and tense are conjugated, not number or gender.

Examples of transitive verbs are: itjai (bite), unpii (to take), ngkai (to send). Here it becomes clear that the acting person cannot be deduced from the context, which is why the ergative is needed.

Examples of intransitive verbs are: ara (go in), thuna (run), watharra (come out). Here it becomes clear that the acting person can be deduced from the context, which is why the nominative is necessary.

The example here is the intransitive verb "ara" (to go).

Mode / tense	suffix	example	German translation
Present	no suffix	Thuat tjaa ntuuka ara.	The snake goes into the hole.
past	-nha	Thuat tjaa ntuuka ara nha .	The snake went into the hole.
future	-mi	Thuat tjaa ntuuka ara mi .	The snake is in the hole to go .
Potentials	-mia	Thuat tjaa ntuuka ara mia .	The snake could into the hole to go .
imperative	-ya to a or u -a to i	Ntuuka ara ya !	Go in the hole!

Exceptions

A few exceptional cases are given for special verbs. The most important exception applies, the verb "to have": -Yan / -aan / -an attach to the noun, which is owned (. Eg yuku (spear) → yuku yan = a spear have ).

Adjectives

Adjectives behave the same way as nouns in Kalkadoon. These are attached to the noun and not declined.

pronoun

The pronouns in Kalkadoon are formed independently of the case formation rules for the nouns. The meaning is the same, however. There is a pronoun for each case.

Personal pronouns

There are 3 numbers in the Kalkadoon personal pronouns , namely singular, dual and plural. There are no separate personal pronouns for the genders, this is usually clear from the context.

case	I	You	He she it	We (2)	Her (2)	You (2)	We (2+)	Your (2+)	You (2+)
Nominative	Ngai	Nyini	Lhaa / Pakai	Ngalhi	Mpaya	Puyu	Ngata	Nhutu	Thina
Ergative	Ngathu	Nyinti	Lhii	Ngalhii	Mpayai	Puyuyu	Ngatai	Nhutuyu	Thinai
locative	Ngaingu	Nyiningu	Alhangu	Ngalhingu	Mpayangu	Puyungu	Ngatangu	Nhutungu	Thinangu
dative	Ngatji	Nyunku	Alhaa / Pakaya	Ngalhii	Mpayaa	Puyuu	Ngataa	Nhutuu	Thinaa
Allative	Ngatjinha	Nyunkunha	Alhaanha	Ngalhiinha	Mpayaanha	Puyuunha	Ngataanha	Nhutuunha	Thinaanha
ablative	Ngainguangu	Nyininguangu	Alhanguangu	Ngalhinguangu	Mpayanguangu	Puyunguangu	Ngatanguangu	Nhutunguangu	Thinanguangu

Demonstrative pronouns

The demonstrative pronouns have the same numbers as the personal pronouns and are subdivided into three degrees of distance: something with the speaker, something with the person addressed and something that is neither with the speaker nor with the person addressed.

case	This (with speaker)	This (when addressed)	That (further away from speaker and addressed)	These 2 (with speaker)	These 2 (if addressed)	That (further away from speaker and addressed)	This 2+ (with speaker)	These 2+ (if addressed)	Those 2+ (further away from speaker and addressed)
Nominative	Well	Nhaa	Paa	Tjaawatikaya	Nhaawatikaya	Paawatikaya	Tjaamiakaya	Nhaamiakaya	Paamiakaya
Ergative	Tjipai	Nhai	Pai	Tjaawatikayarlu	Nhaawatikayarlu	Paawatikayarlu	Tjaamiakayarlu	Nhaamiakayarlu	Paamiakayarlu
locative	Tjangkaathi	Nhangu	Pangithi	Tjaawatikayangu	Nhaawatikayangu	Paawatikayangu	Tjaamiakayangu	Nhaamiakayangu	Paamiakayangu
dative	Tjipaa	Nhau	Pau	Tjaawatikayaa	Nhaawatikayaa	Paawatikayaa	Tjaamiakayaa	Nhaamiakayaa	Paamiakayaa
Allative	Tjipaanha	Nhaunha	Paunha	Tjaawatikayaanha	Nhaawatikayaanha	Paawatikayaanha	Tjaamiakayaanha	Nhaamiakayaanha	Paamiakayaanha
ablative	Tjangkayangu	Nhanguwangu	Pangu	Tjaawatikayanguwangu	Nhaawatikayanguwangu	Paawatikayanguwangu	Tjaamiakayanguwangu	Haamiakayanguwangu	Paamiakayanguwangu

Interrogative pronouns

There are three types of question words in the Kalkadoon , namely for the person (e.g. who?), For the thing (e.g. what?) And for the place (e.g. where?).

case	Who?	What?	Where?
Nominative	Nhani	Nhaka	(not necessary)
Ergative	Nhantu	Nhakathu	(not necessary)
locative	Nhaningu	Nhakathi	Arrakathi
dative	Nhanku	Nhakaa	(not necessary)
Allative	Nhankunha	Nhakaanha	Arrakanhi
ablative	Nhaninguwangu	Nhakathingu	Arrakangu

Individual evidence

1. ↑ O'Grady GN, Voegelen CF, Voegelen FM (1966) Languages of the Indo-Pacific , Fascicle six, Anthropological linguistics 8/2
2. ^ RMW Dixon : Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2002.
3. ↑ BJ Blake: A Kalkatungu grammar . Pacific Linguistics, Canberra 1979.
4. ↑ Kendon, A. (1988) Sign Languages ​​of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5. ^ Kalkadoon Language Pictorial Dictionary. (PDF; 5.4 MB) (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on April 14, 2013 ; accessed on December 22, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Pp. 6-7  
6. ^ Kalkadoon Language Pictorial Dictionary. (PDF; 5.4 MB) (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on April 14, 2013 ; accessed on December 22, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. P. 9  
7. ^ Kalkadoon Language Pictorial Dictionary. (PDF; 5.4 MB) (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on April 14, 2013 ; accessed on December 22, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. P. 7  
8. ^ Kalkadoon Language Pictorial Dictionary. (PDF; 5.4 MB) (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on April 14, 2013 ; accessed on December 22, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. P. 8  
9. ^ Kalkadoon Language Pictorial Dictionary. (PDF; 5.4 MB) (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on April 14, 2013 ; accessed on December 22, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. P. 8