Karl Lwowitsch von Frauendorf

Karl Lwowitsch von Frauendorf ( Russian Карл Львович фон Фрауендорф , Karl Lebano Frauendorf ; * in Brandenburg ; † January 2, 1767 in the Irkutsk governorate ) was the imperial Russian major general and the first governor of the Irkutsk governorate.

biography

Karl Lwowitsch von Frauendorf was the son of the Prussian captain Karl Phillip von Frauendorf. Frauendorf lived for a while in the governorate of Estonia , where he married Margarethe Elisabeth von Wrangell on January 13, 1743 .

He died on January 2, 1767 in the Irkutsk governorate. In total, he held the governor's post for one year, nine months and 24 days.

Service in the Russian Empire (1731–1763)

In 1731 Karl Lwowitsch von Frauendorf joined Russian services. He served in various parts of European Russia until 1750 and took part in various combat operations. From 1741 to 1742 he commanded the Irtysian border guard . He founded the Omsk Ordinary Post Office. He also sent «Grigory Andreev to the city of Kuznetsk so that he could set up the post warehouses / mills in the fortresses, outposts and stations».

In 1744 Frauendorf, already with the rank of colonel , took part in the examination of the second revision of the Nizhny Novgorod governorate .

From 1757 to 1765 he served in the rank of brigadier in the Siberian corps. He commanded the border troops in Tobolsk Governorate . On March 14, 1760, together with Major General IW Weimarn and Governor FI Soymonov, he proposed to the Senate a construction project to fortify the area between the mouth of the Buchtarma River and Lake Teletsk, but the project turned out to be impossible due to the complicated natural and geographical conditions .

For the following six years he did successful administrative work and received the rank of major general in 1762.

Frauendorf gained notoriety for heroic deeds in repelling attacks by robber gangs from the neighboring territory, and also because of his pronounced organizational talent in fortifying the border strip. According to his proposal, the families of the Cossacks and soldiers began to settle near the fortress. So not only a simple cordon line with the layer garrisons formed, but also connected Russian settlements with a permanent, arable population.

In his endeavor to colonize the area on the border, Frauendorf ordered exiled women and forced women to be sent at his disposal. When more than 70 such forced women arrived in 1759, not exactly the best representatives of the fair sex, between the ages of 19 and 40, the line manager distributed them personally: the officers as maids, and the Cossacks and the Soldiers as a wife.

According to the report of the captain I. Andreev, who served under the command of Frauendorf in Omsk, he was cruel and merciless. He wasn't ashamed of having up to 170 people, sometimes innocent, flogged in one day until lunch. While orderlies were walking behind him, they always had the following tools with them: the whip, rake, sticks and pitchfork. Notwithstanding his cruelty, Karl Lywowitsch von Frauendorf was an educated man and personally supervised the training of military engineers.

Service in the Irkutsk Governorate (1764–1767)

"In considering the size of our Siberian empire, the order is given to found the second governorate, in which we will appoint our major general Frauendorf as governor". With these lines of the imperial decree on the formation of the Irkutsk governorate, the Irkutsk core was introduced to its first governor in 1764.

It should be noted that the emperor (or empress?) Did not entrust the Siberians with even the highest top positions. None of the Irkutsk governors were Siberian. Almost all of them returned to the capital or governorates in the European part of Russia after their departure from service.

In the 18th century Irkutsk experienced a social and economic boom. As we have seen, in 1764 the Irkutsk province was transformed into a governorate. Irkutsk becomes the center of the largest region in Russia, namely Eastern Siberia.

The administration of the newly established Irkutsk Governorate required not only a brave military man, but also an active and intelligent administrator. The vast area, the boundaries of which were not even fully determined, required fortification and settlement.

The new governor, who was entrusted with this task, arrived in Irkutsk in March 1765.

In essence, it was Karl Lwowitsch von Frauendorf's duty to carry out the first measures to put the administration in Eastern Siberia in order. While the previous administration, led by the lieutenant governor, was obliged to wait months for guidelines from the capital on the majority of the questions, the governor now had the opportunity to take decisions himself and to implement them on behalf of the empress. One can imagine the degree of confidence the Empress Catherine II had in Major General von Frauendorf when she placed the territory from the Yenisei to Kamchatka and from the Arctic Ocean to the border with China under his leadership.

His first decrees concerned the urban design. The governor's architect and surveyor, Anton Ivanovich Losew, left us valuable information about his work. In those years he was a student at the geodetic school. The following remarks can be found in his files. This supervisor has a great knowledge of mathematics and has found many activities to exercise his common sense and to stimulate the students' diligence. The position of this student leads to knowledge of fortification and civil architecture . He selected the most talented for the sciences from the geodesists to be trained and dealt with the basics of engineering, fortification, geodesy and cartography himself. In the words of AI Losew, KL von Frauendorf "turned them into worthy engineers and architects in the possible perfection. They designed the border fortifications according to all the rules of fortification and built bourgeois suburbs".

The practical use of the knowledge that flowed from these activities became one of the most important elements of the training. The young geodesists took part in the recording of the area in the vicinity of the city and participated in the planning of Irkutsk . A city at that time was nothing more than a large inhospitable village. The narrow and crooked, always dirty streets have been built up with wooden houses. These houses had all the unsightly features of 17th century urban planning.

"The construction of houses in earlier times - writes the Irkutsk chronicler - was done without leveling: Sometimes toilets were set up on the street, sometimes they built the ledge over the gate, sometimes they have small shops in front of the houses Many built houses with windows with additions, so-called Wolokowije , and had the staircase or the doors straight from the street. In front of the houses there were large vegetable gardens, where mainly hops were grown ". Contemporaries say that the fugitive prisoners and the robbers hid in these thickets in the summer.

The new governor "carried out the organization and order of the city with a strong hand". The residents found it very uncomfortable at first and then recognized it as useful. Following his initiative, the young geodesists planned direct streets in his presence, divided the city into quarters and put the street names on the houses.

The new governor's house was built in place of the old military leader's yard in the upper part of the fortress. The architect of this project was probably from Frauendorf. The house was in line with the Church of the Savior. Al Losew writes that the drawing room was under the observation of the governor in the same house, where the plans of cities and settlements were made. According to the same contemporary witness, the Irkutsk city plan was drawn up with the cooperation of the governor and implemented under his leadership.

Lutheran (German) cemetery

Few people know that until the beginning of the XX. Century on the cross of the modern Leninstrasse, Timirjasewastrasse and street of the Red Uprising the Lutheran (German) cemetery was. Now there is a facility where there is a stone with the inscription that the monument to the Decembrists will be placed here.

In the 1730s this hill was far beyond the city limits, which then followed the line of what is now K. Marxstrasse. The Lutheran cemetery has been laid out on the hill. The path to Lake Baikal ran past him. In 1768 the cemetery was shown on the map of Irkutsk in a square shape with sides of about 40 to 50 meters. In 1736 the chief commander, Brigadier I. А. from lineman, buried here.

Later two great personalities from Irkutsk, Governor Karl Lwowitsch von Frauendorf and Lorenz Lang, found their final resting place in the cemetery.

Lorenz Lang administered the huge Irkutsk Province, which was formed in 1731. Lang's fate is unusual. In 1709 the Swedish army suffered the defeat at Poltava . Up to 12,000 Swedes ended up in Russian captivity, of which around 1,000 ended up in Siberia, almost all of them to Tobolsk. One of them, Engineer Lieutenant Lorenz Lang (or Lange) entered Russian service. Since 1715 he has carried out diplomatic missions in China, often with success. He has led the trade caravans to this country twice. The well-known researcher of the notes of foreigners of the XVIII. Century on Siberia, EP Sinner, characterizes him as follows: "Lorenz Lange is the original figure in every respect, the person of above-average understanding and great enterprise. He played an important role in the establishment of diplomatic and trade relations between Russia and China" . The Russian government highly valued Lang's activity, and in June 1739 the former prisoner became a lieutenant governor (the ruler) of Irkutsk province.

At the end of the XVIII. In the 20th century, burials in the cemetery were stopped. The Lutherans began to be buried on the special site of the open Jerusalem cemetery.

In 1910 the Irkutsk governor did not like the decaying fencing and it was destroyed. Now this place is completely paved and the memory of the excellent people and his compatriots has been lost in Irkutsk.

Unfortunately, the image of the first governor of the Irkutsk governorate has not survived to this day. Therefore it is not possible to erect the Frauendorf Monument in place of the Lutheran cemetery, but it is necessary to put up a plaque for it.

literature

• Во власти истории: Евгений Шободоев: сборник статей и публикаций / сост. А.В. Шободоева. - Иркутск: Оттиск, 2009. - 340 с.
• Иркутские правители г. Иркутска и Иркутской губернии (1652-1893 гг.). Иркутский адрес-календарь на 1897-1898 г.
• Иркутская летопись 1661-1940 гг.
• Летопись города Иркутска XVII - XIX вв. / Составитель и научный редактор Н.В. Куликаускене. - Иркутск: Восточно-Сибирское книжное издательство, 1996. - 320 с .: ил.
• Межархивный справочник "Власть в Сибири XVI нач.XX века. Комитет гос.архивной службы администрации Новосибирской обл., АНО" МАСС-Медиа-Центр "г. 2002, 296 с.
• Памятники истории и культуры Иркутска. / А.В. Дулов "Городские некрополи" - Иркустк: Восточно-Сибирское книжное изд-во, 1993.
• Статья «Где быть Амурским воротам?" - публикуется по: Вост.-Сиб. правда. - 2000 - 11 нояб. (№ 221/222) - С. 5.

Supporting documents and comments

1. ^ A census for the calculation of poll tax