Kibyra

37.160128 29.489214Coordinates: 37 ° 10 ′ N , 29 ° 29 ′ E

Kibyra

Turkey

theatre

Stadion

Gladiator reliefs in the Burdur Archaeological Museum

Kibyra ( Greek Κιβύρα ) was an ancient city in Asia Minor in the south of Phrygia on the border with Lycia . It was also called "the great Kibyra" ( ἡ μεγάλη ) in contrast to the "small" Kibyra located in Pamphylia . The ruins of the city are located 3 km northwest of today's Gölhisar (formerly Horzum) in the province of Burdur .

The founding by Sparta is an original tradition that is only documented in inscriptions under the reign of Emperor Hadrian (r. 117–135 AD) and served to legitimize membership of the Panhellenion . The city was, however, in the late 3rd century BC. Moved away from their old settlement (see below) and re-established, presumably as a colony of Termessos in Pisidia . In 189 BC The city lord Moagetes, who is qualified as a tyrant by Polybius , could only with difficulty and by promising high contributions to ward off the fact that Gnaeus Manlius Vulso plundered the city and its territory during his campaign through Southwest Asia Minor. Although Manlius Vulso had accused the Moagetes, during the war against Antiochus III. Having acted against the Romans, the Kibyrates succeeded within a few years in obtaining the conclusion of a formal alliance treaty with Rome (174 BC). The contract is handed down through a bilingual inscription ( Greek / Latin ) that was discovered during archaeological excavations between 2011 and 2013. It is currently the oldest copy of a Roman treaty of alliance handed down on stone.

In the late Hellenistic period, Kibyra led a four-city alliance (Tetrapolis), which probably emerged step by step from a peace treaty that Kibyra had initially concluded with Balboura , Bubon and a probably independent mercenary leader who was also called Moagetes. After the middle of the 2nd century v. Chr. Also joined Oinoanda added. In addition, Kibyra maintained contractual relationships, particularly with Carian cities such as Apollonia Salbake, Plarasa / Aphrodisias and Tabai . The league of cities was 82/81 BC. Dissolved by the Romans under Lucius Licinius Murena . Kibyra then belonged to the Roman province of Asia , from 249 AD to the province of Caria , as can be seen from an honorary inscription for Q. Fabius Clodius Agrippianus Celsinus, who was governor of the new province until 251 AD. Kibyra was an important trading city and suffered severe damage in an earthquake in AD 23, but was rebuilt. Today, extensive ruins testify to the former size of the city, including a theater, an odeion, a stadium excavated by Turkish excavators and a burial street.

Since 1995 Thomas Corsten (University of Vienna, Institute for Ancient History and Archeology, Papyrology and Epigraphy) has been conducting epigraphic surveys in Kibyra and the western province of Burdur known as Kibyratis . From 2008 to 2014, together with Oliver Hülden (LMU Munich, Institute for Classical Archeology; now: Austrian Academy of Sciences / Austrian Archaeological Institute , Vienna), he carried out a more archaeologically oriented field research project that is funded by the Gerda Henkel Foundation in Düsseldorf and is in the publication phase. In the course of this research, the apparently Lydian predecessor settlement of the Hellenistic-Imperial period Kibyra could be identified with a primarily archaic settlement area, which is located about 10 km from Gölhisar on a rocky peninsula on Gölhisar Gölü (Gölhisar Lake) near Uylupınar. In the urban area of the Hellenistic, Imperial and Late Antique-Byzantine Kibyra, excavations are underway by the Mehmet Akif Ersöy University of Burdur. The finds from Kibyra, including a remarkable gladiator frieze, are exhibited in the Burdur Archaeological Museum .

literature

SS Başer: 1988–89 Yılları Kibyra Kurtarma Kazıları [rescue excavation in Kibyra, 1988–89]. In: I. Müze Kurtarma Kazıları Semineri, Ankara 19-20 nisan 1990 . Ankara 1991, pp. 235-260.
George Ewart Bean : Notes and inscriptions from the Cibyratis and Caralitis . In: The Annual of the British School at Athens . Volume 51, 1956, pp. 136-149.
George Ewart Bean: Kibyra maior (Horzum [Gölhisar ) Phrygia, Turkey] . In: Richard Stillwell et al. a. (Ed.): The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ 1976, ISBN 0-691-03542-3 .
Daria de Bernardi Ferrero: Teatri classici in Asia Minore, 1: Cibyra, Selge, Hierapolis . Rome 1966.
Thomas Corsten: Kibyra. Report on the research trip 1995. In: 14. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı . Ankara 1997, pp. 63-72 ( PDF online ).

Thomas Corsten: A new oracle from Kibyra . In: Epigraphica anatolica . Volume 28, 1997, pp. 41-49.

Thomas Corsten, Rosalinde Kearsley, G. Horsley: Inscriptions from Kibyra in the Museum at Burdur / Turkey . In: Epigraphica Anatolica . Volume 28, 1997, pp. 53-56.

Thomas Corsten: Kibyra. Report on the 1996 research trip . In: 15. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı . Ankara 1998, I, pp. 367-369 ( PDF online ).

Thomas Corsten., Thomas Drew-Bear, M. Özsait: Research in the Kibyratis . In: Epigraphica Anatolica . Volume 30, 1998, pp. 47-80.

Thomas Corsten: Kibyra 1997 . In: 16. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı . Ankara 1999, I, pp. 387-390 ( PDF online ).

Thomas Corsten: Kibyra 1998 . In: 17. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı . Ankara 2000, I, pp. 215-216 ( PDF online ).

Thomas Corsten: Kibyra 1999 . In: 18. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı . Ankara 2001, I, pp. 255-256 ( PDF online ).

Thomas Corsten: Kibyratis in Antiquity . In: Anatolian Archeology 7, 2001, p. 17.

Thomas Corsten: The inscriptions of Kibyra, 1. The inscriptions of the city and its immediate surroundings . Habelt, Bonn 2002, ISBN 3-7749-3034-1 ( inscriptions of Greek cities from Asia Minor , 60).

Thomas Corsten: Kibyratis in Antiquity . In: Anatolian Archeology . Volume 8, 2002, p. 20.

Thomas Corsten: Kibyra 2001 . In: 20. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı . Ankara 2003, II, pp. 83-84 ( PDF online ).

Thomas Corsten: Kibyratis in Antiquity . In: Anatolian Archeology . Volume 9, 2003, pp. 26-27.

Thomas Corsten: Kibyra 2002 . In: 21. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı . Ankara 2004, I pp. 229-234 ( PDF online ).

Thomas Corsten: Kibyratis in Antiquity . In: Anatolian Archeology . Volume 10, 2004, pp. 22-23.

Thomas Corsten: Kibyra 2003 . In: 22. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı . Volume 1. Ankara 2005, pp. 29-34 ( PDF online ).

Thomas Corsten: Kibyratis in Antiquity . In: Anatolian Archeology . Volume 11, 2005.

Thomas Corsten: Kibyra 2004 . In: 23. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı . Ankara 2006, I, pp. 19-20 ( PDF online ).

Thomas Corsten: Estates in Roman Asia Minor: the case of Kibyratis . In: St. Mitchell, C. Katsari (Eds.): Patterns in the Economy of Roman Asia Minor . Swansea 2005, pp. 1-52.

Thomas Corsten: Kibyra and Lycia . In: Ch. Schuler (Ed.): Greek epigraphy in Lykia. An interim balance. Files of the international colloquium in Munich, 24. – 26. February 2005 , Vienna 2007, 175–181.

Thomas Corsten, Oliver Hülden: Research in the Kibyratis in 2008 . In: 27. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı . Ankara 2010, no. 1, pp. 351-363 ( PDF online ).

Thomas Corsten, Oliver Hülden, Jörg Gebauer: Research in the Kibyratis in 2009 . In: AnadoluAkden 8, 2010, pp. 143-147.

Thomas Corsten, Oliver Hülden: Research in the Kibyratis in 2010 . In: AnadoluAkden 9, 2011, pp. 180-183.

Thomas Corsten, Oliver Hülden, Jörg Gebauer, research in the Kibyratis in 2009 . In: 28. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı . Ankara 2011, no . 1, 67-81 ( PDF online ).

Thomas Corsten, Oliver Hülden, Between Cultures. Field research in the Kibyratis. Report on the 2008–2011 campaigns. With contributions by J. Gebauer and KB Zimmer . In: Istanbul communications . Volume 62, 2012, 7-117 ( online at academia.edu).

Dieter Erkelenz: To Kibyra's provincial membership in the Roman Empire . In: Epigraphica Anatolica . Volume 30, 1998, pp. 81-95.

Peter Herz, P. Herz, Asiarchen and Archiereiai. On the provincial cult of the province of Asia . In: Tyche 7, 1992, 93-115, here: 93-103 (on the family of the Claudii Polemones from Kibyra).

Sarah Japp: The local ceramic production of Kibyra . In: Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautores Acta. Volume 39, 2005, pp. 237-241.

Rosalinde A. Kearsley: A Leading Family of Cibyra and some Asiarchs of the First Century . In: Anatolian Studies . Volume 38, 1988, pp. 43-46.

Rosalinde A. Kearsley: The Asiarchs of Cibyra again . In: Tyche . Volume 11, 1996, pp. 129-155.

Ludwig Meier, Kibyra and the robbers: A new grave epigram . In: H. Metin, B. A. Polat Becks, R. Becks, M. Fırat (eds.), Pisidia Yazıları. Hacı Ali Ekinci Armağanı - Pisidian Essays in Honor of Hacı Ali Ekinci , Istanbul 2015, 71–76.

Ludwig Meier, Kibyra in the Hellenistic Period. New state treaties and honorary inscriptions , supplementary volumes to the Tituli Asiae Minoris 29, Vienna 2019.

NP Milner: An Epigraphical Survey in the Kibyra-Olbasa Region conducted by AS Hall . London 1998, ISBN 1-898249-10-5 (British Institute of Archeology at Ankara Monograph No. 23).

Dennis Rousset, De Lycie en Cabalide. La convention entre les Lyciens et Termessos près d'Oinoanda , Fouilles de Xanthos X, Geneva 2010.

Marco Vitale, Kibyra, the Tetrapolis and Murena: a new era of freedom in Boubon and Kibyra? . In: Chiron . Volume 42, 2012, 551-566.

Web links

Commons : Kibyra - collection of images, videos and audio files

Remarks

↑ Polybios 21, 34, 1-13; Livy 38, 13, 11-14, 14.
↑ Ludwig Meier, Kibyra in Hellenistic times. New state treaties and honorary inscriptions , supplementary volumes to the Tituli Asiae Minoris 29, Vienna 2019, 9ff. Number 1.
↑ Ibid., 51ff. No. 3.
↑ Dennis Rousset, De Lycie en Cabalide. La convention entre les Lyciens et Termessos près d'Oinoanda , Fouilles de Xanthos X, Geneva 2010, 99.
↑ Meier, Kibyra , 41ff. No. 2.
↑ Thomas Corsten: The inscriptions of Kibyra, 1. The inscriptions of the city and its immediate surroundings , Bonn 2002, p. 13 ff. No. 2.
↑ Marco Vitale, Kibyra, the Tetrapolis and Murena: a new era of freedom in Boubon and Kibyra? . In: Chiron . Volume 42, 2012, 551-566.
↑ Strabo 13, 4, 17; see. Thomas Corsten, Oliver Hülden, Between Cultures. Field research in the Kibyratis. Report on the 2008–2011 campaigns. With contributions by J. Gebauer and KB Zimmer . In: Istanbul communications . Volume 62, 2012, 7-117.

[1] Polybios 21, 34, 1-13; Livy 38, 13, 11-14, 14.

[2] Ludwig Meier, Kibyra in Hellenistic times. New state treaties and honorary inscriptions , supplementary volumes to the Tituli Asiae Minoris 29, Vienna 2019, 9ff. Number 1.

[3] Ibid., 51ff. No. 3.

[4] Dennis Rousset, De Lycie en Cabalide. La convention entre les Lyciens et Termessos près d'Oinoanda , Fouilles de Xanthos X, Geneva 2010, 99.

[5] Meier, Kibyra , 41ff. No. 2.

[6] Thomas Corsten: The inscriptions of Kibyra, 1. The inscriptions of the city and its immediate surroundings , Bonn 2002, p. 13 ff. No. 2.

[7] Marco Vitale, Kibyra, the Tetrapolis and Murena: a new era of freedom in Boubon and Kibyra? . In: Chiron . Volume 42, 2012, 551-566.

[8] Strabo 13, 4, 17; see. Thomas Corsten, Oliver Hülden, Between Cultures. Field research in the Kibyratis. Report on the 2008–2011 campaigns. With contributions by J. Gebauer and KB Zimmer . In: Istanbul communications . Volume 62, 2012, 7-117.