Small fort Gündersbach

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Small fort Gündersbach
limes ORL NN ( RLK )
Route (RLK) Rhaetian Limes,
route 14
Dating (occupancy) no later than 260 AD
Type Small fort
size 18 × 18 m (= 360 square meters)
Construction stone
State of preservation low wall between trees
place Gündersbach ( Pleinfeld )
Geographical location 49 ° 5 '11.4 "  N , 10 ° 57' 7.2"  E
height 432  m above sea level NHN
Previous Small fort at the Hinteren Schloßbuck (west)
Subsequently Raitenbuch small fort (southeast)
Backwards Theilenhofen fort (west)
Weißenburg fort (south)
Ellingen fort (south-southeast)
Oberhochstatt fort (southeast)

The small fort Gündersbach was a Roman fort that was built near the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes , a UNESCO World Heritage Site , and is located southeast of the village of Gündersbach in the Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen district in Bavaria .

Location and research history

The small fort was built 15 meters behind the Limes and is now in a forest. The Limes, called the “Devil's Wall” here by the locals, runs in this area from the northwest down the western slope of the Swabian Rezat . To the north and south of this slope, the Hintere and Vordere Troppelgraben have formed two small valleys, which also flow into the Rezattal. At the bottom of the valley, the Limes makes a clear bend and, crossing the stream, for a short time runs almost exactly in a west-east direction. The small fort is located near this bend, still on the northern slope of the Vorderen Troppelgraben. Significant remains of the “Devil's Wall” stood in this area until the 19th century, when they were removed for road construction. The Gündersbach fortification was not included in the large Limes work of the Reich Limes Commission (RLK). Apart from a sounding of the defense, no excavations have taken place here yet.

Building history

It was considered whether the 18 × 18 meter (= 360 square meter) facility might not replace the Limes watchtower Wp 14/26, which has not yet been found. The interior construction was probably made of wood.

Along with the towers, small forts were one of the main bases of the Roman troops directly behind the Limes. However, their occupation and use are usually unknown.

Limes course between the small fortifications Gündersbach and Raitenbuch

Traces of the Limes structures between Gündersbach and Raitenbuch.
ORL Name / place Description / condition
KK Small fort Gündersbach see above
Wp 14/27 "In the back drip" The watchtower, which is no longer visible today, was located on the edge of the Rezattal on a hill above the embankment of the Nuremberg – Munich railway line.
Wp 14/28 "In the pile wood" The wooden tower hill with its ring moat has not yet been examined and is being cut up by the younger Rhaetian Wall. To the east is the 5.4 × 5.2 meter stone tower. It has been preserved as a rubble mound.
Wp 14/29 This tower site is only suspected archaeologically.
Wp 14/30 "At the height between Ottmarsfeld and Oberndorf" WP 14/30, which is no longer visible, was found south of Ottmarsfeld, around 100 meters west of a transformer station. Already at the time of the Reich Limes Commission, the stone tower was almost completely broken off.
Wp 14/31 This tower site is only suspected archaeologically.
Wp 14/32 This tower site is only suspected archaeologically.
Wp 14/33 "In the pile fields" From a topographical point of view, Wp 14/33, which can no longer be identified today, was located at an altitude of 469.1. From here there was a direct line of sight to the castles Ellingen and Weißenburg.
Wp 14/34 This tower site is only suspected archaeologically.
Felchenbachtal In the Felchenbachtal, the RLK recognized various border obstacles in the lowlands: palisade, wooden fence 1, wooden fence 2, braided fence, wall. Dietwulf Baatz suspected: "Apparently the brook has torn away the wooden barriers several times." Today, only the well-preserved remains of rubble from the Limes are visible on the south-eastern bank slope.

  • The location of the Limes crossing

  • Ground plan and section of the remains of the palisade

  • Wall, palisade and fences

  • Profiles for the illustration above

Wp 14/35 This tower site is only suspected archaeologically. The rubble of the Limes Wall is also very clearly visible in this area.
Wp 14/36 The archaeologically secured tower is no longer visible today.
Wp 14/37 "On the Espan at the Auhof" This tower site is only suspected archaeologically.
Wp 14/38 Experts believe that this tower site is based on Roman finds. Thomas Fischer may assume a small fort here. Prehistoric burial mounds are located a little above the forest near the site.
Wp 14/39 "South of Rohrbach" This tower point is no longer visible today.
Wp 14/40 "At the Höhebglinde" During the excavation on a plateau, a 5.1 × 5.4 meter stone tower foundation was determined, which at that time was still 1.2 meters high. After the excavation, the tower fell victim to the stone robbery and has completely disappeared. From here follows the most important stretch of the Limes in Bavaria. The rubble wall now stretches for kilometers on the Jura plateau.
Wp 14/41 "On your back between the Höhe- and Salacher Berg"
The pillars and water passages of the Limes wall between Wp 14/41 and 14/43 are shown here.
The stone tower between Höhenberg and Salacherberg was built at 612.80 meters on the highest point that the Limes reaches in this area between two Altmühl crossings. From here the terrain slopes steadily towards the Danube. The panorama from this point is excellent. There was a line of sight to Oberhochstatt Fort, 1.2 kilometers away . The excavated construction remains had a circumference of 6.6 × 6.6 meters. The tower is visible today as a flat hill in a field. The responsible route commissioner of the Reich Limes Commission saw here “the stately ruins of a stone tower”.
Wp 14/42 This tower site is only suspected archaeologically.
Wp 14/43 "Am Windsteig" The stone tower measuring 5.7 × 5.8 meters was subsequently built on the wall. Unfortunately, the finding was not carefully documented. There is nothing to be seen here today.
Wp 14/44 This tower site is only suspected archaeologically.
Wp 14/45 This tower site is only suspected archaeologically.
Wp 14/46 This tower site is only suspected archaeologically.
Wp 14/47 When it was excavated, a 4.5 × 3.7 meter stone tower foundation was found. The archaeologist Wilhelm Schleiermacher reported in the 1960s that a tower ruin was preserved. Only a little later, in 1974, Dietwulf Baatz could no longer see any building remains or bumps at this point.
Wp 14/48 "In the corridor in front of the forest"
The original, preserved remains of the reconstructed parts are clearly visible.
This tower location is 600 meters from Wp 14/47. The 4.72 × 4.7 meter foundations of this tower are visibly preserved. The tower was integrated directly into the Limes wall that was built later. To the south-east, at a historically incorrect location, there is an incorrectly constructed wooden tower that makes no reference to the historically proven findings. As Dietwulf Baatz found and research follows him, these possessed, among other things. a. the well-known round tower mound and a tall, quarry-stone-filled box structure. Only on this strong foundation was the purely wooden part of the tower built.
Wp 15/49 This tower site is only suspected archaeologically.
KK Raitenbuch

Monument protection

The small fort Gündersbach and the facilities mentioned have been part of the UNESCO World Heritage as a section of the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes since 2005 . In addition, they are protected as registered ground monuments within the meaning of the Bavarian Monument Protection Act (BayDSchG) . Investigations and targeted collection of finds are subject to authorization, accidental finds must be reported to the monument authorities.

See also

literature

  • Dietwulf Baatz : The Roman Limes. Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and the Danube . 4th edition, Mann, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-786-12347-0 , p. 288.
  • Christian Fleer: Typification and function of the small buildings on the Limes. In: E. Schallmayer (Ed.): Limes Imperii Romani. Contributions to the specialist colloquium “Limes World Heritage Site” in November 2001 in Lich-Arnsburg. Bad Homburg v. d. H. 2004, ISBN 3-931267-05-9 , pp. 75-92 (Saalburg-Schriften 6).
  • Günter Ulbert , Thomas Fischer : The Limes in Bavaria . Theiss, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0-351-2 .
  • Thomas Fischer, Erika Riedmeier Fischer: The Roman Limes in Bavaria . Pustet, Regensburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-7917-2120-0

Web links

Remarks

  1. Jump up ↑ Britta Rabold, Egon Schallmayer , Andreas Thiel : Der Limes , Theiss, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8062-1461-1 , p. 120.
  2. ↑ ORL = numbering of the Limes structures according to the publication of the Reich Limes Commission on the O bergermanisch- R ätischen- L imes
  3. ↑ KK = unnumbered K linseed K astell
  4. ↑ Wp = W oh p east, watch tower. The number before the slash denotes the Limes section, the number after the slash denotes the respective watchtower.
  5. ↑ Wp 14/27 at 49 ° 5 '5.96 "  N , 10 ° 57' 38.13"  O
  6. ^ Wilhelm Schleiermacher : The Roman Limes in Germany. An archaeological guide for road trips and hikes. Mann, Berlin 1967, p. 185; Günter Ulbert, Thomas Fischer: The Limes in Bavaria . Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0-351-2 , p. 79; Dietwulf Baatz: The Roman Limes - Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and the Danube . Mann, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-7861-1701-2 , p. 288.
  7. ↑ Wp 14/28 (wooden tower) at 49 ° 5 ′ 5.43 ″  N , 10 ° 58 ′ 12.76 ″  E
  8. ↑ Wp 14/28 (stone tower) at 49 ° 5 ′ 5.19 ″  N , 10 ° 58 ′ 13.64 ″  E
  9. ↑ Wp 14/29 at about 49 ° 4 '57.23 "  N , 10 ° 58' 48.96"  O
  10. ↑ Wp 14/30 at 49 ° 4 '47.4 "  N , 10 ° 59' 31.83"  E
  11. ↑ a b c d Günter Ulbert, Thomas Fischer: The Limes in Bavaria . Theiss, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0-351-2 , p. 84.
  12. ↑ a b Wilhelm Schleiermacher: The Roman Limes in Germany. An archaeological guide for road trips and hikes. Mann, Berlin 1967, p. 186.
  13. ↑ Wp 14/31 at approximately 49 ° 4 '42.05 "  N , 10 ° 59' 54.54"  E
  14. ↑ Wp 14/32 at about 49 ° 4 '35.66 "  N , 11 ° 0' 19.66"  O
  15. ↑ Wp 14/33 at 49 ° 4 '29.28 "  N , 11 ° 0' 38.37"  O
  16. ↑ Wp 14/34 at approximately 49 ° 4 '13.45 "  N , 11 ° 1' 6.12"  E
  17. ↑ Wp 14/35 at approximately 49 ° 3 '56.53 "  N , 11 ° 1' 34.89"  E
  18. ↑ Wp 14/36 at 49 ° 3 '47.5 "  N , 11 ° 1' 49.8"  O
  19. ↑ Wp 14/37 at 49 ° 3 '32.72 "  N , 11 ° 2' 12.74"  O
  20. ↑ Wp 14/38 at about 49 ° 3 '15.14 "  N , 11 ° 2' 36.65"  O
  21. ^ A b c Günter Ulbert, Thomas Fischer: The Limes in Bavaria . Theiss, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0-351-2 , p. 85.
  22. ^ A b c Wilhelm Schleiermacher: The Roman Limes in Germany. An archaeological guide for road trips and hikes. Mann, Berlin 1967, p. 189.
  23. ↑ Wp 14/39 at 49 ° 3 '4.33 "  N , 11 ° 2' 52.66"  O
  24. ↑ Wp 14/40 at 49 ° 2 '50.31 "  N , 11 ° 3' 15.18"  E
  25. ↑ Wp 14/41 at 49 ° 2 '38.96 "  N , 11 ° 3' 35.94"  O
  26. ↑ Wp 14/42 at about 49 ° 2 '27.86 "  N , 11 ° 3' 55.48"  O
  27. ↑ Wp 14/43 at 49 ° 2 '17.26 "  N , 11 ° 4' 14.09"  O
  28. ↑ Wp 14/44 at approximately 49 ° 2 '6.5 "  N , 11 ° 4' 33.05"  E
  29. ↑ Wp 14/44 at about 49 ° 1 '55.37 "  N , 11 ° 4' 52.67"  O
  30. ↑ Wp 14/46 at approximately 49 ° 1 '43.43 "  N , 11 ° 5' 13.69"  E
  31. ↑ Wp 14/47 at 49 ° 1 '31.54 "  N , 11 ° 5' 33.67"  O
  32. ^ Wilhelm Schleiermacher: The Roman Limes in Germany. An archaeological guide for road trips and hikes. Mann, Berlin 1967, p. 193.
  33. ↑ Dietwulf Baatz: The Roman Limes - Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and the Danube . Mann, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-7861-1701-2 , p. 288.
  34. ↑ Wp 14/48 at 49 ° 1 '22.38 "  N , 11 ° 5' 49.48"  E
  35. ^ Günter Ulbert, Thomas Fischer: The Limes in Bavaria . Theiss, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0-351-2 , p. 87; Wp 14/48 (reconstruction) at 49 ° 1 ′ 20.6 ″  N , 11 ° 5 ′ 52.05 ″  E
  36. ↑ Wp 15/49 at approximately 49 ° 1 '9.32 "  N , 11 ° 6' 6.6"  E
  37. ↑ Raitenbuch small fort at 49 ° 0 ′ 56.55 ″  N , 11 ° 6 ′ 21.37 ″  E