Kobudo

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Kobudō [ kobɯdoː ] ( Japanese 古 武 道 , dt. "Old art of war ") describes the martial art with the peasant weapons developed on Okinawa , for example the sai (a kind of trident), the nunchaku (short flail), the bō (a 182 cm long one Stick), the kama (agricultural sickle), the tonfa (baton) or tekkō (brass knuckles). Especially in Germany, Georg Stiebler established the Hanbō (90-100 cm long stick, half Bō ) as another weapon, as this weapon is a good addition to karate and jiu-jitsu training.

Other weapons were Timbei and Rōchin (shield made of turtle shells and short halberd), Wēku (paddle) or Suruchin (rope with weights at the ends).

The development of the Kobudō is attributed on the one hand to the "workers" of Okinawa, but also to the nobility and officials. This is particularly evident in the origins of the katas , as these were developed by officials or nobles.

In Japanese scripts, Kobudō is often used in the sense of Koryū ; the meaning given here is predominant in Western parlance.

History of Kobudo

Kobudo originated on the island of Okinawa in the 16th century. At the time of the Japanese occupation, Okinawa residents had to pay high taxes. The occupying forces forbade them to carry swords and other weapons.

In order to be able to defend themselves against the occupying samurais, the farmers and fishermen on Okinawa developed weapon systems in which they converted agricultural implements, everyday objects and tools into weapons: Since these did not represent the character of weapons, they were allowed to be carried. For example, the flail became a nunchaku and the stick became a bo. The tonfa was used as a crank on millstones.

Since Kobudo developed parallel to karate, the positions, attacks and block movements correspond to those of karate. Kobudo and karate used to be a unit. Only in the course of time did karate and kobudo part ways.

Master of Kobudō

Historical Kobudō masters

  • Tsuken Hantaka (also Tsuken Hantagawa or Tsuken Hakuta) came from Yaeyama . He lived in the 18th century and was distinguished by his excellent command of all Kobudō weapons.
  • Chatan Yara (Kitae Yara), who came from the Okinawan village of Chatan, lived in the 2nd half of the 18th century. His fame in the field of Kobudō is mainly due to a fight with the young Shiroma (Gusukuma), another master of Kobudō, from which he emerged victorious. He created the Kata Chatanyara no sai .
  • Yabiku Moden (1882-1945) learned under the Kobudō masters Tawade Pechin, Chinen Sanda and Ufuchiko Sanda and karate from Itosu Ankō . He founded the Ryūkyū Kobujutsu Kenkyū Kai , which later became the Ryūkyū Kobudō Hōzon Shinkō Kai .
  • Matayoshi Shinkō (1888–1947): Okinawan expert on Kobudō and karate. Creator of Matayoshi-Kobudō, a martial art style that found worldwide distribution through the work of his son Matayoshi Shinpō . This exceptionally versatile master mastered a variety of Kobudō weapons, horsemanship, archery, shuriken jutsu , the use of the lasso, the kung fu style of the "white crane" as well as acupuncture and the science of medicinal herbs . He acquired a large part of his knowledge while traveling to China.
  • Taira Shinken (1898-1970) was the last great, undisputed master of Kobudō, which he learned from Yabiku Moden, among others. He compiled the old kata and modified them slightly to create a uniform system. Finally he codified the Kobudō education as a whole. He created his own synthesis of the Kobudō combat systems. Taira Shinken still represents the great authority of the Kobudō, and all masters today, Okinawan as well as Japanese, refer to him. Taira Shinken's role in Kobudō is comparable to the Funakoshi Gichins in karate, both in terms of her knowledge and in terms of what has become of her arts today. After the master's death, the technical unity of the Kobudō broke up, and since then the dispute over the legitimate succession has never settled.

Kobudō masters of the recent past and present

  • Sakagami Ryūsho (1915-1993), a Japanese who was also a great master of Shitō-Ryū Karate. He learned the art of Kobudō from Taira Shinken and was the teacher of Fumio Demura. Sakagami Sadaaki is his son.
  • Richard Kim (1917–2001), founder of the Shorinji Ryu School, Butokukai International and author of numerous Kobudo books.
  • Inoue Motokatsu (1918–1993), student and official successor of Taira Shinkens in Japan, founder of the Ryūkyū Kobujutsu Hōzon Shinkō Kai ; a Japanese who taught in Shimizu.
  • Matayoshi Shinpō (1921-1997), Okinawan master of Kobudō and karate, son of Matayoshi Shinkō (1888-1947) and heir of his style (Matayoshi Kobudō). Matayoshi Shinpō was the founder and president of the Ryūkyū Kobudō Renmei (founded in 1970, renamed in 1972 in Zen Okinawa Kobudō Renmei - all of the Kokinawan Kobudō Federation) in Naha . He has trained numerous experts who have made Matayoshi Kobudō known worldwide.
  • Hayashi Teruo (1924-2004) from Naha, an Okinawan who was also a famous karate expert ( Shitō-Ryū ) and studied the Kobudō with Nakaima Kenkō, Hōhan Sōken and Taira ham.
  • Eisuke Akamine (1925–1999), student and official successor of Taira Shinkens as 2nd President of the Ryūkyū Kobudō Hōzon Shinkō Kai .
  • Kise Fuji (Fusei; born 1935), Okinawan master of karate and Kobudō; Student of Sōken Hōhan (1891–1982).
  • Fumio Demura (born 1938), a student of Sakagami Sadaaki, successfully introduced the Kobudō in California.
  • Katsuyoshi Kanei (1941-1993), student of Matayoshi Shinpō and founder of the Jinbukan Kobudō.
  • Sakagami Sadaaki (born 1942), the son of Sakagami Ryūsho, is an important master of Kobudō, especially in the field of nunchaku and sai.
  • Tamano Toshio (born 1942), a Japanese who founded the Shōreikai Kobudō Association Europe in Milan, Italy. He is a student of Tōguchi Seikichi and Matayoshi Shinpō (Kobudō).
  • Peter Brockers (born 1945), Grand Master of Shōtōkan Karate (9th Dan ) and Kobudō (8th Dan); Students of Nakayama Masatoshi (karate) and Kanazawa (karate).
  • Tamayose Hidemi (born 1949), student of Akamine Eisuke. After Eisuke's death in 1999 he founded the Ryūkyū Kobudō Tesshinkan Kyōkai . He learned karate under Masao Shima, Matsubayashi-Shōrin-Ryū -Karate and Kobayashi-Shōrin-Ryū under Seiyū Nakamura.
  • Georg Stiebler (1950–1997), 6th Dan Kobudō, 6th Dan Jiu Jitsu , founded Kobudū Kwai Germany eV in 1983, co-founder of the German Jiu-Jitsu Union. Author of several books on Kobudō and Jiu Jitsu.
  • Rainer Seibert (1960), 7th Dan Gendai-Goshin-Kobujutsu, 5th Dan Gendai-Goshin-Hanbo-Jutsu, 2nd Dan Ryukyu Kobudo Tesshinkan, 2nd Dan Yamanni-Chinen Ryu Kobujutsu, 2nd Dan Judo. Rainer Seibert learned the Gendai-Goshin Kobujutsu from Georg Stiebler and is his style legacy. He invited Hidemi Tamayose from Ryukyu Kobudo Tesshinkan and Toshihiro Oshiro from Yamanni-Chinen Ryu Kobujutsu and Shima-ha Shorin Ryu Karate to Germany for the first time and was instrumental in making these styles of Kobudo known in Germany.
  • Hiroshi Akamine (born 1954), student of Taira Shinken and his father Akamine Eisuke, 3rd President of the Ryūkyū Kobudō Hōzon Shinkō Kai , and founder of the Ryūkyū Kobudō Shimbukan . He learned karate from Shijin Gushiken.
  • Jamal Measara, currently 7th Dan Jinbukan-Kobudō (as well as 9th Dan Karate and 7th Dan Aikidō) and his representative in Europe. Together with Katsuyoshi Kanei he founded the Kobudō World Association (International Okinawan Kobudū Kyūkai).
  • Toshihiro Oshiro (1949), 9th Dan Shima-Ha Shorin Ryu Karate, 8th Dan Yamanni-Chinen Ryu Kobujutsu, further degrees in Judo and Kendo. He learned the Yamanni-Ryu from Kishaba Chogi, who learned it from Chinen Masami. Oshiro and Kishaba founded the Ryukyu Bujutsu Kenkyu Doyukai in 1985 to promote Yamanni-ryu.
  • Kenyu Chinen (born 1944), 9th Dan Okinawa Kobudo and 9th Dan Okinawa Shorin-Ryu-Karate. Kenyu Chinen is the most famous Kobudo expert trained by Shinpō Matayoshi. The World Oshukai Dento Okinawa Shorin-Ryu Karate Do Kobudo Federation, founded by Kenyu Chinen and headed as chief instructor, has dojos on all continents.

Other Okinawan karate masters taught Kobudō in connection with karate. These include, for example, Nagamine Shōshin (1907–1997), Yagi Meitoku (1910–2003), Tōguchi Seikichi (1917–1998, Shōreikan karate) and Higa Seitoku (born 1920). These lessons were based on kata characteristic of their schools, whose origins from the kata of the undisputed old masters such as Taira Shinken are not always obvious.

Kobudō weapons

Main weapons

A pair of kamas
Different nunchucks
A pair of tonfas
  • Bō : umbrella term for all stick weapons, which are primarily characterized by their length, as this is decisive for their use. Furthermore, a distinction is made according to the shape.
    • Length:
      • Rokushaku-Bō (about 1.82 m long stick, is usually referred to as Bō for short)
      • Tambō (also Tanbo; approx. 60 cm long)
      • Hanbō (approx. 80 to 100 cm long)
      • Kyūshaku-Bō (270 cm long)
      • Bajobō (approx. 390 cm)
    • shape
      • Hakkaku-Bō (octagonal cross-section)
      • Kaku-Bō (square or square cross-section)
      • Maru-Bō (round cross-section)
      • Rokkaku-Bō (hexagonal cross section)
  • Eiku , Wēku, Kai or Sunakake-bo (fishing paddle)
  • Kama (sickle), see also Kusarigama
  • Kue or Kuwa (garden rake)
  • Manjisai (also Nuntesai) (variant of Sai)
  • Nunchaku (two sticks connected with a string, short flail)
  • Nuntebō (Bō with peak of the season), see also Yari
  • Rokushakukama (a kama attached to a Rokushakubo (180 cm long Bō), scythe)
  • Sai (trident)
  • Sansetsukon (three-part flail)
  • Suruchin or Kusari Fundō (two weights with a string in between)
  • Tecchū ( punch )
  • Tekkō (brass knuckles)
  • Timbei and Rōchin (shield made of turtle shell with machete or short spear)
  • Tonfa (similar to the police baton, originally the handle of a millstone)
  • Tuja (trident)

Legal position

According to the German Weapons Act , the possession of some weapons (e.g. nunchaku (choking weapon) or tekkō (brass knuckles)) is prohibited. In Switzerland, nunchaku, tonfa and tekkō are classified as prohibited weapons under Swiss gun law. The sporting exercise with real nunchakus and tonfas made of wood as well as with Tekkō are permitted in Switzerland with a cantonal exemption (responsible weapons office of the canton police).

Kobudō styles

The emblem of Yamanni Chinen Ryu

The Kobudō styles of Okinawa can be divided into several main directions, which have further split up. Many of these styles mix with each other again.

  • Ryūkyū Kobudō : One of the styles is the Ryūkyū Kobudō , which was put together by Yabiku Moden and continued by Taira Shinken. This also includes katas of Yamanni-ryu . The Ryūkyū Kobudō Hōzon Shinkōkai represents the original association from which the following associations / styles have developed:
    • Ryūkyū Kobudō Hōzon Shinkōkai (Founded by Taira Shinken)
    • Ryūkyū Kobujutsu Hōzon Shinkōkai (Founded by Inoue Motokatsu)
    • Ryūkyū Kobudō Tesshinkan (Founded by Tamayose Hidemi)
    • Okinawa Dentō Kobudō Hozon Kai Bunbukan (Founded by Masahiro Nakamoto)
    • Kenshin Ryū (Founded by Hayashi Teruo)
    • Ryūkyū Kobudō Shinkokai (Founded by Katsuhiko Minowa)
    • Ryūkyū Kobudō Shinbukan (Founded by Hiroshi Akamine)
  • Matayoshi Kobudō or Kingai Ryū : From the Matayoshi Kobudō there are several lines that go back to Matayoshi Shinkō:
    • Zen Okinawa Kobudō Renmei (Founded by Matayoshi Shinkō)
    • Okinawa Kobudō Doushi Renseikai (Founded by Yoshiaki Gakiya)
    • Ōshū Kai International (Founded by Kenyū Chinen)
    • Kingai Ryū Matayoshi Kobudō Sōke (Founded by Yasushi Matayoshi)
    • International Shōrin Ryū Seibukan (founded by Chin Mok Sung) or Shōrin Ryū Siu Sin Kan (founded by Neo Ho Tong)
    • Kokusai Okinawa Kobudō Kyōkai (Founded by Katsuyoshi Kanei and Jamal Measara)
    • Jinbukan Kobudō (founded by Katsuyoshi "Kama-Te" Kanei)
  • Yamanni / Yamane Chinen-Ryū : Katas of the Yamane / Yamanni Ryū can also be found in the Ryūkyū Kobudō after Shinken Taira.
  • Ufuchiku Kobujutsu
  • Ryūkyū Oke Hiden Bujutsu (Okinawa's Secret Royal Martial Arts)
  • Ryūrei-ryū
  • Matsumura Orthodox Shōrin-ryū Karate-do (Founded by Hohan Soken)
  • Motobu Udundi Tuiti Ryu
  • Isshin Ryu
  • Modern Kobudō styles:
    • Gendai Goshin Kobu Jutsu (founded by Georg Stiebler)
    • Kōbukai Kobudō (founded by Vlado Schmidt)
    • Freestyle Kobudo (Founded by Peter Brockers)

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from October 30, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.okinawa-dento-karate-do.de
  2. ↑ Georg Stiebler: Okinawa Kobudo series, history, weapons, training theory. Ed. Erich Hüggenberg. 1979
  3. ↑ John Sells: Unante - The Secrets of Karate. Second edition
  4. ↑ http://karate-straubing.de/info-zum-stil/stilrichtungsleitung/

literature

Web links