Lecanora conizaeoides
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Lecanora conizaeoides (an established German name does not exist) is a lichen . It is particularly acidophilic and as the most insensitive of all known lichen species to acidic air pollutants, it is the species that penetrates the furthest into urban and industrialized areas.
description
Lecanora conizaeoides is one of the crust lichen, d. H. the thallus rests closely on the base. In the thallus, cells of the green alga Trebouxia jamesii are more or less regularly embedded between the loosely networked fungal hyphae . The camp is mostly yellowish-gray-green, grainy to warty and irregularly sorediose . The unripened, mostly gray-green to brownish fruit bodies are apothecia with a diameter of 0.4 to 1.2 mm. The camp-colored edge is smooth or sorediös. The unicellular spores are colorless.
The lichen is often attacked by parasites , especially in the winter months by the fungus Athelia arachnoidea , visible through circular, brown signs of death with a whitish edge and several centimeters in diameter. Secondary infections have been described with the fungus Lichenoconium erodens, which also parasitizes on lichens, and the alga Desmococcus naegelii .
distribution
The lichen grows epiphytically - naturally or due to immission - on acidic tree bark, both in forests and on free-standing trees, and rarely on silicate rock . Lecanora conizaeoides is widespread in Central and Western Europe, rarely in the Mediterranean area. Occurrences are also known from North America, especially near the coast. In areas with high levels of air pollution, it is often the last lichen to disappear. However, it is rare in clean air areas. Around 1900 it was still extremely rare in general, and since it is missing in old lichen herbaria, some authors came to the assumption that the species only emerged mutatively from Lecanora varia in the industrial age .
Under the influence of air pollution - it can withstand average sulfur dioxide concentrations of around 0.150 mg / m³ - the lichen was able to expand considerably and was additionally promoted by the forestry preference for conifers (which have acidic bark). For several years, however, Lecanora conizaeoides has been in decline again in areas where it was previously common, which is attributed to the decline in acid immissions, in particular sulfur dioxide (today's SO 2 concentrations in European metropolitan areas are usually significantly below the above mentioned value).
physiology
Lichen (which represent a symbiosis of algae and fungus) often produce secondary substances that neither algae nor fungal partners can produce on their own. In Lecanora conizaeoides , depside was detected, with fumarprotocetraric acid dominating. These presumably serve to shield light and have an antibiotic effect. They could also contribute to resistance to metal ions such as manganese .
Systematics
The first description of Lecanora conizaeoides was in 1885. The species was synonymous under Lecanora pityrea Erichsen.
Individual evidence
- ^ OL Gilbert: Studies on the destruction of Lecanora conizaeoides by the lichenicolous fungus Athelia arachnoidea . Lichenologist 20 (2), pp. 183-190, 1988
- ↑ S. LaGreca, BW Stutzman: distribution and ecology of Lecanora conizaeoides (Lecanoraceae) in eastern Massachusetts . The Bryologist, 109 (3), pp. 335-347, 2006
- ↑ W. Seitz: Studies on lichen and their ecological correlation to air pollution in some cities in south (west) Germany and eastern France . Beitr. Biol. Pflanzen, 58, pp. 1-46, 1980
- ↑ JW Bates, JNB Bell, ACJ Massara: Loss of Lecanora conizaeoides and other fluctuations of epiphytes on oak in SE England over 21 years with declining SO 2 concentrations. In: Atmospheric Environment , 35 (14), pp. 2557-2568, 2001
- ^ V. Wirth, R. Cezanne, M. Eichler: Contribution to the dynamics of epiphytischer Lichenbestände . Stuttgart Contributor Natural History, Ser. A, 595, 17 S. 1999 (PDF; 784 kB)
- ↑ Alexander Paul: Manganese as a site factor for epiphytic lichens . Diss. Univ. Göttingen, 2005 (PDF; 8.1 MB)
literature
- Volkmar Wirth : Lichen flora . E. Ulmer, Stuttgart 1980, ISBN 3-8001-2452-1
- Volkmar Wirth, Ruprecht Düll : Color Atlas of Lichen and Moss. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3517-5 .
- Georg Masuch: Biology of Lichen , Quelle & Meyer, Heidelberg / Wiesbaden, 1993, ISBN 3-494-02167-8
