Pointed, spiky umbrella
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Pointed-scaly spiny umbrella ( Lepiota aspera ) |
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| ( Pers .: Fr. ) Quél. |
The scaly or rough prickly umbrella ( Lepiota aspera , syn. Echinoderma asperum , L. acutesquamosa var. Furcata and L. friesii ) is a species of mushroom from the mushroom relatives . It is quite common in deciduous and coniferous forests, along roadsides and in gardens. The fruiting bodies appear from summer to autumn.
features
Macroscopic features
The initially conical to bell-shaped, later flat spread cap reaches a diameter of 10-15 cm. The ocher-cream-colored hat skin is densely covered up to the edge with tapered, brownish scales that form a more or less closed cover in the middle, even with age. The whitish, later brownish lamellae are densely packed and are often forked near the handle. The 5–10 cm long and 0.5–1.5 cm wide stalk has a bulbous thickened, sometimes edged base up to 2.5 cm. The velum part remains attached to the stem as a transitory, membranous ring after the hat has been raised . It is whitish in color and has brownish flakes at the bottom. The stem is cream above the ring and a hat below. The surface is fibrous and flaky, especially in the lower area. The white meat smells unpleasantly like fluorescent gas or like the stink umbrella ( L. cristata ).
Microscopic features
The elongated spindle-shaped spores are 7.5–9 micrometers long and 2.5–3.5 µm wide. The cystidia on the lamellar edges have a club-like, vesicular to rounded-stalked shape and occur occasionally on the lamellar surface.
Species delimitation
The very rare ringless spiny umbrella ( L. perplexa ) has a stronger smell and has no forked lamellae. The cone-scaly spiny umbrella ( L. hystrix ) is darker in color and microscopically characterized by smaller, oval spores. The hedgehog sting umbrella ( L. echinacea ) is reminiscent of a miniature version of the pointed scaly sting umbrella - microscopically, the species can be recognized by the absence of cheilocystids. In addition, the inedible pointed- scaly spiny umbrella can possibly be confused with the common giant umbrella or parasol , which is valued as an edible mushroom and which grows in similar locations. The latter, however, has a double, freely movable ring and a nutty smelling and tasting meat.
Ecology and phenology
The pointed-scaly spiny umbrella grows in the deciduous and coniferous litter of various deciduous forests as well as spruce and pine forests, but is apparently absent in near-natural coniferous forests. It is considered a nitrogen pointer and grows on soils that are rich in bases or nutrients. There it is often found at the edges of the ways under nettles and other ruderal spots ; it is less common in gardens, under hedges, on fields or juniper heaths. The mushroom grows mainly between 450 and 700 meters above sea level, above it is rarely found.
The species mainly fructifies from August to the end of October, isolated stragglers can be found up to December, and if the weather is favorable, also up to January.
distribution
In Volume 3 of the series Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg, Gminder (2003) refers to Knudsen (1981) and defines the distribution area of the pointed-scaly sting umbrella in australia-Austrosubtropical, boreosubtropical to boreal. Evidence consists of Asia (Japan) and America (Argentina, Canada, Mexico, Paraguay and the USA). In North Africa the species occurs in Algeria and Morocco. In Europe, the mushroom is rarely found in the Mediterranean region (Italy, former Yugoslavia). Otherwise it is scattered to moderately widespread, but avoids oceanic tinted areas.
relationship
Phylogenetic analyzes by the American mycologist Else C. Vellinga indicate a close relationship between the pointed- scaly prickly umbrella and the flour umbrella ( Cystolepiota ) and variegated grain umbrella ( Melanophyllum ).
meaning
The pointed-scaly spiny umbrella is not an edible mushroom. The consumption of the mushroom is said to trigger alcohol intolerance, similar to Coprinus syndrome .
See also
swell
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f Ewald Gerhardt: BLV manual mushrooms . 3. Edition. BLV, Munich 2002, ISBN 978-3-405-14737-2 (639 pages, one-volume new edition of the BLV intensive guide mushrooms 1 and 2).
- ↑ a b c d German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder : Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 4: Mushrooms. Blattpilze II. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8001-3281-8 .
- ↑ Else C. Vellinga: Phylogeny of Lepiota (Agaricaceae) - Evidence from nrITS and nrLSU sequences . In: Mycological Progress . tape 2 , no. 4 , 2003, p. 305–322 ( berkeley.edu [PDF; 1.4 MB ]).
- ↑ B. Haberl, R. Pfab, S. Berndt, C. Greifenhagen, T. Zilker: Case series: Alcohol intolerance with Coprine-like syndrome after consumption of the mushroom Lepiota aspera (Pers.:Fr.) Quél., 1886 ( Freckled Dapperling). In: Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.). Volume 49, Number 2, February 2011, pp. 113-114, doi: 10.3109 / 15563650.2011.554840 , PMID 21370948 .
Web links
- Georg Müller: Echinoderma asperum. In: picture gallery on pilzepilze.de . Retrieved August 17, 2011 .
- Harry Regin: Pointed, spiky umbrella. In: pilzfotopage.de . Retrieved on August 17, 2011 (species portrait).