Liebermann reagent
The Liebermann reagent is used to perform a simple spot analysis to identify alkaloids and other compounds, which is named after the Hungarian chemist Leo von Liebermann (1852–1926). The clear and colorless reagent is composed of 1 g of potassium nitrite to 10 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid . The former can also be replaced with sodium nitrite . This allows tests for drugs such as cocaine , morphine , 4-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) and paramethoxymethamphetamine (PMMA).
To carry out the test, a drop of the reagent is placed on a small amount of the substance to be tested. The result is determined by the discoloration of the reagent within a certain time. A few connections require the test to be heated to around 100 ° C.
| substance | colour |
|---|---|
| Alprazolam | without reaction |
| cocaine | yellowish |
| Morphine | black |
| Atropine | red to orange |
| Yohimbine | blue |
| 4-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) | purple to brown |
| Paramethoxymethamphetamine (PMMA) | purple to brown |
| MDMA | strong brown to black |
| amphetamine | strong olive green |
| Methamphetamine | red |
| 4-fluoramphetamine | orange |
| Cathinone | light yellow |
| Methcathinone | light yellow |
| Mephedrone | light yellow |
| N, N-DMC | pale yellow |
| 3-FMC | without reaction |
| 4-MOMC | weak orange |
| Methylone | orange to brown |
| Methylenedioxypyrovalerone | yellow to green |
| 4-Me-PPP | orange |
| Brephedron | yellow |
| 4-methylethcathinone | orange |
| Pentedrone | yellow |
| 4-methyl buphedrone | yellow |
| Buphedron | yellow |
| Butylon | yellow / green to brown |
| 3,4-DMMC | orange |
| Naphyrone | brown |
| Benzedrone | orange |
| JWH-307 | dark yellow |
| AB-001 | dark yellow |
| CB-13 | dark green |
| JTE-907 | black (blistering) |
| UR-144 | dark red |
| URB-597 | yellow-brown |
| URB602 | dark brown |
| URB754 | light brown |
| AM-1248 | dark yellow |
| AB-034 | reddish orange to dark red |
| A-796,260 | reddish orange to dark red |
| A-834,735 | reddish orange to dark red |
| XLR-11 | dark red |
| AKB48 | no reaction |
| JWH-073 | yellow to brown |
| JWH-018 | yellow to brown |
| JWH-200 | dark yellow to brown |
| AM-2201 | yellow to brown |
| JWH-203 | yellow to orange |
| RCS-4 -C4 homolog | brown |
| AM-694 | dark yellow |
| MAM-2201 | green to brown |
| AM-2233 | yellow |
| STS-135 | brown |
| 4-MeO-PCP | brown |
| Methoxetamine | orange to brown |
| Ethketamine | pale yellow |
| 3-HO-PCE | dark brown |
| 5-MeO-DALT | dark brown to black |
| 4-methyl-aET | brown |
| 4-AcO-DALT | black |
| 4-HO-MET | black |
| 4-HO-MiPT | black |
| 4-AcO-DET | black |
| DPT | dark brown |
| Alpha-methyltryptamine | black |
| 5-IT | dark brown |
| 5-APB | black |
| 6-APB | dark purple |
| Camfetamine | dark red |
| Methiopropamine | dark brown |
| MDAI | Green> black |
| 5-IAI | dark brown |
| Pethidine | red to orange |
| Mescaline | black |
| Allylescaline | brown to black |
| 2C-T-2 | red |
| 2C-P | green |
| 2C-C | yellow over black to clear |
| 2C-B | yellow to black |
| b-methoxy-2C-D | green |
See also
Individual evidence
- ^ Benjamin Horowitz: A Study of the Action of Ammonia on Thymol . New York 1913, p. 25-26 ( online ).
- ^ A b c Suzanne Bell: The Facts on File Dictionary of Forensic Science . Facts On File, New York 2004, ISBN 0-8160-5131-3 , pp. 142 .
- ↑ Michael J. McLeish: Clomiphene Citrate . In: Harry G. Brittain (Ed.): Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances and Excipients . Vol. 25. Academic, 1998, ISSN 0099-5428 , p. 85-120 .
- ^ A b Austin Police Department (ed.): Forensic Chemistry Section (Controlled Substances) . Technical Manual . Austin 2014, p. 34 ( online [PDF]). Online ( Memento of the original from February 1, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Osamu Suzuki: Drugs and Poisons in Humans . A Handbook of Practical Analysis . Springer, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-540-22277-4 , pp. 325 .
- ↑ a b c d Report on the risk assessment of PMMA in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs . In: EMCDDA risk assessments . tape 5 , 2003, ISSN 1725-4485 , p. 54 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Kaitlyn E. Toole et al .: Color Tests for the Preliminary Identification of Methcathinone and Analogues of Methcathinone . In: Microgram Journal . Volume 9, No. 1 . Washington 2012, p. 27-32 .
- ↑ Nahoko Uchiyama et al .: 指定 薬 物 の 分析 Part II: 呈色 試 験 及 び TLC. Analytical Data of Designated Substances (Shitei-Yakubutsu) Controlled by the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law in Japan, Part II: Color Test and TLC. In: 藥學 雜誌. Vol. 128, No. 6, Tokyo 2008, ISSN 0031-6903 , pp. 981-987 ( online ).
- ↑ 4-FA reaction color results with liebemann and froehde reagent test kits. Reagent Tests UK, January 3, 2016, accessed March 3, 2016 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd Jeremiah Morris: Color tests and analytical difficulties with emerging drugs of abuse. Retrieved March 3, 2016 .
- ↑ a b Rapid testing methods of drugs of abuse. Retrieved March 3, 2016 .
