Mephedrone

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Structural formula
Structural formulas of (±) -mephedrone
1: 1 mixture of
( R ) -form (left) and ( S ) -form (right)
General
Surname Mephedrone
other names
  • (2 RS ) -2- (methylamino) -1- (4-methylphenyl) propan-1-one ( IUPAC )
  • ( RS ) -2-methylamino-1- p -tolylpropan-1-one
  • ( RS ) -α-methylamino-4-methyl-propiophenone
  • ( RS ) -4- (2-methylamino-propionyl) toluene
  • 4-methylmethcathinone
  • 4 MMC
Molecular formula C 11 H 15 NO
External identifiers / databases
CAS number 1189805-46-6
EC number 663-408-3
ECHA InfoCard 100.189.720
PubChem 29982893
Wikidata Q262613
Drug information
Drug class

Psychoactive phenethylamine

properties
Molar mass 177.24 g · mol -1
Physical state

firmly

Melting point

66.61 ° C

boiling point

269.51 ° C

safety instructions
GHS labeling of hazardous substances
05 - Corrosive 06 - Toxic or very toxic

danger

H and P phrases H: 301-317-318
P: ?
As far as possible and customary, SI units are used. Unless otherwise noted, the data given apply to standard conditions .

Mephedron , also known as 4-methylmethcathinone ( 4-MMC ), a psychoactive substance , is within the group of amphetamines to the cathinone - derivatives . When taken by humans, it has a stimulating and strongly entactogenic effect . Mephedrone was a main component of the so-called bath salt drugs or legal highs .

Scene names are also Bubbles , M-CAT , Meow (pronounced: Miau), Mephe , Meph (pronounced: Mef), MMC Hammer (based on MC Hammer ) or Magic .

history

The drug was used in one of the early products from Israel-based Neorganics. Neorganics ceased production after mephedrone was declared illegal by the Israeli government in January 2008.

In the USA it was under the misleading name bath salts (bath salts) - legal, because with the note "not suitable for consumption" - z. B. sold in supermarkets and petrol stations.

Since 2008, articles in German-language online forums have indicated that the substance is also consumed in Central Europe. Mephedrone was sold as "plant fertilizer" or "bath salt" from the English-speaking world on websites. In March 2008, mephedrone was reported to the European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction EMCDDA by several national authorities .

In July 2008, there were reports that tablets sold as ' ecstasy ' in Australia contained mephedrone and ethylcathinone. In November 2008, Susie Davies of the Toxicology Department at St George's University in London named mephedrone use one of the current drug trends in Great Britain. In July 2009, the United States Drug Administration (DEA) reported the appearance of mephedrone in Oregon.

Forms of consumption

Mephedrone appears either as a white, finely to coarsely crystalline powder, as a compressed tablet or in capsule form. Thus, mephedrone is usually consumed intranasally or orally. Intravenous or rectal consumption is also possible, albeit less often. The various forms of consumption differ in terms of dosage, time to onset and duration of effect. Simultaneous consumption with other substances is possible, but it also increases the side effects of both substances. Interactions with some substances, such as MAOIs , can lead to serotonin syndrome .

Effects

Mephedrone is effective nasally , orally , intravenously and rectally. The effects last for one to five hours.

Mephedrone causes euphoria, increased alertness, wakefulness, appetite inhibition, increased need to speak and openness, mobilization of reserves of strength, reduction in the need for sleep, irritation of the upper throat area and the associated slight sore throat, dry mouth accompanied by coating on the tongue.

Can also substance craving , impaired short-term memory, difficulty concentrating, increased heart rate, often to heart palpitations, feelings of anxiety and depression, profuse sweating, dilated pupils, fatigue and lethargy, altered perception, insomnia and vague memories occur during the period of drug effect. Burning and pain in the nose may occur after nasal consumption. The pain can last until the next day; Damage to the nasal septum and, in extreme cases, its perforation can also occur with frequent use. Skin contact can cause irritation and burns to the skin. Furthermore, users with long and heavy use of the drug report pain in the kidney region.

Since the substance has not been in circulation and consumed for a very long time, there is still no knowledge of its long-term effects on humans. In March 2010, two young men died in Great Britain after taking a mixture of drugs that contained alcohol and methadone in addition to mephedrone.

Analytics

The reliable qualitative and quantitative determination of mephedrone succeeds after adequate sample preparation by coupling the HPLC with the mass spectrometry . The following materials can be examined: blood and urine, saliva, fingernails / toenails or hair and wastewater samples . Also, fingerprints are suitable for qualitative analysis. Also, the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is suitable for the qualitative and quantitative determination of Mephedron in blood and urine samples.

Legal position

  • Denmark : Denmark's Health Minister Jakob Axel Nielsen banned “Mephedrone”, “Flephedrone” and Ethylkathinon on December 18, 2008.
  • Finland : As of February 23, 2011, mephedrone was classified as a narcotic drug in Finland. Until then, mephedrone had been subject to the regulations of the national pharmaceutical law since September 2008: trading and placing on the market were only possible with a license, and dispensing required a prescription.
  • Israel : In December 2007, 4-methylmethcathinone was added to the controlled substances list in Israel. This makes possession and distribution illegal.
  • Norway : The “Ordinance on Drugs” not only covers individual substances, but also entire substance groups, including methcathinone. Manufacture, trade, possession and use are prohibited.
  • Sweden : In Sweden, mephedrone was classified as a health hazard ("hälsofarlig vara") and banned on December 15, 2008, making its sale illegal. On June 15, 2009, it was declared a narcotic.
  • USA : 4-methylmethcathinone was temporarily added to the “Schedule I” list in the USA in September 2011 by means of “emergency scheduling” ; Trade and possession are therefore punishable.
  • Great Britain : Mephedrone / 4MMC has been banned since April 16, 2010, trade and possession are a criminal offense.
  • Germany : Mephedrone / 4-MMC has been classified as a non-marketable narcotic drug since January 22, 2010 ( Annex I of the Narcotics Act ).
  • Switzerland : With the entry into force of the revised Narcotics Ordinance by Swissmedic since December 1, 2010, mephedrone has been subject to the Narcotics Act and has therefore been illegal since then. Importation, possession, distribution etc. are punished according to the Narcotics Act.
  • Italy : Mephedrone / 4-MMC was made illegal by ministerial decree on June 16, 2010.
  • Austria : Mephedrone / 4-MMC has been banned in Austria since August 21, 2010.
  • Poland : Mephedrone has been banned in Poland since August 25, 2010.

In other European countries such as Belgium, Estonia, Ireland, France, Lithuania, Romania and Croatia, mephedrone is controlled in accordance with the drug law or corresponding legal provisions. On December 3, 2010, the EU justice ministers decided to have mephedrone banned throughout the EU.

literature

  • S. Gibbons, M. Zloh: An analysis of the 'legal high' mephedrone. In: Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 20 (14), 2010 Jul 15, pp. 4135-4139. Epub 2010 Jun 9. PubMed PMID 20542690 .
  • Michael H Baumann, Mario A Ayestas, John S Partilla, Jacqueline R Sink, Alexander T Shulgin, Paul F Daley, Simon D Brandt, Richard B Rothman, Arnold E Ruoho, Nicholas V Cozzi: The Designer Methcathinone Analogs, Mephedrone and Methylone, are Substrates for Monoamine Transporters in Brain Tissue. In: Neuropsychopharmacology . 37, 2011, pp. 1192-1203, doi: 10.1038 / npp.2011.304 .
  • GC Hadlock, KM Webb, LM McFadden, PW Chu, JD Ellis, SC Allen, DM Andrenyak, PL Vieira-Brock, CL German, KM Conrad, AJ Hoonakker, JW Gibb, DG Wilkins, GR Hanson, AE Fleckenstein: 4-Methylmethcathinone (mephedrone): neuropharmacological effects of a designer stimulant of abuse. In: Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics . Volume 339, Number 2, November 2011, pp. 530-536, ISSN  1521-0103 . doi: 10.1124 / jpet.111.184119 . PMID 21810934 . PMC 3200001 (free full text).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b 4-methylmethcathinone Chemistry , Erowid , accessed November 15, 2009.
  2. ↑ Template: CL Inventory / not harmonized There is not yet a harmonized classification for this substance . A labeling of 2- (methylamino) -1- (4-methylphenyl) propan-1-one in the Classification and Labeling Inventory of the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), retrieved on July 10, 2019, is reproduced from a self-classification by the distributor .
  3. ↑ F. Patalong: Legal Highs - On the bad trip through bath salts. In: Der Spiegel. from January 23, 2011.
  4. ↑ Drug Scope: Mephedrone, methedrone, and methylone .
  5. ↑ The fashion drug Bath Salt - bath salts for smoking. on: sueddeutsche.de , February 16, 2011, accessed on May 15, 2011.
  6. ↑ EMCDDA: New psychoactive substances reported to the EMCDDA and Europol for the first time in 2008 under the terms of Council Decision 2005/387 / JHA (PDF; 79 kB)
  7. ↑ Killer pills hit Cairns. Cairns.com.au, June 18, 2008, accessed August 11, 2009 .
  8. ↑ Police warn of potentially fatal 'fake ecstasy'. Abc.net.au, accessed August 11, 2009 .
  9. ↑ Police warn over toxic north Qld drugs. News.com.au, June 20, 2008, accessed March 11, 2013 .
  10. ↑ DEA Microgram Bulletin July 2009 ( Memento from January 14, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  11. ↑ bja.oxfordjournals.org .
  12. ↑ a b CREW, mind altering . (October 30, 2009) Information Sheet: Mephedrone / 4-MMC. Edinburgh.
  13. ^ The Independent , March 17, 2010.
  14. ^ Northern Ireland Executive unanimous on mephedrone ban. In: BBC News .
  15. ↑ Glicksberg L, Bryand K, Kerrigan S: Identification and quantification of synthetic cathinones in blood and urine using liquid chromatography-quadrupole / time of flight (LC-Q / TOF) mass spectrometry. , J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2016 Nov 1; 1035: 91-103, PMID 27697731
  16. ↑ Malaca S, Busardò FP, Gottardi M, Pichini S, Marchei E: Dilute and shoot ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS / MS) analysis of psychoactive drugs in oral fluid. , J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2019 Jun 5; 170: 63-67, PMID 30904741
  17. ↑ Busardò FP, Gottardi M, Pacifici R, Varì MR, Tini A, Volpe AR, Giorgetti R, Pichini S: Nails Analysis for Drugs Used in the Context of Chemsex: A Pilot Study. , J Anal Toxicol. 2020 Jan 7; 44 (1): 69-74, PMID 30855673
  18. ↑ Celma A, Sancho JV, Salgueiro-González N, Castiglioni S, Zuccato E, Hernández F, Bijlsma L: Simultaneous determination of new psychoactive substances and illicit drugs in sewage: Potential of micro-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in wastewater-based epidemiology . , J Chromatogr A. 2019 Sep 27; 1602: 300-309, PMID 31171357
  19. ↑ Castiglioni S, Borsotti A, Senta I, Zuccato E: Wastewater analysis to monitor spatial and temporal patterns of use of two synthetic recreational drugs, ketamine and mephedrone, in Italy. , Environ Sci Technol. 2015 May 5; 49 (9): 5563-70, PMID 25844536
  20. ↑ Czerwinska J, Jang M, Costa C, Parkin MC, George C, Kicman AT, Bailey MJ, Dargan PI, Abbate V: Detection of mephedrone and its metabolites in fingerprints from a controlled human administration study by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and paper spray-mass spectrometry. , Analyst. 2020 Apr 21; 145 (8): 3038-3048, PMID 32134419
  21. ↑ Mohamed KM: GC-MS Method for Quantification of Mephedrone in Human Blood Sample. , J Chromatogr Sci. 2017 Sep 1; 55 (8): 784-789, PMID 28520922
  22. ↑ Olesti E, Pujadas M, Papaseit E, Pérez-Mañá C, Pozo ÓJ, Farré M, de la Torre R: GC-MS Quantification Method for Mephedrone in Plasma and Urine: Application to Human Pharmacokinetics. , J Anal Toxicol. 2017 Mar 1; 41 (2): 100-106, PMID 27798075
  23. ↑ Danish Medicines Agency: List over ændrings bekendtgørelser vedr. Euforiserende stoffer ( Memento of the original from January 19, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Danish), List of notifications about changes in narcotics, as of January 14, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / laegemiddelstyrelsen.dk
  24. ↑ Sosiaali - ja terveysministeriö (Ministry of Social Affairs and Health): Mefedroni luokitellaan huumausaineeksi ( Memento of February 20, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) February 17, 2011 (Finnish), Mephedrone classified as a drug.
  25. ↑ פקודת הסמים המסוכנים ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Hebrew). @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.mizrahi-law.co.il
  26. ↑ FOR 1978-06-30 nr 08: Forskrift om narkotika mv (narcoticists) ( Memento from September 6, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) FOR 1978-06-30 nr 08: Forskrift om narkotika mv (narcoticists)
  27. ↑ SFS 2008: 908 Förordning om ändring i förordningen (1999: 58) om förbud mot vissa hälsofarliga varor ( Memento of March 13, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  28. ↑ abcnews.go.com DEA Announces Emergency Ban on 'Bath Salts'.
  29. ^ The Sun , April 16, 2010.
  30. ↑ Twenty-fourth ordinance amending the regulations on narcotics (24th BtMÄndV) .
  31. ↑ Text of the Swissmedic Narcotics Ordinance, which came into force on December 1, 2010, as a PDF .
  32. ↑ Text of the Swiss Narcotics Act as PDF. Relevant criminal provisions: Art. 19 and following. .
  33. ↑ Official Gazette n.146 2010.06.25 .
  34. ^ Rainer Prinz: Narcotics Ordinance. edited by Mag Rainer Prinz. Austrian Chamber of Pharmacists, accessed on September 11, 2012 .
  35. ↑ Ustawa z dnia 10 czerwca 2010 r. o zmianie ustawy o przeciwdziałaniu narkomanii .
  36. ↑ EMCDDA: Synthetic Cathinones
  37. ^ Mephedrone is banned across the EU , Spiegel Online, December 3, 2010.
  38. ↑ Decision of the Council of the European Union to ban mephedrone (PDF; 93 kB).