Small fort on the Hinteren Seeberg

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Georeferencing Map with all coordinates: OSM | WikiMap
Small fort on the Hinteren Seeberg
limes ORL - ( RLK )
Route (RLK) Rhaetian Limes,
route 15
Dating (occupancy) left by 260 AD at the latest
Type Small fort
size 17 × 17 m = 0.03 ha
Construction stone
State of preservation Slight, 30–60 cm high elevation in the forest floor
place Altmannstein - pubic heads
Geographical location 48 ° 54 '19 "  N , 11 ° 34' 20.9"  E
height 435  m above sea level NHN
Previous Small fort Güßgraben (west-northwest)
Subsequently Small fort Hienheim (east)
Backwards ORL 74 Kösching Fort (south-south-west)
ORL 75 Pförring Fort (south-east)
Eining Fort
and Eining-Unterfeld Vexillation Camp (OSO)

The small fort on the Hinteren Seeberg was a Roman fortification of the Rhaetian Limes , which in 2005 achieved the status of UNESCO World Heritage Site . The small fort was built close to the Roman imperial border and is now located on the area of Schamhaupten , a district of the Altmannstein community in the Eichstätt district , Bavaria .

Location and research history

Location to the Limes
The fort and its surrounding area

The camp is located at an altitude of around 440 meters on the eastern edge of the Steinsdorfer Grund, a dry valley, around 30 meters behind the Limes wall. The watchtower Wp 15/22, which has hardly been examined and located here by the ORL, is said to have been a few meters east of the facility . The nearest small fort , Güßgraben, was around 2.5 kilometers to the northwest. The small fort on Hinteren Seeberg was first excavated by the Reich Limes Commission (RLK). If Wp 15/22 was actually in the same place, a connection with the Limes tower chain along the Rätische was only possible from the fort via the presumed watchtower Wp 15/21, which is said to have been around 480 meters high on the opposite, western side of the valley Wall to be added. In the research, therefore, another possible location of Wp 15/22 is also discussed a point around 300 meters higher on a Limes bend, which was still on the eastern ascent to the Hinteres Seeberg. The then route commissioner of the Reich Limes Commission found a rectangular, two-meter-deep pit here. One of the advantages of this location would have been that the lower-lying small fort on Hinteren Seeberg would have had a line of sight to the tower chain not only to the west, but also to the east. The deep location of the small fort in the valley floor could be an indication that here, as in the closest western valley, there was an ancient Limes passage that had to be monitored.

Building history

Floor plan of the small fort

The archaeological explorations in the fort have so far been limited to findings about its overall size and a few cuts inside. It was found that the small, stone-built warehouse has a square floor plan of 17 × 17 meters and the wall that has been preserved is around 1.5 meters wide. In the west and east, two gates could be established with cheeks protruding inwards and outwards. The interior development was most likely made of wood.

There is evidence to suggest that iron ore was being mined nearby.

Along with the towers, small forts were one of the main bases of the Roman troops directly behind the Limes. However, their specific use is usually unknown.

Post-pastoral use

In addition to other small parts, peculiar early medieval iron crosses were found here, as in the case of the sanctuary on the vineyard near Eining. The same findings were also made in the former Roman thermal baths of Bad Göggingen. An early Christian cult building from the 7th century was discovered there, to which these mostly iron crosses also belonged. This made it possible to determine the age of these Christian symbols without any doubt. It turned out that some ancient sites, which in the 7th century were still in a more or less good condition, were used as places of Christian religious practice. The archaeologists Thomas Fischer and Konrad Spindler could even imagine that these early Christian testimonies, before the general proselytizing, point to the survival of the Romanesque remaining population, even if the last forts were abandoned for a very long time.

Limes course from the small fort on the Hinteren Seeberg

Traces of the Limes between the small forts on Hinteren Seeberg and Hienheim
ORL Name / place Description / condition
KK Small fort on the rear Seeberg see above
Wp 15/22 "Hinterer Seeberg" At this point, the Limes' rubble wall, which is only very flat, and is also called the Devil's Wall in this area, moves southeast. Wp 15/22, which is apparently located around 30 meters behind the Limes wall, was not sufficiently excavated and can no longer be seen today. Its exact location is being discussed again today. The archaeologist Wilhelm Schleiermacher reported in 1959 that "the heavily broken remains of a small stone tower" lay almost two meters behind the Raetian wall . In the opinion of the ORL, the tower, because of its low location on the eastern slope of the Hinteres Seeberg, did not offer its guards any wide view and was apparently built in particular to monitor the Steinsdorfer Grund. The guards could look up to the west of Wp 15/21, which is around 30 meters higher, on the other side of the narrow valley and send signals to it. Contact with the more easterly located Wp 15/23, which was further set back near the highest point of the Hinteres Seeberg, could not exist for topographical reasons. There was a line of sight to the nearby small fort on the Hinterer Seeberg. In the research, another possible location of Wp 15/22 is discussed as a point around 300 meters higher on a Limes bend, which was still on the eastern ascent to the Hinteres Seeberg. The RLK's line commissioner at the time found a rectangular, two-meter-deep pit here. The advantage of this location would have been the line of sight not only to the west, but also to the higher eastern Wp 15/23.
Wp 15/23 "Hinterer Seeberg"
The location of Wp 15/23
Limes profile at Wp 15/23
Shortly before the last ascent to the highest point of the Hinteres Seeberg at 492 meters above sea level, the Roman border wall, which gently lifts off the terrain, makes a clear bend and is oriented in a slightly north-easterly direction up to Wp 15/27. The topographically favorable watchtower location has been proven by the RLK in the uppermost area of ​​the hilltop. The older wooden tower hill with ring moat was preserved in good condition and is overlaid by the Limes wall built in the first decade of the 3rd century. The four supporting corner post pits could still be seen inside. Less clearly visible today is the 7.4 × 6.75 meter stone tower foundation to the east, to which the Limes wall, which was built later, was attached. The palisade at this watchtower was a little in front of the Raetian wall. For the archaeologist Dietwulf Baatz , the stone tower presented itself as a rubble mound in 1993.
Wp 15/24 The tower site is only assumed. The flat debris wall of the Limes can be seen in the area.
Wp 15/25 "Kesselberg"
The location of Wp 15/25 and 26
Tower floor plan and profile
The Limeswall, which is slightly outlined in the terrain, cuts in this area the southern slope of the 497 meter high Kesselberg, which towers to the north. After the wall has passed the proven location of Wp 15/25, which is around 462 meters high, it hits the steep slope down into the Schambach valley . Visible traces of the Teufelsmauer have not been preserved either in the slope area or in the valley floor. The wooden tower hill is cut by the Limes wall. To the west of this square, the foundations of the 4.5 × 3.6 meter stone tower were uncovered, to which the later built Limes wall was attached. The RLK did not clarify the course of the palisade at this point. Schleiermacher wrote in 1959: "The stone tower has almost completely disappeared from Wp. 15/25, but the hill of the wooden tower is still clearly visible."
Wp 15/26 "Schambachtal"
The location of Wp 15/26 with Limes wall and older palisade
This tower point, which was already partially overlaid by the connecting road Schamhaupten to Sandersdorf (today Bundesstrasse 299 ) at the time of the RLK , was located in the valley floor of the Schambach, which flows from northwest to southeast into the former Roman Empire. After a short time, the river forms a horizontal S-curve that points to the east at a 90-degree angle. At the lower end of this curve, the Schambach leaves Roman territory again, as the Limes secured only a small part of the northern bank of the Schambach for Rome in a large arc running from west to southeast.

To the west of Wp 15/26, on the steep slope of the Kesselberg, Wp 15/25, to the east, on the other bank of the Schambach, is assumed to be Wp 15/27 on a tongue of the Mautberg located to the north. There was a line of sight to these two higher towers from Wp 15/26. Wp 15/26 secured the crossing of the Limes over the Schambach in its place. The RLK could not find a wooden tower hill. It may have been destroyed during the road construction. The west half of the stone tower, which is no longer visible today, was already partially covered by the road during the excavation. On its eastern flank towards Schambach, the RLK excavators apparently did not notice any continuation of the Limes wall. The proven wooden palisade ran a little in front of the wall in this area as well. At the time of the RLK nothing was left of the Limeswall in this area.

Wp 15/27 The tower site is only assumed. Only to the west of the tower is a short piece of the Limes rubble wall that has been overgrown by a hedge.
Wp 15/28 Wp 15/28, which is no longer visible today, was only partially excavated. It lay over the north bank of the Schambach, exactly in the middle of a wide Limes arch that described a quarter circle. The direction of the border system had not changed since a Limes bend between Wp 15/22 and Wp 15/23 at Hinteren Seeberg, which directed the course of the Rhaetian Wall flat to the northeast, before it reached the Limes curve after crossing the Schambach at Wp 15/26 met. There the Teufelsmauer bent steeply to the south-southeast, descended into the Schambach valley, crossed the river again, and then came to the presumed location of Wp 15/29 on the southern bank slope of the Schambach. Here the Limes clearly changed its direction again in a wide, gentle curve and ran to the southeast. Wp 15/28 stands on a protruding tongue of the Mautberg, which is sanded down by erosion and is a little further north. This tongue was formed from west to south and south-east in a wide arc by the Schambach and was the only area of ​​the Schambach north bank brought under direct Roman control by the ancient geometers. The reasons for this cannot yet be fully explained. As on the entire Limes arch, no visible remains of the Limes wall have been preserved at Wp 15/28.
Wp 15/29
Limes profile between the watchtowers Wp 15/29 and 15/30
The tower site is only assumed.
Wp 15/30 "Meßnerberg" ("Sollerner fields")
The location of the watchtower Wp 15/30
Ground plan and profile of the watchtower Wp 15/30
In the area of ​​the almost 50 meter high ascent from the Schambach valley to the Meßnerberg, where the Limes completes its change of direction to the southeast, the rubble wall of the Teufelsmauer becomes visible again for the first time since the small section at Wp 15/27. Wp 15/30 was erected at an exposed location on the summit of the Messnerberg at around 437 meters above sea level. From here it was possible to control the foreland and the Schambach valley below. In addition, as usual on the Limes, the neighboring towers could be reached with signals. The rubble mound of the stone tower is still visible today in the Sollerner Äcker corridor. The RLK did not find the remains of a wooden tower. When it was excavated, a 5.3 × 4.7 meter foundation was found. The change of direction to the southeast, which the Rhaetian Wall took in the Schambachtal, ends exactly at Wp 15/30. There is a slight kink in the wall that corrects the course of the Limes even more towards the south. This realignment of the demarcation was also found on the older palisade, which was found somewhat upstream. Possibly the RLK could make out remnants of the wattle fence close to the tower, but this was already uncertain at the time of the excavation. On the northwest flank of the tower it was found that the Limes wall had been built onto the tower.
Wp 15/31 "Kochberg"
The location of the watchtower Wp 15/31
Ground plan of the watchtower Wp 15/31
At the height of the Meßnerberg, the south-east facing Limes wall ran according to Wp 15/30 past the slightly more northern Galgenberg into the dry valley of the Tötenackerergrund. The descent into this valley is very steep and there are no traces of the rubble wall. Only a small remnant overgrown with hedges can still be seen on the eastern valley floor. In very good condition, the Rhaetian Limes stretches on the eastern slope of the Tötenackerergrund up to the 495 meter high Kochberg. In this area, which is difficult to access, the outer shell of the masonry has been preserved in places. The upstream palisade moat is also in very good condition in the same section. After the steepest part of the ascent, in the upper slope area at around 470 meters above sea level, lies Wp 15/31, the remains of which are visible. The wooden tower hill facing the Limes was intersected in its rear area by the later built border wall. The stone tower, located a little further to the south-east and measuring 6 × 4.7 meters, has two peculiarities, as its ground-level access, which is rarely seen with Limes watchtowers, was not, as usual, in the middle, on the back of the tower, but on the side on the northwest flank. The RLK was able to prove that the Limes wall had been added on both sides of the stone tower later.

The tower was already labeled in 1959. Baatz reported in 1993 that the stone tower had been preserved as a high mound of rubble and that the hole from the RLK excavation was still visible in it. Only "small remains" of the wooden tower were preserved.

Wp 15/32 "Kochberg"
The location of the watchtower Wp 15/32
Ground plan of the watchtower Wp 15/32
Until Wp 15/32, the Limes is still strongly oriented towards the southeast and clearly recognizable in the terrain. Together with the northwestern Wp 15/31, Wp 15/32 lies at the southeastern approach of a spur of the Kochberg which tapers to the southwest. At the top of this spur on the valley floor at around 395 meters above sea level, the Tötenackerergrund meets a short, narrow and steeply rising valley that flows east of the 470 meter high watchtower Wp 15/32 on the mountainside. The view to the north into the Barbaricum was only possible to a limited extent due to the 495 meter high summit of the Kochberg, which rose directly in front of the tower. At Wp 15/32 there is a clear Limes bend in an easterly direction. The wooden tower hill is intersected by the later Rhaetian Wall. Remains of the former construction could still be seen in the east corner of this tower. To the southeast of this point, the RLK exposed three stone towers that certainly did not exist at the same time. The exact dimensions of this unusual tower point have only been partially handed down. A tower lay in the Limes bend and had a ground level entrance in the middle of its back. The later built Rhaetian Wall was added to its flanks. In the same escape, directly behind this tower, a second tower, apparently largely dismantled, was found, of which the RLK could only determine the extended west corner. Possibly the youngest structure on this site was between these stone towers and the wooden tower hill. This third stone tower, 3.2 × 2.8 meters in size, was subsequently added to the existing Limes wall. The palisade trench, which was also found, lies a little in front of the Limes wall and follows its change of direction exactly.

Schleiermacher wrote in 1959: "The rubble of the three stone towers is not easy to see." In 1993 Baatz saw "a broad, scrub-covered mound of rubble."

Wp 15/33 "Kochberg" From Wp 15/32 the Limes is overlaid by a dirt road up to Wp 15/33, which is no longer visible today. This watchtower is also still on Kochberg, which slopes gently towards the east. From its hillside location, the guards could maintain visual contact with the adjoining watchtowers in the west and east. In addition, it was possible to observe the slopes falling to the Schambach to the north. Only in the northwest was the view restricted by the Kochberg. The 4.5 × 3.5 meter stone tower is located at another bend in the Limes wall, which runs from this point to the Danube in a dead straight line to the east.
Wp 15/34 The tower site is only assumed.
Wp 15/35 The tower site is only assumed.
Wp 15/36 The tower site is only assumed.
Wp 15/37 Schleiermacher wrote in 1959: "Wp. 15/37 has only recently been showered and thus become invisible."
Wp 15/38 The tower site is only assumed.
Wp 15/39 "Poppenberg" Between Wp 15/34 and Wp 15/39 the route of a path over the remains of the Limes lies almost continuously today. The watchtower Wp 15/39, which was erected at around 435 meters above sea level in front of the 459 meter high Poppenberg, stood in a landscape characterized by gentle hills. Due to its location, the view to the north, into the free Germania , was only possible to a limited extent, which was due to the course of the Limes, which runs straight through the demarcation here and without regard to topographical conditions. The tower was found. As early as 1959, at its former location, near a transformer house that had been demolished in 2010, nothing was left to be seen, which Fischer was able to confirm again in 2008.
Wp 15/40 The tower site is only assumed.
Wp 15/41 Up to Wp 15/41 the rubble wall of the Limes, which runs straight east to the Danube, can be observed again and again in parts. At Wp 15/41 the Limes reaches the Hienheim Forest, which extends north of the Roman border line. Although the landscape at this point resembles that of Wp 15/39, the subsoil falls slowly but steadily from Poppenberg towards the Danube. Wp 15/41 is already at around 408 meters above sea level. The view to the north, across the imperial border, was good up to a distance of around one kilometer. Only sparse remains of the tower are visible today. Schleiermacher wrote in 1959 that in 1931 traces of the excavation of Wp 15/41 were still visible at the beginning of the forest. When the committed Limes and Roman researcher H. Blank, pharmacist in Pleinfeld, followed in the footsteps of the stake in 1954, he was unable to find the job again. Schleiermacher speculated that the tower site had meanwhile been filled in, as in Wp 15/37. Baatz recognized in 1993 "very little residues", which Fischer confirmed in 2008.

Rhaetian Wall : As it is today, the Imperial Limes Commission also described the almost ten-meter-wide rubble wall of the Rhaetian Wall in the Hienheim Forest as easily recognizable at the end of the 19th century. About halfway to Wp 15/42 in the 1970s, a gas pipeline with heavy equipment was broken across this rubble wall without archaeological supervision and the ancient building fabric was thus destroyed at this point. Since an Essen company was planning to build another gas pipeline, which was to be built parallel to the existing one, a preliminary archaeological measure was planned from July to November 2015, which on the one hand mapped the damage that occurred in the 1970s and on the other the condition of the should document the pristine side areas of the modern eruption site of the existing Limes wall. For this purpose, three cuts were made. In the area of ​​the line, the wall had disappeared apart from the remains of the lowest layer, which were still preserved. The rubble had largely been pushed south by the pressure of construction machinery. The excavators also found that stone robbers had removed undamaged stones from the wall shells and carried them away shortly after the pipeline was built. In the pristine areas to the west and east of the gas pipeline, the Limes wall was preserved up to six layers of stone under its rubble wall. The excavation brought to light some previously undiscovered clues for the first time. A narrow fire horizon was thus recorded, which probably testifies to a fire clearance by the Romans. As the discoloration of the earth documents, a trench only a few centimeters deep was then dug, which was intended for the foundation. The excavation was found to the left and right of the grave. A narrow strip of mortar and limestone could be observed over this excavation. This strip represents the construction horizon: material that fell to the ground when the wall was built. Over the construction horizon, earth and rotting plant material were then deposited again to the left and right of the wall, until the structure fell apart and an eight-meter-wide rubble wall formed.

Palisade moat : The 2015 investigation also included the upstream palisade moat. This ran in the examined area around six meters north of the wall and followed it at an almost constant distance. The Romans first dug a deep trench in this place, then a wooden structure was built there, which consisted of posts connected with beams. The lined up posts have a distance of 20 to 30 centimeters (1 Roman foot = 29.9 cm) from each other. Both on their north-facing front towards Barbaricum, as well as on their front side on Roman soil, the posts were connected with longitudinally worked beams made of different types of wood. It is possible that this construction was stabilized by support posts. The excavators uncovered a possible support post in one of the cuts. It was 1.80 meters south of the palisade and, according to the findings, was oriented diagonally in the direction of the wooden structure.

Wp 15/42 "Drought"
The location of the watchtower Wp 15/42
Ground plan of the watchtower Wp15 / 42
This guard post, located in the district of Dürrschlag on the edge of the Teutsch valley opening to the east towards the Danube, was also taken up by the RLK. Its location is just over 405 meters in altitude. Shortly after Wp 15/41 the debris wall of the Limes becomes clearly visible and passes by Wp 15/42. The wooden tower moat is clearly visible. The RLK was able to determine the holes of the four supporting rectangular posts in the four corners of the tower. On the rear south side a connecting crossbeam was sometimes even visible in the ground. The younger, 5.5 × 4.6 meter stone tower is about 10 m southeast of the wooden tower. He, too, was subsequently integrated into the Limes wall. Today a large mound of rubble has been preserved at this point. The palisade was found north of the wooden tower and runs parallel to the Rhaetian Wall.
Wp 15/43 "Teutschtal" ("Stieber")
The location of the watchtower Wp 15/43
Ground plan and profile of the watchtower Wp 15/43
The Teufelsmauer can also be seen well in this area. On the way down to the 396 meter high rubble hill of Wp 15/43 in the district of Stieber, there are flat hollows in the former Roman Empire along the Limes, from which the stone material for the construction of the wall may have been recovered. A 6.5 × 5.6 meter stone tower was found, which was the only preserved post of its kind on this route standing free behind the wall and apparently had a slightly offset entrance on its back. As a rule, nothing is known about the causes of deviations from the norm at the Limes and about the temporal and structural details at the individual tower locations. The ORL does not note a wooden tower hill at this location. Nothing is known about the course of the palisade either.

The archaeologist Dietwulf Baatz found a "somewhat churned stone tower hill" at this point in 1993 . In the course of the nomination of the Limes as a World Heritage Site in 2005, the Kelheim Landscape Management Association decided to restore and repair the foundations of Wp 15/43 and the subsequent Wp 15/44. For this, 18,000 euros were estimated. The city of Neustadt, the district of Kelheim and the Bavarian State Monuments Office wanted to secure the financing . The expected completion of this measure was planned for 2009.

Wp 15/44 "Paints"
The location of the watchtower Wp 15/44
Ground plan of the watchtower Wp 15/44
The foundation of the stone tower in 2017
At around 375 meters above sea level, Wp 15/44 is located near Taubenlacke to the north, a small, swampy area in the former border apron. The debris wall of the Limes moving to the east is clearly visible in this area. The ring moat is still visible from the wooden tower hill, which is intersected in its northern area by the wall. To the west of this tower point, the 4.68 × 4.4 meter stone tower was built, on whose flanks the younger Rhaetian Wall attaches. At Wp 15/44 the remains of the palisade ditch should also be visible.

Schleiermacher wrote in 1959: “Shortly before the forest exit, the remainder of the renovated tower, still 1 m high, from Wp. 15/44 can be seen from afar. A hedge on the edge of the forest (to the north) indicates the further course of the Limes. ” Since then, the tower has not been restored and has dramatically lost its substance. As early as 1983, the archaeologists Günter Ulbert and Fischer spoke of the fact that the tower had fallen into disrepair again. In 1993, Baatz judged the memorial to be "somewhat disintegrated" . As Fischer discovered in 2008, nothing had changed in the now dramatic situation of the monument. As a countermeasure, the Kelheim Landscape Management Association wanted to push ahead with the restoration and repair of the foundations of Wp 15/44 when the Limes was declared a World Heritage Site in 2005 and had submitted a corresponding decision. The city of Neustadt, the district of Kelheim and the Bavarian State Monuments Office wanted to secure the financing. The restoration was expected to be completed in 2009. Until 2017 nothing has happened except for the ongoing destruction of the tower.

Wp 15/45 = KK "Small fort Hienheim"

Monument protection

The small fort on Hinteren Seeberg and the facilities mentioned are protected as registered ground monuments within the meaning of the Bavarian Monument Protection Act (BayDSchG) . Investigations and targeted collection of finds are subject to authorization, accidental finds must be reported to the monument authorities.

See also

literature

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ At the small fort in Güßgraben
  2. ↑ a b Hermann Kerscher: On the course of the Raetian Limes through the Köschinger Forest - an overview based on airborne laser scan data. In: The archaeological year in Bavaria 2006. P. 103 f.
  3. ↑ a b Thomas Fischer, Erika Riedmeier Fischer: The Roman Limes in Bavaria . Pustet, Regensburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-7917-2120-0 , p. 150.
  4. ↑ Thomas Fischer, Konrad Spindler: The Roman border fort Abusina-Eining . Theiss, Stuttgart 1984, ISBN 3-8062-0390-3 , p. 102.
  5. ↑ ORL = numbering of the Limes structures according to the publication of the Reich Limes Commission on the O bergermanisch- R ätischen- L imes
  6. ↑ KK = unnumbered K linseed K astell.
  7. ↑ Wp = W oh p east, watch tower. The number before the slash denotes the Limes section, the number after the slash denotes the respective watchtower.
  8. ^ Wilhelm Schleiermacher : The Roman Limes in Germany. An archaeological guide for road trips and hikes . Mann, Berlin 1959, p. 201.
  9. ↑ Wp 15/22 at 48 ° 54 '19.17 "  N , 11 ° 34' 24.95"  O .
  10. ↑ a b Thomas Fischer, Erika Riedmeier-Fischer (ed.): The Roman Limes in Bavaria . Pustet, Regensburg, 2008, ISBN 978-3-7917-2120-0 , p. 151.
  11. ↑ Dietwulf Baatz : The Roman Limes. Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and the Danube . Mann, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-7861-1701-2 , p. 316.
  12. ↑ Holzturm Wp 15/23 at 48 ° 54 ′ 17.24 "  N , 11 ° 34 ′ 54.42"  E ; Steinturm Wp 15/23 at 48 ° 54 '17.21 "  N , 11 ° 34' 55.94"  O .
  13. ↑ Wp 15/24 at about 48 ° 54 '20.9 "  N , 11 ° 35' 32.08"  O .
  14. ↑ stone tower Wp 15/25 at 48 ° 54 '24.01 "  N , 11 ° 36' 0.73"  E ; Holzturm Wp 15/25 at 48 ° 54 '24.22 "  N , 11 ° 36' 1.58"  O .
  15. ^ Wilhelm Schleiermacher : The Roman Limes in Germany. An archaeological guide for road trips and hikes . Mann, Berlin 1959, p. 202.
  16. ↑ Wp 15/26 at 48 ° 54 '25.21 "  N , 11 ° 36' 16.36"  O .
  17. ↑ a b c d e Thomas Fischer, Erika Riedmeier-Fischer (ed.): The Roman Limes in Bavaria . Pustet, Regensburg, 2008, ISBN 978-3-7917-2120-0 , p. 152.
  18. ↑ Wp 15/27 at 48 ° 54 '28.24 "  N , 11 ° 36' 54.24"  O .
  19. ↑ Hermann Kerscher: On the course of the Raetian Limes through the Köschinger Forest - An overview based on Airborne laser scan data. In: The archaeological year in Bavaria 2006. p. 104.
  20. ↑ Wp 15/28 at 48 ° 54 '28.93 "  N , 11 ° 37' 24.83"  O .
  21. ↑ Wp 15/29 at about 48 ° 54 '9.93 "  N , 11 ° 37' 43.53"  O .
  22. ↑ Wp 15/30 at 48 ° 53 '57.04 "  N , 11 ° 38' 4.7"  O .
  23. ↑ a b Wilhelm Schleiermacher : The Roman Limes in Germany. An archaeological guide for road trips and hikes . Mann, Berlin 1959, p. 203.
  24. ↑ a b Dietwulf Baatz : The Roman Limes. Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and the Danube . Mann, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-7861-1701-2 , p. 318.
  25. ↑ Wp 15/31 North at 48 ° 53 '37.75 "  N , 11 ° 38' 45.84"  E ; Wp 15/31 South at 48 ° 53 '36.82 "  N , 11 ° 38' 32.22"  O .
  26. ↑ Wp 15 / 32-1 at 48 ° 53 '27.02 "  N , 11 ° 38' 32.22"  O ; Wp 15 / 32-2 at 48 ° 53 '26.66 "  N , 11 ° 38' 46.36"  O ; Wp 15 / 32-3 at 48 ° 53 '26.49 "  N , 11 ° 38' 46.64"  O .
  27. ↑ Wp 15/33 at 48 ° 53 '19.08 "  N , 11 ° 39' 18.81"  O .
  28. ↑ Wp 15/34 at about 48 ° 53 '17.29 "  N , 11 ° 39' 59.61"  O .
  29. ↑ Wp 15/35 at about 48 ° 53 '15.91 "  N , 11 ° 40' 34.15"  O .
  30. ↑ Wp 15/36 at about 48 ° 53 '14.49 "  N , 11 ° 41' 6.18"  O .
  31. ↑ a b c d Wilhelm Schleiermacher : The Roman Limes in Germany. An archaeological guide for road trips and hikes . Mann, Berlin 1959, p. 204.
  32. ↑ Wp 15/37 at about 48 ° 53 '13.1 "  N , 11 ° 41' 39.2"  O .
  33. ↑ Wp 15/38 at about 48 ° 53 '11.64 "  N , 11 ° 42' 9.8"  O .
  34. ↑ a b c d e Thomas Fischer, Erika Riedmeier-Fischer (ed.): The Roman Limes in Bavaria . Pustet, Regensburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-7917-2120-0 , p. 156.
  35. ↑ Wp 15/39 at 48 ° 53 '10.17 "  N , 11 ° 42' 44.63"  O .
  36. ↑ Wp 15/40 at about 48 ° 53 '8.79 "  N , 11 ° 43' 14.55"  O .
  37. ↑ Dietwulf Baatz : The Roman Limes. Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and the Danube . Mann, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-7861-1701-2 , p. 311.
  38. ↑ Wp 15/41 at 48 ° 53 '7.17 "  N , 11 ° 43' 48.63"  O .
  39. ↑ Andreas Schaflitzl, Matthias Light, Alexander Heising: The Limes in Hienheimer Forest at Laimerstadt . In: Der Limes 10/1, 1916, pp. 26-30; here: p. 27.
  40. ↑ Andreas Schaflitzl, Matthias Light, Alexander Heising: The Limes in Hienheimer Forest at Laimerstadt . In: Der Limes 10/1, 1916, pp. 26-30; here: p. 28.
  41. ↑ Andreas Schaflitzl, Matthias Light, Alexander Heising: The Limes in Hienheimer Forest at Laimerstadt . In: Der Limes 10/1, 1916, pp. 26-30; here: p. 29.
  42. ↑ Wp 15/42 North at 48 ° 53 '6.36 "  N , 11 ° 44' 24.28"  E ; Wp 15/42 South at 48 ° 53 '5.67 "  N , 11 ° 44' 24.64"  O .
  43. ↑ Wp 15/43 at 48 ° 53 '4.3 "  N , 11 ° 44' 59.07"  O .
  44. ↑ a b Dietwulf Baatz : The Roman Limes. Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and the Danube . Mann, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-7861-1701-2 , p. 319.
  45. ↑ a b Internet presence of the Kelheim Landscape Management Association: under "Further information" download PDF "Individual projects regional (2007 - 2013)" (serial no .: 14) (PDF; 432 kB; only available on wayback; accessed on February 21, 2019 )
  46. ^ Günter Ulbert, Thomas Fischer: The Limes in Bavaria. Theiss, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0-351-2 , p. 106.
  47. ↑ Steinturm Wp 15/44 at 48 ° 53 '3.04 "  N , 11 ° 45' 32.6"  O .
  48. ↑ Holzturm Wp 15/44 at 48 ° 53 '3.11 "  N , 11 ° 45' 33.87"  O .
  49. ↑ Small fort Hienheim at 48 ° 52 '59.54 "  N , 11 ° 46" 6.02 "  E