List of naval attachés of the German Reich

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The list of naval attachés of the German Reich provides an overview of those who held the office of German naval attachés and, in some cases, selected auxiliaries at their side during the time of Prussia, the German Empire from the beginning of the constant use of naval attachés until 1945. From around 1872 The thought matures in the military leadership circles that it is not enough to use only military attachés for the interests of the army. Both the increasing technical development and the initiatives in the field of "foreign armies", above all France and Russia, led to the fact that the German side and often by mutual agreement with the other side, naval attachés became a permanent institution around 1890.

The list is arranged according to the states for which the naval attachés were notified. Where the arrival and departure dates overlap, the date of the official assumption of office or handover to the successor in the destination country was shown.

ABC states

The use of a German naval attaché related to the ABC states in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, in each case until diplomatic relations were broken off. In addition, the mission also applied temporarily to Uruguay and later to Paraguay.

  • April 13, 1914 to March 4, 1920: K.Kapt./F.Kapt. August Moller (1875–1975)
  • November 1936 to 1941: F.Kapt./Kapt.z.See Dietrich Niebuhr , as naval attaché responsible for Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay. From 1937, Chile was also added as an area of ​​responsibility. Niebuhr was expelled from Argentina in 1941 and returned to Germany in 1943.

Bulgaria

  • July 29, 1915 to February 11, 1918: K.Kapt./F.Kapt. Joachim Hans Detleff von Arnim (1876–1933)

Cessation of business activity due to occupation of the Balkans.

China

Denmark

From April 5, 1886, the tasks of the naval attaché for Denmark were performed by the naval attaché of the Nordic Empire . During the First World War, Copenhagen had its own naval attaché.

  • October 6, 1916 to April 10, 1918: Captain of the marine infantry Alfried Magnus von Neergaard (1885–1940), appointed head of the branch of the Naval Attaché in Copenhagen.
  • April 11, 1918 to August 23, 1919: K.Kapt./F.Kapt. Wulf von Plessen (1854–1924), former naval attaché of the Nordic Empire and Italian naval attaché .

On August 24, 1918, official business was resumed by the naval attaché of the Nordic Empire.

  • 1919/20: Kptltn. Heinz Pierstorff (1883–1942) stationed in Kristiania (Oslo) as an assistant to the naval attaché.
  • after 1920: Kptltn. Wilhelm Barthin was appointed as authorized representative of the Admiralty's staff for Denmark.

Finland

  • May 1918 to October 27, 1919: K.Kapt. Alfred Reuter

The official business of a naval attaché for Finland was perceived in the period from October 28, 1919 to March 27, 1920 by the naval attaché of the Nordic Empire.

  • July 1, 1937 to September 13, 1944: Kapt.z.See / Rear Admiral Reimar von Bonin . At the same time responsibility for the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.

France

Corresponding cabinet order of November 19, 1894, the naval attaché working for Prussia was set up here. This happened against the opinion of the commanding Admiral Max von der Goltz , who had expressed his rejection in a letter of October 21, 1894.

  • January 1, 1895 to December 31, 1907: K.Kapt./K.Adm. Rudolf Siegel
  • November 9, 1907 to December 31, 1907: F.Kapt. Wilhelm Starke (1866–1934) charged with running the business.
  • January 1, 1908 to September 30, 1911: F.Kapt./Kapt.z.See Wilhelm Starke
  • October 1, 1911 to August 1, 1914: K.Kapt./F.Kapt. Ernst von Bibra (1872–1918)

With the outbreak of war, diplomatic relations were broken off and the entire staff of the German legation in Paris was returned to Germany.

After the end of the First World War, no new attaché position was created until 1933.

  • January 17, 1933 to March 18, 1936: K.Kapt./F.Kapt. Paul Wever stationed in Paris as a naval attaché. At the same time responsibility for Spain and Portugal.
  • March 24, 1936 to June 1, 1937: F.Kapt./Kapt.z.See Joachim Lietzmann
  • June 1, 1937 to April 1939: Kapt.z.See Ralf von der Marwitz. At the same time responsibility for Portugal until 1938.
  • April 1939 to September 1939: Kapt.z.See Hans Henning (1895–1948)

Greece

  • 1939 to 1941: Kapt.z.See / Rear Admiral Ralf von der Marwitz. At the same time responsibility for Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey.
  • April 1941 to 1944 Franz Maria Liedig. At the same time responsibility for Bulgaria since 1940.

Italy

The first dispatch of a German naval attaché to Italy took place in 1890 as a temporary assignment. It was not until October 1, 1891, that a permanent position for a naval attaché was set up in Rome, but this did not appear as a position in the naval budget until 1898. Until then, those responsible were “ordered to the embassy”.

This position was expanded from 1901 to 1911 as well as the attaché position responsible for Austria-Hungary.

  • March 10, 1890 to January 16, 1891: Kptltn. Friedrich Constantin Carl von Malapert-Neufville (1855–1934)

"Commanded to the embassy":

  • October 1, 1891 to April 1, 1895: Kptltn./K.Kapt. Wulf von Plessen (1854–1924), former naval attaché of the Nordic Empire and later naval attaché of Denmark.
  • April 1, 1895 to September 30, 1897: Kptltn. Joachim of Oriola

Marine attaché:

  • October 1, 1897 to November 1, 1901: K.Kpt./F.Kapt. Oskar Wentzel († 1906)
  • November 1, 1901 to March 31, 1905: K.Kpt./Kapt.z.See Reinhard Koch
  • April 1, 1905 to March 7, 1909: Kapt.z.See Paul Rampold
  • March 28, 1909 to March 31, 1912: K.Kpt./Kapt.z.See Theodor Fuchs
  • April 1, 1912 to September 30, 1913: Kptltn./K.Kapt. Werner von Rheinbaben
  • October 1, 1913 to May 23, 1915: K.Kapt. Alexander von Senarclens-Grancy . Later naval attaché of the Ottoman Empire and Sweden.

After the end of the First World War, no new attaché position was created until 1933.

Japanese Empire

In August 1914 diplomatic relations were broken off.

In the cabinet meeting on February 6, 1920, chaired by Reich Chancellor Bauer , the "question of retaining the military and naval attachés" was dealt with. After controversial discussions, it was agreed that all attachés should be withdrawn. But because of the urgency to be informed, the Reichswehr Minister wished that at least the Tokyo and The Hague naval posts should remain occupied. However, since the proposed solution of deploying officers through the Foreign Office did not lead to a decision, camouflaged forms were chosen and implemented. From 1920, Corvette Captain Wolfram von Knorr returned to Japan "legalized" as a correspondent for the Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger .

  • October 1, 1933 to August 23, 1937: K.Kpt./Kapt.z.See Paul Wenneker
  • August 1, 1937 to February 28, 1940: Captain to See Joachim Lietzmann . From June 1, 1939 to February 28, 1940 it was also notified for Manchuko .
  • March 1, 1940 to May 8, 1945: Rear Admiral / Vice Admiral Paul Wenneker reassigned as naval attaché in Tokyo. He was also notified for Manchuko.

Netherlands

At the end of March 1920, the attaché posts were dissolved.

Nordic Empire

The military representative or later the naval attaché for the Nordic empires was responsible for Denmark, Norway, Russia (until August 31, 1914) and Sweden. With the formation of the Finnish state, the use of a naval attaché was agreed between Germany and Finland from 1919. The Naval Attaché was based in Saint Petersburg and, from July 31, 1914, in Stockholm. During the First World War he carried the designation naval attaché for Kristiania (Norway) and naval attaché for Copenhagen (Denmark). It was not until April 11, 1918, that it was called the Naval Attaché Stockholm, and from October 28, 1919, the name was returned to the Naval Attaché Nordic Empire .

Military Plenipotentiary:

  • April 5, 1886 to June 1, 1888: Kapt.z.See Rudolf von Rössing. At the same time responsibility for Russia.

Marine attaché:

Break of relations between Germany and Russia at the time of the declaration of war.

Norway

The official business was performed from April 5, 1886 by the military commissioner or naval attaché of the Nordic Empire . From October 9, 1915, the position of a naval attaché, which is only responsible for Sweden, was created and filled.

  • October 9, 1915 to April 11, 1919: K.Kapt. Hans Hilmers

From April 12, 1919 the official business was perceived again by the naval attaché of the Nordic Empire.

Austria-Hungary

From March 2, 1901, the official business of the German naval attaché in Austria was carried out by the naval attaché in Italy. This agreement was in effect until April 10, 1911.

Ottoman Empire

  • after 1905 Olt. Bernhard von Tschirschky he was commanded as a naval attaché to the embassy in Constantinople.
  • October 19, 1915 to November 28, 1917: K.Kapt. Hans Humann . While maintaining his position as a stage officer.
  • November 28, 1917 to November 2, 1918: K.Kapt. Alexander von Senarclens-Grancy. Former naval attaché for Italy and later naval attaché for Sweden.

From 1918 to 1924 there were no diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire. For the period from 1920 see military attachés for Turkey .

Portugal

  • January 17, 1933 to March 18, 1936: K.Kapt./F.Kapt. Paul Wever stationed in Paris as a naval attaché. At the same time responsibility for Spain and France.
  • June 1, 1937 to October 1938: Kapt.z.See Ralf von der Marwitz. France is also responsible.

Romania

  • July 29, 1915 to August 1916: K.Kapt. Paul von Müller
  • 1939 to August 1944: Vice Admiral Ralf von der Marwitz. At the same time responsibility for Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey.

Russian Empire

  • 1869 to 1887: General Bernhard von Werder , changed to the office of German ambassador at the Russian Tsar's court until 1901.
  • April 5, 1886 to June 1, 1888 (as military officer): Kapt. Lake Rudolf von Rössing. At the same time responsibility for the Nordic Empire.

From June 1, 1888, the position of the naval attaché for Russia was perceived by the naval attaché for the Nordic Empire . With the outbreak of World War I, the attaché position in the Russian Empire became obsolete. The tsarist empire ceased to exist in 1917. For the period after 1917, see Military Attachés in the Soviet Union .

Sweden

The post of naval attaché for Sweden was held since April 5, 1886 by the military commissioner and later naval attaché for the Nordic Empire. From February 16, 1919, he led the designation of Naval Attaché Stockholm and from October 28, 1919 again the designation of the Naval Attaché of the Nordic Empire.

  • August 2, 1914 to January 11, 1919: Captain Reinhold von Fischer-Loßainen. Former naval attaché of the Nordic Empire.
  • February 16, 1919 - March 27, 1920 K.Kapt./F.Kapt. Alexander von Senarclens-Grancy. Former naval attaché of Italy and the Ottoman Empire.

Switzerland

  • August 1914 to 1918: Kapltn. Hermann von Simson

Soviet Union (USSR)

Spain

  • April 22, 1898 to August 17, 1898: Kapltn. Günther von Krosigk deployed to Madrid during the Spanish-American War
  • September 1914 to September 22, 1916: K.Kapt. Hans von Krohn (* 1871). Entrusted with the conduct of business. For the time being he was officially registered as a military reporter.
  • September 23, 1916 to January 7, 1918: K.Kapt. Hans von Krohn
  • January 8, 1918 to December 1918: Oltn.z.See Werner Steffan (1890–1973). Entrusted with the conduct of business. In December 1918 he was expelled from Spain together with the entire German embassy staff.
  • January 1919 to 1920: Lt. the reserve Karl Naterstedt, deployed as a representative of the naval attaché after the expulsion of naval attaché Werner Steffan.
  • January 17, 1933 to March 18, 1936: K.Kapt./F.Kapt. Paul Wever stationed in Paris as a naval attaché. At the same time responsibility for France and Portugal.
  • from 1939 Gerhard Wagner employed as a naval attaché in Spain.

Turkey

With the extinction of the caliphate, the Ottoman Empire also ceased to exist. The legal successor from 1923 was the Turkish Republic.

  • 1936 to 1944: Major General Hans Rohde
  • 1939 to 1944: Vice Admiral / Rear Admiral Ralf von der Marwitz. At the same time responsibility for Bulgaria, Greece and Romania.

On July 31, 1944, Turkey broke off diplomatic relations with the German Reich.

United Kingdom of Great Britain)

Military Plenipotentiary:

  • November 16, 1882 to February 10, 1886: K.Kapt. Ivan Oldekop
  • February 11, 1886 to September 22, 1889: Kapt.z.See / K.Adm. Wilhelm Schröder (1842–1908)

Marine attaché:

  • September 24, 1889 to August 23, 1892: K.Kapt. Felix Hasenclever (1851-1892). Former naval attaché for China and died in London during the nomination period.
  • December 7, 1892 to May 28, 1893: K.Kapt. Ewald Kries (1852-1893). Died in London during the nomination period.
  • June 6, 1893 to September 30, 1898: K.Kapt. (with OSL rank) Ernst Gülich (1853–1920)
  • October 1, 1898 to September 29, 1903: F.Kapt./Kapt.z.See Carl von Coerper
  • September 30, 1903 to September 23, 1904: K.Kapt./F.Kapt. Hugo von Cotzhausen . His short-term recall had become necessary for political reasons because of a diplomatic faux pas.
  • December 5, 1904 to March 31, 1907: F.Kapt./Kapt.z.See Carl von Coerper. His second order had become necessary in order to limit the damage in London.
  • April 1, 1907 to April 4, 1912: Kaptlt./K.Kapt. Wilhelm Widenmann
  • April 5, 1912 to August 4, 1914: Kaptlt./K.Kapt. Erich von Müller (1877–1943). Later naval attaché of the Netherlands.
  • April 1, 1933 to 1937: Kapt.z.See / Rear Admiral Erwin Waßner . After a briefing from January to March 1933, he was employed as a naval attaché at the German embassy in London. He died on August 24, 1937 while on a business trip in The Hague.
  • 1937 to 1939: Kapt.z.See Leopold Siemens

Break of relations between Germany and Great Britain at the time of the declaration of war.

United States of America (USA)

Military or naval officers:

Marine attaché:

  • August 28, 1899 to September 30, 1902: Kaptltn./K.Kapt. Hubert von Rebeur-Paschwitz . Former naval attaché of the Japanese Empire.
  • October 16, 1902 to March 31, 1904: Kaptltn./K.Kapt. Erwin Schäfer
  • April 1, 1904 to September 30, 1908: K.Kapt./Kapt.z.See Georg Hebbinghaus (1866–1944)
  • October 1, 1908 to April 6, 1912: K.Kapt. Heinrich Retzmann
  • April 7, 1912 to December 28, 1915: K.Kapt./Kapt.z.See Karl Boy-Ed Boy-Ed was expelled from the USA at the end of 1915, but was given safe conduct for his return to Germany

After the end of the First World War, no new attaché position was created until 1933.

literature

  • Klaus-Volker Giessler: The institution of the naval attaché in the empire , Boeldt Verlag, Boppard am Rhein 1976
  • Hans Hildebrand: Formation history and staffing of the German armed forces 1815-1991 . Volume 2, Biblio Verlag, Osnabrück, 2000.
  • Heinrich Otto Meissner, military attachés and authorized officers in Prussia and in the German Empire. History of military diplomacy, Rütten & Loening Verlag Berlin, 1957
  • Hermann Teske: General Ernst Köstring. The military mediator between the German Reich and the Soviet Union 1921–1941 ; Publisher ES Mittler & Sohn, Frankfurt 1965

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 28
  2. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, formation history and staffing of the imperial navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 29
  3. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 27
  4. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 27
  5. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 27
  6. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 27
  7. ↑ a b c "German military attachés are appointed", in: Daily Review of January 8, 1933.
  8. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 27
  9. ^ Heinrich Otto Meisner: Military attachés and military representatives in Prussia and in the German Empire: a contribution to the history of military diplomacy . Rütten & Loening, 1957, p. 15 ( google.de [accessed December 19, 2019]).
  10. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 27
  11. ↑ Klaus-Volker Giessler, The Institution of the Naval Attaché in the Empire. Harald Boldt Verlag, Boppard am Rhein 1976, ISBN 3-7646-1626-1 . P. 310. (Military research. Department of Military History Studies, Volume 21).
  12. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 27
  13. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 27
  14. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 27
  15. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 27
  16. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 27
  17. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 27
  18. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing Volume 2 Imperial Navy, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 28
  19. ↑ Klaus-Volker Giessler, The Institution of the Naval Attaché in the Empire, Harald Boldt Verlag, Boppard am Rhein, 1976, p. 311
  20. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing Volume 2 Imperial Navy, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 28
  21. ↑ Klaus-Volker Giessler, The Institution of the Naval Attaché in the Empire, Harald Boldt Verlag, Boppard am Rhein, 1976, p. 311
  22. ↑ Klaus-Volker Giessler, The Institution of the Naval Attaché in the Empire, Harald Boldt Verlag, Boppard am Rhein, 1976, p. 311
  23. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing Volume 2 Imperial Navy, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 28
  24. ↑ Klaus-Volker Giessler, The Institution of the Naval Attaché in the Empire, Harald Boldt Verlag, Boppard am Rhein, 1976, p. 27ff.
  25. ↑ Berthold Sander-Negashima, The German-Japanese naval relations 1919–1942, dissertation from the University of Hamburg, 1998, p. 81ff.
  26. ↑ Manfred Kehring, The Re-establishment of the German Military Attaché Service after the First World War (1919–1933), Harald Boldt Verlag, Boppard am Rhein 1966, p. 230
  27. ↑ Manfred Kehring, The Re-establishment of the German Military Attaché Service after the First World War (1919–1933), Harald Boldt Verlag, Boppard am Rhein 1966, p. 230
  28. ↑ Manfred Kehring, The Re-establishment of the German Military Attaché Service after the First World War (1919–1933), Harald Boldt Verlag, Boppard am Rhein 1966, p. 230
  29. ^ Marineattaché, Books LLC, Wiki Series, Memphis USA, 2011, pp. 29f.
  30. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing Volume 2 Imperial Navy, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 29
  31. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing Volume 2 Imperial Navy, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 29
  32. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing Volume 2 Imperial Navy, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 29
  33. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing Volume 2 Imperial Navy, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 29
  34. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 26
  35. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 26
  36. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 26
  37. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 26
  38. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 26
  39. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 26
  40. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 26
  41. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 26
  42. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 26
  43. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 28
  44. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 28
  45. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing Volume 2 Imperial Navy, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 28
  46. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing Volume 2 Imperial Navy, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 28
  47. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, formation history and staffing of the imperial navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 29
  48. ↑ Rainer Lahme: German Foreign Policy 1890-1894 , 1990, p. 73.
  49. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 26
  50. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 26
  51. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 26
  52. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing Volume 2 Imperial Navy, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 28
  53. ↑ Michael Salewski, The Germans and the Sea, Part II, Franz Stier Verlag Stuttgart, 2002
  54. ↑ Dermot Bradley (Ed.) Hans Hildebrand, Ernest Henriot, Germany's Admirals 1849–1945, The military careers of naval, engineering, medical, weapons and administrative officers in the Admirals Rank, Volumes 1 to 3, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück 1988, p 315f.
  55. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, formation history and staffing of the imperial navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 29
  56. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, formation history and staffing of the imperial navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000, p. 29
  57. ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from June 26, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bundesarchiv.de
  58. ^ German officers in Turkey , n.d. (approx. 1943), p. 49.
  59. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000
  60. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000
  61. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000
  62. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000
  63. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000
  64. ↑ Dermot Bradley (ed.), Hans H. Hildebrand, Ernest Henriot: Deutschlands Admirale 1849-1945. The military careers of naval, engineering, medical, weapons and administrative officers with admiral rank. Volume 1: A-G. Biblio Verlag, Osnabrück 1988, ISBN 3-7648-1499-3 , pp. 216f.
  65. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000
  66. ^ Wilhelm Widenmann: Naval attaché at the Imperial German Embassy in London. 1907-1912. 1952, p. 60.
  67. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000
  68. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000
  69. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy, Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000
  70. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000
  71. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000
  72. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000
  73. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000
  74. ↑ Hans Hildebrand, Formation History and Staffing of the Imperial Navy Volume 2, Biblio Verlag Osnabrück, 2000
  75. ↑ Karl Boy-Ed, Conspirator ?. The first 17 months of the war in the United States of North America, August Scherl Verlag GmbH, Berlin 1920