Lojban

Lojban
Project author	Logical Language Group
Year of publication	1989 - 1993
Linguistic ; classification	Constructed language Planned language Loglan; ; Lojban ;
particularities	Follows principles of predicate logic
Language codes
ISO 639 -1	-
ISO 639 -2	jbo
ISO 639-3	jbo

logo

The constructed language Lojban [ loʒban ] (language code ISO 639 -2: jbo) was from 1987 Logical Language Group developed. It is based on the also artificial Loglan language . During development, special emphasis was placed on creating a usable, as comprehensive and freely available language as possible. The vocabulary of the basic words is formed from the roots of the six most widely spoken languages worldwide according to a specific algorithm . These original languages are Arabic , Chinese , English , Hindi , Russian , Spanish .

A specific feature of Lojban is that the meaningful words are not divided into verbs , nouns , etc. The grammar is structured strictly according to the principles of predicate logic . The sentence structure is flexible due to many structural words. In contrast to German, number (number) and tense (time) do not have to be explicitly stated in Lojban , while gender (grammatical gender) does not exist. In the event that the speaker attaches importance to this information, he can express it in detail with structural words.

Emergence

Lojban is a further development of the Loglan language , which was developed by James Cooke Brown in 1955 to test the influence of language on the thoughts of the speakers. According to this theory ( Sapir-Whorf hypothesis ), a language determines which thoughts can be thought and which cannot be thought. Loglan should enable the speakers to use a logical and flexible grammar to formulate thoughts that cannot be formulated in natural languages.

The LLG ( Logical Language Group ) (jbo: la lojbangirz ) - a group from Washington DC - decided in 1987 to break with James Cooke Brown's "Loglan Institute" and start a separate project. They made this decision because Brown refused to publish a preliminary version of his language for a long time, which made it impossible to try it out.

To avoid legal difficulties, the LLG completely redesigned the Lojban vocabulary. Nevertheless, there was a lawsuit in which Brown insisted on his copyright, which, however, came out in favor of LLG . A large part of the grammar was taken over exactly, but then it was expanded considerably. The group worked on the language for several years until 1997, when the full grammar was published in The Complete Lojban Language by John Cowan. Today, according to the information on lojban.org, there are around 1500 interested people, more than 100 writers who regularly publish online texts, a few dozen who can speak more or less well, and a handful of people who are really fluent in Lojban.

Writing and phonology

Lojban has a strictly phonological script . This means that you can assign exactly one phoneme of the language to each letter . Specially optimized further writing systems were developed, the print system zbalermorna and the cursive system srilermorna , but in the following only the writing system is presented that uses an adapted Latin alphabet with these letters:

| a | b | c | d | e | f | g | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | r | s | t | u | v | x | y | z | . | ' |

< h >, < q > and < w > are not used, the letters <are used instead . > ( Period ) and < ' > ( apostrophe ).

The letters are all written as minuscules . Capitals are only used as an indicator of a word that is different from the norm. Usually the words on the penultimate syllable are stressed, but this can be undesirable for proper names, for example. For example, the city “Paris” is written in Lojban “ paRIS ”, otherwise the emphasis would be on the “ pa ”.

The vowels < a > < s > < i > < o > < u > can be long short or stretched / pronounced / unstrung, without that meaning changes. The consonants < b > < d > < f > < g > < k > < l > < m > < n > < p > < r > < t > can all be pronounced like the most common realization in German. The < c > as / ⁠ ʃ ⁠ / ( Sch ule) < j > as / ⁠ ʒ ⁠ / ( J ournal) < v > as / ⁠ v ⁠ / ( W orld) < x > as / ⁠ x ⁠ / (Da ch ), < y > as / ⁠ ə ⁠ / ( e-Schwa "hatt as in e ') < z > as / ⁠ for ⁠ / ( s eighing) < s > as / ⁠ s ⁠ / (Ei s ) < ' > as / ⁠ h ⁠ / ( H pronounced and), and < . > Corresponds to a pause, or the glottal stop / ⁠ ʔ ⁠ / (can be understood as the difference between "travel" / fɛʀɑɪzən / and "freeze" / fɛʀʔɑɪzən /).

The letters < y > < . > < ' > are used specifically and do not count as consonants or vowels for the morphological rules. In addition, < ' > is never at the beginning or the end of a word.

In addition to these letters, < , > ( comma ) is used for foreign words and proper nouns in order to separate syllables from one another contrary to the standard rules. Otherwise the Lojban alphabet does not contain any punctuation marks or special characters. However, it is permitted to insert such symbols into the text for purposes of clarification.

morphology

Lojban contains very strict morphological rules to ensure that every word can be classified into one of three groups based on its structure alone. The LLG attaches great importance to the fact that the parts of speech are always named with their names in Lojban so that they can be used terminologically and that no misunderstandings arise. Nonetheless, a German paraphrase for the Lojban words is intentionally used in this article to make it easier to understand. For more precise information, especially when discussing the language with others, the original names of the LLG should always be used.

Sentence words

Sentence words (jbo: brivla ) include all meaningful words. They always end in a vowel and must contain a cluster of consonants within the first five letters. Sentence words can be further divided into three groups:

Basic words (jbo: gismu ) are the most important sentence words. They form the basic vocabulary. You can recognize the basic words by the two forms CVCCV or CCVCV (C = consonant, V = vowel - the letters < y > < . > < ' > Do not appear in them). There are around 1600 basic words, all of which have a clearly defined environment. More on this in the section " Syntax ". Other parts of speech such as compound words or structural words are also formed from the basic words.
Composites (JBO: lujvo ) are composed of two or more deformed basic words.
Foreign words (jbo: fu'ivla ) are words taken directly from other languages that are adapted to Lojban phonology.

Examples:

gismu , lujvo and cmavo are basic words

fu'ivla is a compound word
spageti is a foreign word

Structure words

Structure words (jbo: cmavo ) fulfill certain syntactic tasks that are not taken over by the sentence words (cf. function words ). Compared to German, Lojban contains a lot of such words, because Lojban on the one hand gets by without inflection and on the other hand there are also words for functions that are expressed in German by changing the pitch of the voice or in writing using punctuation marks. In addition, more words are needed to make the syntax clear. In the current version, structure words always have one of the following forms: | .V | .VV | .V'V | CV | CVV | CV'V |

Proper nouns

Proper noun words (jbo: cmevla ) always end in a consonant, and all words that end in a consonant are proper names. When words from other languages are to be transferred to Lojban as proper nouns, an attempt is usually made to imitate the pronunciation and not the spelling. If necessary, a consonant (traditionally, but not necessarily, an < s >) must be added at the end of the word.

Examples:

Stefan → ctefan.
Anna → .anas.

Basic syntax

Lojban is based on predicate logic . This means, among other things, that every sentence in Lojban must allow a clear logical statement . However, this can only succeed if the syntax is clear from the start, i.e. the function of each morpheme can be clearly determined. It is of course still possible in Lojban to speak nonsense or to express oneself unclearly or ambiguously, even if the text is grammatically correct, because Lojban's much-cited "unambiguity" does not work on a semantic and certainly not on a pragmatic level.

Lojban makes use of a number of means that are unusual in comparison to natural languages. Each of the approximately 1600 basic words has a clearly predefined relation to the words that surround it. This is constructed according to a semantic concept that is as obvious as possible, so that in most cases more specific prepositions , affixes , inflections or other morphological elements can be dispensed with. That is, any basic word can be used as a “ verb ” (jbo: selbri ) to form a predicate sentence (jbo: bridi ). In the sense of a logical language - instead of " subjects " and " objects " - arguments (jbo: sumti ) are used in one to five places.

example

The basic word klama (de: go, come, move) requires a five-digit relation. The five possible arguments (generally expressed by the characters x1 to x5) have the following meanings:

x1 = moving object
x2 = destination
x3 = starting point
x4 = place where the movement passes
x5 = means of transport

In the sentence:

(1) mi klama la paRIS. la xamburk. la keln. lo karce

definitely klama that:

mi ( pronoun ( prosumti ) "I") is the object that moves,

la paRIS ("Paris") the destination (capitalization in the last syllable is for emphasis),

la xamburk ("Hamburg") is the starting point of the trip,

la keln ("Cologne") is a place through which people travel and

lo karce ("by car") is the means of transport used for this.

In German, the sentence would have to be translated as follows:

Ich fahre nach Paris von Hamburg aus über Köln mit dem Auto.

The structural words la and lo are so-called "descriptors" which identify the following words in more detail. la comes before proper names. lo indicates that the speaker is talking about one or more actual cars. (Lojban does not distinguish between singular and plural .) Le, on the other hand, denotes certain things or, in particular, a certain thing that the speaker calls a car, but which is not necessarily one.

Further examples

(2) la .alis. viska la bob.
    [Eigenname:] Alice sehen [Eigenname:] Bob
    Alice sieht Bob.

The basic word viska results in a three-digit relation in which the x1 indicates who sees something and the x2 what is seen. The third digit (under which circumstances something is seen) is left out, since it does not matter in this case.

dunda (= "to give") is - as in German - three-digit.

(3) mi dunda ti la bob.
    [Pronomen:ich] geben [Pronomen:das-hier] [Eigenname:] Bob
    Ich gebe das hier (an) Bob.

The sentence order is free insofar as the verb can be pushed back as far as you want without changing the meaning. (The verb must not be placed at the beginning of the sentence without further changes. See example (7)).

(4) la .alis. la bob. viska 
    [Eigenname:] Alice [Eigenname:] Bob sehen
    Alice sieht Bob.

patfu (to be a father) has 2 digits, where x1 indicates who is the father and x2, whose father it is. In Lojban all constructions that are formed in German with the copula verb “sein” are represented with a simple sentence word.

(5) mi do patfu
    ich du Vater-sein
    Ich bin dein Vater.

(6) ta xamgu
    das-dort gut-sein
    Das ist gut (für jemanden nach einem bestimmten Standard).

xamgu is three-digit with the structure "x1 is good for x2 according to standard x3". However, it is possible to leave out points from the back if they are unimportant or obvious from the context. The places remain implicit, however, a really absolute statement such as “That's good.” Is therefore impossible in Lojban without additional effort.

If the predicate is at the beginning of the sentence, the x1 is considered to be left out:

(7) karce 
    Auto-sein
    Das ist ein Auto.
    oder auch: „Vorsicht, Auto!“

Change of sentence order and argument structure

In principle, any sentence order that deviates from the rules set out so far is possible. To do this, however, you have to specify how the sentence is to be understood using additional structural words. This is done with the help of fa , fe , fi , fo , fu , which stand for "now follows x1", "now follows x2" and so on. This is particularly useful for leaving out places that are actually in the middle.

(8) klama fi la xamburk. fa mi
    sich-begeben [x3:=] Hamburg [x1:=] ich
    Von Hamburg komme ich.

Alternatively, you can intervene in the structure of a sentence word and swap the functions of places. This is done with the structure words se (x1 is swapped with x2), te (x1 with x3), ve (x1 with x4), xe (x1 with x5). This enables statements that most closely correspond to the passive voice in German. The following different statements can thus be formed from the sentence word klama .

(9) x1    klama            x2        x3        x4        x5
    Geher geht             nach Ziel von … aus über      mit

    x1    se klama         x2        x3        x4        x5
    Ziel  wird hingegangen von Geher von … aus über      mit

    x1    te klama         x2        x3        x4        x5
    von   wird ausgegangen nach Ziel von Geher über      mit

    x1    ve klama         x2        x3        x4        x5
    über  wird gegangen    nach Ziel von … aus von Geher mit

    x1    xe klama         x2        x3        x4        x5
    mit   wird gegangen    nach Ziel von … aus über      von Geher

The interchanging changes the structure of the relation. The meaning only changes insofar as another object lies on the exposed x1 position.

It is possible to carry out several swaps one after the other in order to swap other positions. setese swaps about x2 and x3. However, this option is rarely used.

Change of part of speech

A key feature of Lojban is that morphologically, it is not possible to differentiate between parts of speech such as noun , verb or adjectives . This was deliberately set up in such a way as not to have to use unnecessary word transformations such as nouns and the like. Nevertheless, sentence words (especially the basic words) can be interpreted as different types of words depending on their position in the sentence.

In example (1) the basic word karce is used as an argument (with the car). If this word is used in the sentence

(10) ti karce le prenu
     das-hier Auto-sein Person
     Das ist ein Auto zum Transport von Personen

is used, the same word acts as a verb, because karce can be used as a three-digit relation with the structure "x1 is a car (motorized vehicle with wheels) to transport x2 with drive x3".

When translating into German, the verb character is of course lost (there is nothing, the “autot”), but here the grammatical function of the basic word karce is the same as that of typical action verbs such as “go” ( klama ) or “read” ( tcidu) ). Compare the following examples:

(11) le cribe cu klama
     Bär [Verb:] gehen
     Ein Bär geht.

(12) le klama cu cribe
     Geher [Verb:] Bär-sein
     Das Gehende ist ein Bär.

The structural word cu prevents the sentence words cribe and klama from colliding . Without cu , a sentence word chain would arise within the scope of the descriptor le .

The function words se , te etc. can also be appended to sentence words if they are used as arguments. For example, the word viska can be used to form lo se viska , which then means something that is seen :

(13) lo se viska cu melbi
     Gesehenes [Verb:] schön-sein
     Das Gesehene ist schön.

Sentence word strings

With sentence word chains (jbo: tanru ) several sentence words are strung together. This is the common way of saying that a particular word modifies the meaning of another in Lojban. This is in German z. B. achieved with adjectives and adverbs or partially through compound words. Since Lojban does not make a syntactic distinction between the meaningful words, such sequences can be used in all these places.

(14) gerku zdani
    Hund-sein Haus-sein
    Das ist ein „Hundehaus“.

The meaning of such chains is not clearly defined, but has to be determined from the context. It could be here z. For example, a dog house, a house that smells like a dog, or an apartment building where dogs are allowed.

Sentence word strings can also be made into noun phrases :

(15) lo gerku zdani cu xekri
    Hund-Haus [Verb:] schwarz-sein
    Das „Hundehaus“ ist schwarz.

cu is a separator that prevents the expression lo gerku zdani and xekri from flowing into one another. In other words, xekri is marked as a verb. Without this separator, one would have to interpret lo gerku zdani xekri as a kind of “dog house black”.

This means that if several sentence words follow one another, they are summarized and interpreted from left to right (en: left grouping rule ).

(16) barda gerku zdani
    (groß-sein Hund-sein) Haus-sein
    Das ist ein Haus für große Hunde.

Note that although it is clear which word is related to which, the meaning can only be inferred from the context. The easiest way to force another grouping is the structure word bo , which combines the two following words:

(17) barda gerku bo zdani
    groß-sein (Hund-sein bo Haus-sein)
    Das ist ein großes Hundehaus.

In addition, it is z. B. with certain structure words possible to explicitly bracket certain parts or to incorporate logical joiners in the series, so that series can be very complex. A frequently cited example is that of “pretty little girl school” - a term that can be very misleading in English. In German you would have to automatically specify it further. (“Nice little girls school”, “Nice school for little girls”, “School for pretty little girls” etc.) On Lojban, from the phrase melbi cmalu nixli ckule (beautiful - small - girl - school), you can simply insert bo or similar structural words 40 different statements can be formed (most of which of course make no semantic sense).

Further syntax

Structural word classes

In order to make the syntax clearly interpretable, it is clearly defined for each structure word in which constructions it may occur. Structure words that behave in the same way in terms of syntax are grouped into classes (jbo: selma'o ).

Each class is named for one of its elements, with the name conventionally written in uppercase. <h> is the capital letter of <'>. In the Basic Syntax area , parts of the following classes were already found:

BO ( bo ) - grouping precedence marker
CU ( cu ) - predicate separator
FA ( fa , fe , fi , fo , fu ) - place markers
KOhA ( mi , do , ti ) - pronouns
LA ( la ) - name descriptors
LE ( le , lo ) - sentence word descriptors
SE ( se , te , ve , xe ) - sentence word inversions

ask

Truth questions are formed in Lojban with xu (from class .UI). If xu is at the beginning of a sentence, this is a neutral question about the whole sentence.

(18) xu la berlin. dotco
     [ist es wahr:] Berlin deutsch-sein
     Ist Berlin deutsch?

If xu is further back, then the previous part of the sentence is specifically asked. In German, this is often achieved with a particularly strong emphasis.

(19) la berlin. dotco xu
     Berlin deutsch-sein [ist es wahr]
     Berlin ist deutsch?

Other questions are formed by special question words that take the place of the requested part of the sentence. This means that the sentence position is not changed. Question words exist for most structural word classes whose members also have a semantic meaning. The simplest examples are ma (from KOhA, the class of pronouns) and mo (from GohA, the class of test verbs):

(20) ma viska ma
     [x1: Frage] sehen [x2: Frage]
     Wer sieht was?

(21) la berlin. mo
     Berlin [Aussage: Frage]
     Berlin ist/tut was?

negation

The simplest way to negate a whole sentence is to put na (from NA) in front of the verb. The most accurate translation is: "It is not the case that ..." na "so not" corresponds to the logic and therefore makes no claims about a possible correction.

(22) le ninmu na tavla
     Frau [falsch:] sprechen
     Die Frau spricht nicht. (Sie schweigt)

Alternatively, it is possible to deny certain parts of the sentence “scalar” with structure words of the class NAhE, ie to imply an alternative solution. The main example is na'e herself:

(23) le ninmu cu na'e tavla
     Frau [Verb:] [anders als] sprechen
     Die Frau spricht nicht. (Sie schreibt z. B.)

na'e can be used within sentence word strings, so the cu cannot be omitted.

Tense, aspect and place

Lojban has a rich vocabulary to describe the tense and aspect of an action. Unlike in German, however, a verb does not have to be marked with regard to these points; the corresponding structural words are only used for clarification. The translations of the examples in this article are therefore only one possible interpretation. For example, it could just as easily be in the past in the appropriate places.

In addition to the three properties mentioned, Lojban also contains structural words to indicate the spatial distance between the speaker's current situation and the place of the action. In the literature on Lojban there is also talk of a “spiritual journey” in this context: the speaker leads the listener through time, space and reality to the place of the action.

All these structural words for temporal and spatial distance, type of action etc. behave in the same way syntactically, but for traditional reasons they are arranged in different classes. In the following, we simply speak of “time markers”. The standard position is right before the verb.

In the following example, pu (from PU) is the marker for the past, zu (from ZU) is the marker for a long distance in time and vi (from VI) is the marker for a short spatial distance (depending on the speaker's opinion).

(24) le nanmu puzu vi cusku noda
     Mann [Vergangenheit-weit weg] [Nähe] sagen [nichts]
     Vor langer Zeit nicht weit von hier sagte der Mann nichts.

As with na , no cu is necessary for existing time stamps .

(25) le nanmu pu'i reroi co'i vi klama
     Mann [erwiesen:] [zwei-mal] [vollbracht:] [Nähe] sich-begeben
     Der Mann ist erwiesenermaßen in der Lage, sich zweimal erfolgreich in der Nähe zu bewegen.

Note that the places from klama are unoccupied except for x1. The whole movement takes place in the vicinity, but the destination, starting point, waypoints, and mode of movement are unknown.

It is also possible to use time stamps with a sentence word made into a noun by a descriptor.

(26) le be'avu cusku
     [nördlich-weit] Sprecher
     der weit nördlich von hier Sprechende

Furthermore, time markers can also be linked by logical junctions.

prepositions

Lojban generally requires fewer prepositions than German, as the spatial structure of many sentence words makes prepositions unnecessary. So prepositions are only used when additional information should appear in the sentence.

A typical application is information about place and time. In this case the time stamps can simply be used prepositionally. The spiritual journey then starts from the specified place or time.

(27) vi la xamburk. pu li 1995
     [Nähe:] Hamburg [zeitlich-vor] [Zahl:] 1995
     in der Nähe von Hamburg vor 1995

li (from LI) is the descriptor for pure numbers.

Other prepositions are derived from the sentence words. With the help of the structural word fi'o, a preposition can be obtained from every sentence word. ciska has the structure “x1 writes x2 on x3 with writing tool x4”, so no space for color. fi'o skari means something like "in color".

(28) mi ciska da fi'o skari le blanu 
     ich schreiben [unbestimmtes Pronomen] [Präposition:] in-Farbe Blau
     Ich schreibe etwas in Blau.

In order to avoid many elongated fi'o constructions, there are fixed prepositions for a sentence, which are derived from particularly important sentence words. bau is the preposition for bangu ("x1 is the language used by x2 to express x3").

(29) mi ciska bau la lojban.
     ich schreibe [in-Sprache] Lojban
     Ich schreibe auf Lojban.

Lojban prepositions therefore have a much narrower meaning than German prepositions such as B. "on" or "in".

Abstractions

Abstractions are special constructions that replace abstract nouns and subordinate clauses in Lojban. An abstraction always consists of an abstractor (a structure word of class NU) and a complete sentence. nu itself means something like "is the event of ...".

(30) ti nu le mamta cu prami
     das-hier [Ereignis:] lieben Mutter
     Das ist Mutterliebe.

The example literally means something like: “This is an event that the mother loves.” Abstractions behave exactly like simple sentence words. In particular, they can, for. B. can be used with descriptors:

(31) lenu la brutus. .e la longinus. catra la kaisar.
     [Ereignis:] Brutus und Longinus töten Caesar
     die Ermordung des Caesar durch Brutus und Longinus

In addition to nu there are a number of other abstractors, e.g. B. ka ("the quality ...") or du'u . du'u means something like "the statement ..." and corresponds most closely to the German "that".

(32) mi djuno ledu'u la kaisar. se catra
     ich wissen [Aussage:] Caesar [x1:x2] töten
     Ich weiß, dass Caesar getötet wurde.

Text structure

Since Lojban aims to keep spoken and written text as similar as possible, the vocabulary also contains structural words that correspond most closely to German punctuation marks. .i (from I) separates two sentences. An .i at the beginning or end of the text is not grammatically wrong, but it is also not necessary. However, between every two sentences there must always be a suitable word such as the i. stand. If there is a change of speaker in a conversation, the new speaker can start his speech with .i , but does not have to do this.

Instead of .i , ni'o and no'i (from NIhO) can also be used. Both words correspond to about a paragraph, with ni'o indicating a new topic and no'i indicating the resumption of a topic. Larger incisions can be marked by repeating ni'o or no'i (e.g. ni'oni'o ).

.y. (from Y) indicates a hesitation on the part of the speaker and corresponds to the German "Äh" or "Ähm". The word fa'o (from FAhO) indicates that no further text follows. It should be noted, however, that fa'o is not intended for everyday language communication, but is used to signal the end of an input to computers.

use

Play media file

Lojban as a spoken language (Wikitongues project)

Loglan , the forerunner of Lojban, was developed to test the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis . However, with increasing criticism of the hypothesis, this idea has faded into the background.

The IRC is also used to chat in and about Lojban and there are some translations of various texts on the Internet (e.g. on the LLG homepage). The LLG also published a total of four podcast programs under the title “jbocradi” about and on Lojban between September 2005 and January 2006 , which, however, can no longer be accessed at least on the LLG website.

Speech sample

As an example of a somewhat longer text in Lojban, a quote follows from the translation of the famous speech " I Have a Dream " (Eng .: "I have a dream") by Martin Luther King on August 28, 1963 in Lojban:

No.	Lojban	English	German
1	mi fi do ca cusku doi pendo fe ledu'u mi mu'inai loi cazi li'i nandu joi se steba cu ca'o pacna da	I say to you today, my friends, that in spite of the difficulties and frustrations of the moment, I still have a dream.	I tell you today, my friends, that despite the current difficulties and frustrations, I still have a dream.
2	.i da mutce se jicmu le'e merko se pacna	It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream.	It is a dream that is deeply rooted in the American dream.
3	.i mi pacna lenu levi natmi baco'a virnu gi'e tarti tu'a le fatci smuni be leri kriselsku po'u lu mi xusra ledu'u ledi'e jetnu si'unai se jimpe .itu'e ro remna cu jikydunli co'a lenu ri se zbasu li'u	I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal."	I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live up to the true meaning of its creed, "We find these truths obvious, that all human beings are created equal."
4th	.i mi pacna lenu vi le xunre cmama'a be la djordjas. lei se dzena be loi pu selfu se jibri ponse lei se dzena be loi pu selfu se jibri baco'a kasyzutla'i le kamcectamne jubme	I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slaveowners will be able to sit down together at a table of brotherhood.	I have a dream that one day in the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit together at a table of brotherhood.
5	.i mi pacna lenu vi le mu'a .ua la misisipis. jectypau noi pe'a tolfre je glaxlafri ki'u lenu crogla fa le ka tolpajvrude je kusryjatna cu ba se galfi fi lo zancilmystu pe'a be leka zifre je pajvrude	I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a desert state, sweltering with the heat of injustice and oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.	I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state simmering in the heat of injustice and oppression, will become an oasis of freedom and justice.
6th	.i mi pacna lenu lemi vo panzi baco'a xabju lo jecta noi ra se pajni ji'u le skari be lera skapi be'o na.e le selkai be lera nuntarti	I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.	I have a dream that one day my four children will live in a nation where they are judged not by the color of their skin but by the nature of their characters.
7th	.i mi cabdei pacna da	I have a dream today.	Today I have a dream.
8th	.i mi cabdei pacna lenu le la .alybamas. jectypau noi le le ke'a turni ku ctebi ca pe'a cilmo leka bradi je xauprepro cu ba se galfi fi lo se tcini be lenu loi xekri nanla .e loi xekri nixli loi blabi nanla .e loi blabi nixli cu simxanjai gi'e tamne kasydzu	I have a dream that one day the state of Alabama, whose governor's lips are presently dripping with the words of interposition and nullification, will be transformed into a situation where little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls and walk together as sisters and brothers.	I have a dream that one day in Alabama, the state whose governor is making a name for itself today with objections and cancellations, that little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls.
9	.i mi pacna there	I have a dream.	I have a dream.
10	.i mi caki pacna di'e .itu'e ro ma'arbi'i ba galtu .i ro cmana ba dizlo .i ro rufsu tumla ba xutla .i ro korcu pluta ba sirji .i le la jegvon. kamymisno ba tolcanci .i ro se rectu ba simkansa viska ra tu'u	I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together.	I have a dream that one day every valley will be raised and every hill and mountain will be lowered. The uneven places will be flat and the tortuous ones straight, "and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh together shall see".
11	.i la'ede'u se pacna mi'o	This is our hope.	This is our hope.
12	.i le la'ede'u se krici cu ckaji mi ca lenu mi pu xrukla le nanmerko	This is the faith with which I return to the South.	This is the belief that I will go back south with.
13	.i mi'o sekai le la'ede'u selkri cu pe'a kakpa cpacu fi le nuntolpacna cmana fe le nunpacna rokci	With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.	With this belief we will carve a stone of hope out of the mountain of despair.
14th	.i mi'o sekai le la'ede'u selkri cu kakne gafygau fi le fanza ka lemi'o natmi cu nalsimsarxe kei le melbi ke jiktamne cabysna	With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood.	With this belief, we will be able to transform our nation's clinking discord into a wonderful symphony of brotherhood.
15th	.i ca lenu mi'o gasnu lenu le camzifre cu janbe	Let freedom ring.	Let the bells of freedom ring.
16	.i ca lenu gasnu lenu ri janbe vi ro cmatca .e ro jectypau .e ro tcadu kei mi'o lirgau le djedi poi ro panzi be la jegvon. be'o noi xekri ja blabi gi'e xebro ja nalxebro gi'e se lijdrprotestante ja se lijdrkatoliko cu simxanjai ca ke'a gi'e sanga le slabu ke frikymerko jdaselsanga po'u lu .i co'a .u'a zifre .i co'a .u'a zifre .i ki'e any of. noi tsarai ku'o mi'a co'a .u'a zifre li'u	When we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, “Free at last! free at last! thank God Almighty, we are free at last! "	If we let the bells of freedom ring in every village and every hamlet, in every state and every city, we will soon experience the day when all the children of God, black and white, Jews and Christians, Protestants and Catholics, shake hands and the words of the old spiritual: “Finally free, finally free. Thanks to Almighty God we are finally free. ”, Able to sing.

literature

John Woldemar Cowan: The Complete Lojban Language Logical Language Group, 1997, ISBN 0-9660283-0-9 - The reference grammar , also available online

Nick Nicholas, John Cowan: What is Lojban? Logical Language Group, 2003, ISBN 0-9660283-1-7 - A short introduction, also downloadable ( PDF, 1.18 MB )

Geoffrey Sampson (Review): The Complete Lojban Language by John Woldemar Cowan. In: Journal of Linguistics Vol. 35, No. 2 (July 1999), pp. 447-448.

Arika Okrent: In the Land of Invented Languages . New York: Spiegel & Grau, 2009, ISBN 0-385-52788-8 (Chapter “Meaning Quicksand”, pp. 231-240 on Lojban and the Lojban community).